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Physiopathology of Foetal Onset Hydrocephalus

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Cerebrospinal Fluid Disorders

Abstract

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) performs key functions for the developing central nervous system and for the adult brain. It is, indeed, a complex molecular private milieu of the brain clearing a series of compounds and conveying a wealth of signal molecules. The flow of the CSF throughout the ventricular system involves two different mechanisms: the bulk flