Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Great American Biotic (Faunal) Interchange

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
History of Terrestrial Mammals in South America

Part of the book series: Topics in Geobiology ((TGBI,volume 42))

  • 1039 Accesses

Abstract

This is the story of the revolutionary changes to South American mammals that occurred when it became possible for mammals from North America to pass to South America. This probably began as early as eight to ten million years ago when a proboscid, camelid, tayassuid, and tapirid and procyonid arrived in South America. Later at about three million years ago, the invasion became a flood when (apparently) the terrestrial connection between the two continents became complete. Of course some South American fauna went north, as well, including a primate, terrestrial sloths and the glyptodonts and marsupials, but all but the marsupials became extinct after modest success. Other southern elements persist yet in Central America, including primates and caviomorph rodents.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alberdi MT (1993) Review of the genus Hippidion Owen, 1869 (Mammalia: Perissodactyla) from the Pleistocene of South America. Zool J Linnean Soc 108:1–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alberdi MT, Prado JL, Cartell C (2002) El registro de Stegomastodon (Mammalia, Gomphotheriidae) en el Pleistoceno superior de Brasil. Rev Esp Paleontol 17:217–235

    Google Scholar 

  • Alberdi MT, Prado JL, Salas R (2004) The Pleistocene Gomphotheriidae (Proboscidea) from Peru. Neues Jahrb Geol P-M 231:423–452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asevedo L, Winck GR, Mothé D, Avilla LS (2012) Ancient diet of the Pleistocene gomphothere Notiomastodon platensis (Mammalia, Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) from lowland mid-latitudes of South America: Stereomicrowear and tooth calculus analyses combined. Quat Int 255:42–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashley MV, Norman JE, Stross L (1996) Phylogenetic analysis of the perissodactylan family Tapiridae using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COII) sequences. J Mamm Evol 3(4):315–326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Austin JJ, Soubrier J, Prevosti FJ, Prates L, Trejo V, Mena F, Cooper A (2013) The origins of the enigmatic Falkland Islands wolf. Nat Commun. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2570

  • Barbanti Duarte JM, González S, Maldonado JE (2008) The surprising evolutionary history of South American deer. Mol Phylogenet Evol 49:17–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baskin JA (1986) The late Miocene radiation of Neotropical sigmodontine rodents in North America. Contrib Geol, Special Paper 3:287–303

    Google Scholar 

  • Baskin JA (2004) Bassariscus and Probassariscus (Mammalia, Carnivora, Procyonidae) from the early Barstovian (Middle Miocene). J Vertebr Paleontol 24(3):709–720

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berman WD (1989) Notas sobre la sistemática y paleobiogeografía del grupo Cyonasua (Carnivora, Procyonidae) de la Argentina: Actas de las VI Jornadas Argentinas de Paleontología Vertebrados 17–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Berman, Walter Daniel (1994) Los carnívoros continentales (Mammalia: Carnivora) del Cenozoico en la provincia de Buenos Aires. PhD Thesis, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires

    Google Scholar 

  • Berta A (1987) Origin, diversification, and zoogeography of the South American Canidae. In: Patterson BD, Timm RM (eds) Studies in neotropical mammalogy: essays in honor of Philip Hershkovitz, Fieldiana Zoology new series, vol 6. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, pp 455–472

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnham RJ, Graham A (1999) The history of neotropical vegetation: new developments and status. Ann Mo Bot Gard 86:546–589

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell KE Jr (2004) The Paleogene mammalian fauna of Santa Rosa, Amazonian Peru, Science series, vol 40. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, p 163

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell KE, Frailey DC, Romero Pittman L (2000) The Late Miocene Gomphothere Amahuacatherium peruvium (Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from Amazonian Peru: Implications for the great american faunal interchange. INGEMMET. Boletín, Serie D: Estudios Regionales; n° 23, 152 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell KE Jr, Heizler M, Frailey CD, Romero-Pittman L, Prothero DR (2001) Upper Cenozoic chronostratigraphy of the southwestern Amazon basin. Geology 29(7):595–598

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell KE Jr, Frailey DC, Romero-Pittman L (2009) In defense of Amahuacatherium (Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae). Neues Jahrb Geol P-A 252:113–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell KE Jr, Prothero DR, Romero-Pittman L, Hertel F, Rivera N (2010) Amazonian magnetostratigraphy: dating the first pulse of the great American faunal interchange. J S Am Earth Sci 26:619–626

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christiansen P, Harris JM (2005) Body size of Smilodon (Mammalia: Felidae). J Morphol 266:369–384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coates AG, Obando JA (1996) The geologic evolution of the Central American Isthmus. In: Jackson JBC, Budd AF, Coates AG (eds) Evolution and environment in tropical America. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 21–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Coates AG, Collins LS, Aubry M-P, Berggren WA (2004) The geology of the Darien, Panama, and the late Miocene-Pliocene collision of the Panama arc with northwestern South America. GSA Bull 116(11/12):1327–1344

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cozzuol MA, Clozato CL, Holanda EC, Rodrigues FVHG, Nienow S, De Thoisy B, Redondo RAF, Santos FCR (2013) A new species of tapir from the Amazon. J Mammal 94(6):1331. https://doi.org/10.1644/12-MAMM-A-169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • dos Santos Avilla L, Figueiredo AMG, Kinoshita A, Bertoni-Machado C, Mothé D, Asevedo L, Baffa O, Dominato VH (2013) Extinction of a gomphothere population from Southeastern Brazil: Taphonomic, paleoecological and chronological remarks. Quat Int 305:85–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De los Reyes M, Poiré D, Soibelzon L, Zurita AE, Arrouy MJ (2013) First evidence of scavenging of a glyptodont (Mammalia, Glyptodontidae) from the Pliocene of the Pampean región (Argentina): taphonomic and paleoecological remarks. Palaeontol Electron 16(2):15A, p 13

    Google Scholar 

  • Eizirik E (2012) A molecular view on the evolutionary history and biogeography of neotropical carnivores (Mammalia, Carnivora). In: Patterson BD, Costa LP (eds) Bones, clones, and biomes. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 123–142

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Eizirik E, Murphy WJ, Koepfli K-P, Johnson WE, Dragoo JW, Wayne RK, O’Brien SJ (2010) Pattern and timing of diversification of the Mammalian order Carnivora inferred from multiple nuclear gene sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 56:49–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferretti MP (2008) A review of South American proboscideans. N M Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 44:381–391

    Google Scholar 

  • Frailey CD, Campbell KE Jr (2012) Two new genera of peccaries (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Tayassuidae) from upper Miocene deposits of the Amazon basin. J Paleontol 86(5):852–877

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frailey CD, Campbell KE Jr (2004) Paleogene rodents from Amazonian Peru: the Santa Rosa local fauna. Sci Ser 40:71–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Gasparini GM (2007) Sistemática, biogeografía, ecología y bioestratigrafía de los Tayassuidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) fósiles y actuales de América del Sur, con especial énfasis en las especies fósiles de la provincia de Buenos Aires. PhD dissertation, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina

    Google Scholar 

  • Gasparini GM (2013) Records and stratigraphical ranges of South American Tayassuidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla). J Mamm Evol 20:57–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gasparini GM, Ubilla M (2011) Platygonus sp. (Mammalia: Tayassuidae) in Uruguay (Raigón? Formation; Pliocene-early Pleistocene), comments about its distribution and palaeoenvironmental significance in South America. J Nat Hist 45(45–46):2855–2870

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert C, Rpóqiet A, Hassainin A (2006) Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): systematics, morphology, and biogeography. Mol Phylogenet Evol 40:101–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goin FJ, Gelfo JV, Chornogubsky L, Woodburne MO, Martin T (2012) Origins, radiations, and distribution of South American Mammals. In: Patterson BD, Costa LP (eds) Bones, clones, and biomes. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 20–50

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • González G E, Prevostt FJ, Pino Q M (2010) Primer registro de Mephitidae (Carnivora: Mammalia) para el Pleistoceno de Chile. Magallania (Chile) 38(2):238–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham A (1998) Studies in Neotropical paleobotany. XI. Late Tertiary vegetation and environments of southeastern Guatemala: palynofloras from the Mio-Pliocene Padre Miguel Group and the Pliocene Herrería Formation. Am J Bot 85(10):1409–1425

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grubb P (2005) Order Artiodactyla. In: Wilson DE, Reeder DAM (eds) Mammal Species of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp 637–722

    Google Scholar 

  • Guérin C, Faure M (1999) Palaeolama (Hemiauchenia) niedae nov. sp., nouveau Camelidae du Nordeste brésilien et sa place parmi les Lamini d’Amérique de Sud. Geobios 32(4):629–659

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harding LE, Smith FA (2009) Mustela or Vison? Evidence for the taxonomic status of the American mink and a distinct biogeographic radiation of American weasels. Mol Phylogenet Evol 52:632–642

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holanda EC, Ferrero BS (2013) Reappraisal of the genus Tapirus (Perissodactyla, Tapiridae): systematics and phylogenetic affinities of the South American tapirs. J Mamm Evol 20:33–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hulbert RC Jr (2005) Late Miocene Tapirus (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from Florida with a review of Blancan tapirs from the state. Bull Florid Mus Nat Hist 49(3):67–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt RM (1996) Biogeography of the order Carnivora. In: Gittleman JL (ed) Carnivore behavior, ecology, and evolution. Cornell University Press, New York City, pp 485–541

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson DL (1980) Problems in the land vertebrate zoogeography of certain islands and the swimming powers of elephants. J Biogeogr 7:383–398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson WE, Eizirik E, Pecon-Slattery J, Antunes A, Teeling E, Murphy WJ, O’Brien SJ (2006) The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment. Science 311:73–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kameo K, Sato T (2000) Biogeography of Neogene calcareous nannofossils in the Caribbean and the Eastern equatorial Pacific – floral response to the emergence of the Isthmus of Panama. Mar Micropaleontol 39:201–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koepfli K-P, Gompper ME, Eizirik E, Ho C-D, Linden L, Maldonado JE, Wayne RK (2007) Phylogeny of the Procyonidae (Mammalia: Carnivora): molecules, morphology and the Great American Interchange. Mol Phylogenet Evol 43:1076–1094

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koepfli K-P, Deere KA, Slater GJ, Begg C, Begg K, Grassman L, Lucherini M, Veron G, Wayne RK (2008) Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae: Resolving relationships, tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiations. BMC Biol 6(10):10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-6-10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lucas SG (2013) The paleobiogeography of South American gomphotheres. J Palaeogeogr 2(1):19–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Ludovic O, Metcalf JL, Alberdi MT, Telles-Antunes M, Bonjean D, Otte M, Martin F, Eisenmann V, Mashkour M, Morello F, Prado JL, Salas-Gismondi R, Shockey BJ, Wrinn PF, Vasil’ev SK, Ovodov ND, Ml C, Hopwood B, Male D, Austin JJ, Hänni C, Cooper A (2009) Revising the recent evolutionary history of equids using ancient DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(51):21754–21759

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacFadden BJ (2013) Dispersal of Pleistocene Equus (Family Equidae) into South America and Calibration of GABI 3 based on evidence from Tarija, Bolivia. PLoS One 8(3):e59277. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madden CT (1984) New and primitive species of progressive gomphothere proboscidean Stegomastodon from Pliocene of New Mexico. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 16:274

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall LG, Butler RF, Drake RE, Curtis GH, Tedford RH (1979) Calibration of the great American interchange. Science 204:272–279. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.204.4390.272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin LD, Babiarz JP, Naples VL, Hearst J (2000) Three ways to be a saber-toothed cat. Naturwissenschaften 87:41–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mendoza M, Janis CM, Palmqvist P (2006) Estimating the body mass of extinct ungulates: a study on the use of multiple regression. J Zool 270:90–101

    Google Scholar 

  • Mones A, Rinderknecht A (2004) The first South American Homotherinii (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae). Com Paleont Mus Nac Hist Nat Antrop 2(35):201–212

    Google Scholar 

  • Mothé D, Avilla LS, Cozzuol M, Winck GR (2012) Taxonomic revision of the Quaternary gomphotheres (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the South American lowlands. Quat Int 276–277:2–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mothé D, Avilla LS, Cozzuol MA (2013) The South American Gomphotheres (Mammalia, Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae): taxonomy, phylogeny, and biogeography. J Mamm Evol 20:23–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Munthe K (1998) Canidae. In: Janis CM, Scott KM, Jacobs L (eds) Evolution of tertiary mammals of North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 124–143

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien SJ, Johnson WE (2005) Big cat genomics. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 6:407–429

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien SJ, Johnson WE (2007) The evolution of cats. Sci Am 297(1):68–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien SJ, Johnson W, Driscol C, Pontius J, Pecon-Slattery J, Menotti-Raymond M (2008) State of cat genomics. Trends Genet 24(6):268–279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pascual R (1958) “Lyncodon bosei” nueva especie del Ensenadense. Un antecessor del Huroncito Patagónico, Serie Paleontología. Rev Mus La Plata 4:1–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Perini FA, Guedes PG, Moraes Neto CR et al (2009) Carnivores (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the quaternary of Serra da Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro 67(1-2):119–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Perini FA, Russo CAM, Schrago CG (2010) The evolution of South American endemic canids: a history of rapid diversification and morphological parallelism. J Evol Biol 23:311–322

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prado JL, Alberdi MT, Reguero MA (1998) El registro más antiguo de Hippidion Owen, 1869 (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) en América del Sur. Estud Geol 54:85–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Prado JL, Alberdi MT, Sánchez B, Azanza B (2003) Diversity of the Pleistocene gomphotheres (Gomphotheriidae, Proboscidea) from South America. In: Reumer JWF, De Vos J, Mol D (eds) Advances in mammoth research. Proceedings of the Second International Mammoth Conference, Rotterdam, 16–20 May 1999. Deinsea 9:347–363

    Google Scholar 

  • Prevosti FJ (2006) New material of Pleistocene cats (Carnivora, Felidae) from southern South America, with comments on biogeography and the fossil record. Geobios 39:679–694

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prevosti FJ (2010) Phylogeny of the large extinct South American Canids (Mammalia, Carnivora, Canidae) using a “total evidence” approach. Cladistics 26:456–481

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prevosti J, Palmqvist P (2001) Análisis ecomorfológico del cánido hipercarnívoro Theriodictis platensis Mercerat (Mammalia, Carnivora), basado en un nuevo ejemplar del Pleistoceno de Argentina. Ameghiniana 38(4):375–384

    Google Scholar 

  • Prevosti FJ, Pardiñas FJ (2009) Comment on “The oldest South American Cricetidae (Rodentia) and Mustelidae (Carnivora): Late Miocene faunal turnover in central Argentina and the Great American Biotic Interchange”. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 280:543–547

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prevosti FJ, Soibelzon LH, Prieto A, San Roman M, Morello F (2003) The southernmost bear: Paractotherium (Carnivora, Ursidae, Tremarctinae) in the latest Pleistocene of southern Patagonia, Chile. J Vertebr Paleontol 23(3):709–712

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prevosti FJ, Zurita AE, Carlini AA (2005) Biostratigraphy, systematics, and paleoecology of Protocyon Giebel 1855 (Carnivora, Canidae) in South America. J S Am Earth Sci 20:5–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prevosti FJ, Gasparini GM, Bond M (2006) On the systematic position of a specimen previously assigned to Carnivora from the Pliocene of Argentina and its implications for the Great American Biotic Interchange. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 242(1):133–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prevosti FJ, Ubilla M, Perea D (2009a) Large extinct canids from the Pleistocene of Uruguay: systematic, biogeographic and paleoecological remarks. Hist Biol 21(1–2):79–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prevosti FJ, Tonni EP, Bidegain JC (2009b) Stratigraphic range of the large canid (Carnivora, Canidae) in South America, and its relevance to quaternary biostratigraphy. Quat Int 210:76–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reig O (1952) Sobre la presencia de mustélidos mefitinos en la Formación Chapadmalal. Revista de Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales de Mar del Plata, vol 1, pp 45–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Reig O (1972) The evolutionary history of the South American cricetid rodents. PhD dissertation, The University of London, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Reig O (1978) Roedores cricétidos del Plioceno superior de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina): Publicaciones Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales de Mar del Plata 2:164–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Rincón A, Prevosti FJ, Parra GE (2011) New saber-toothed cat records (Felidae: Machairodontinae) for the Pleistocene of Venezuela, and the great American biotic interchange. J Vertebr Paleontol 31(2):468–478

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson AE (1936) The camel in antiquity. Sudan Notes Rec 19(1):47–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-García M, CVásquez C, Pinedo-Castro M, Sandoval S et al (2012) Phylogeography of the Mountain Tapir (Tapirus pinchaque) and the Central American Tapir (Tapirus bairdii) and the origins of the three Latin-American tapirs by means of mtCyt-B sequences. In: Anamthawat-Jónsson K (ed) Current topics in phylogenetics and phylogeography of terrestrial and aquatic systems. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/35361

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-García M, Castellanos Luz A, Bernal A, Pinedo-Castroa M et al (2016) Mitogenomics of the mountain tapir (Tapirus pinchaque, Tapiridae, Perissodactyla, Mammalia) in Colombia and Ecuador: Phylogeography and insights into the origin and systematics of the South American tapirs. Mamm Biol - Zeitsch Säugetier 81(2):163–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2015.11.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw CA, McDonald HG (1987) First record of giant anteater (Xenarthra, Myrmecophagidae) in North America. Science 236:186–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soibelzon L (2002) Los Ursidae (Parnivora, Fissipedia) fósiles de la República Argentina. aspectos sistemáticos y paleoecológicos. PhD dissertation. Universidad Nacional de La Plata

    Google Scholar 

  • Soibelzon L, Prevosti FJ (2007) Los carnívoros (Carnivora, Mammalia) terrestres del Cuaternario de América del Sur. In: Pons GX, Vicens D (eds) Geomorfologia litoral i quaternari. Homenage a Joan Cuerda Barceló. Museo de La Plata 14:49–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Soibelzon LH, Schubert BW (2011) The largest known bear, Arctotherium angustidens, from the early Pleistocene Pampean region of Argentina: with a discussion of size and diet trends in bears. J Paleontol 85(1):69–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soibelzon LH, Tonni EP, Bond M (2005) The fossil record of South American short-faced bears (Ursidae, Tremarctinae). J S Am Earth Sci 20:105–113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soibelzon LH, Cenizo MM, Prevosti FJ, Soibelzon E, Tartarini VB (2007) Dos nuevos registros de Dusicyon Hamilton-Smith, 1839 (Canidae, Mammalia) en el Plioceno y Pleistoceno de la región Pampeana (Argentina). aspectos sistemáticos, tafonomicos y bioestratigraficos. V Congreso Uruguayo de Geología

    Google Scholar 

  • Theimer TC, Keim P (1998) Phylogenetic relationships of peccaries based on mitochondrial cytochrome B DNA sequences. J Mammal 79(2):566–572

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verzi D, Montalvo CI (2008) The oldest South American Cricetidae (Rodentia) and Mustelidae (Carnivora): late Miocene faunal turnover in central Argentina and the great American biotic interchange. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 267:284–291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Carranza-Castañeda O (2008) Earliest hog-nosed skunk, Conepatus (Mephitidae, Carnivora), from the early Pliocene of Guanajuato, Mexico and origin of South American skunks. Zool J Linn Soc Lond 154:386–407

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Tedford RH (2008) Dogs: their fossil relatives and evolutionary history. Columbia University Press, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Webb SD (1999) Isolation and interchange: A deep history of South American mammals. In: Eisenberg JF, Redfored KH (eds) Mammals of the Neotropicas: the central Neotropics: Volume 3, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 13–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb SD (2006) The great American biotic interchange: patterns and processes. Ann Mo Bot Gard 93:245–257

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webb SD, Rancy A (1996) Late Cenozoic evolution of the Neotropical mammal fauna. In: Jackson JBC, Budd AF, Coates AG (eds) Evolution and environment in tropical America. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 335–358

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinstock J, Willerslev E, Sher A, Tong W et al (2005) Evolution, Systematics, and Phylogeography of Pleistocene Horses in the New World: A Molecular Perspective. PloS Biol 3(8):e241. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler JC (1995) Evolution and present situation of the South American Camelidae. Biol J Linn Soc 54:271–295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson DE, Mittermeier RA (eds) (2011) Handbook of the mammals of the world. Vol. 2. Hoofed mammals. Lynx Ediciones, Barcelona, pp 182–197

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodburne MO (2010) The great American biotic interchange: dispersals, tectonics, climate, sea level and holding pens. J Mamm Evol 17:245–264

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Bogota, Colombia

    Thomas Defler

Authors
  1. Thomas Defler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Defler, T. (2019). The Great American Biotic (Faunal) Interchange. In: History of Terrestrial Mammals in South America. Topics in Geobiology, vol 42. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98449-0_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation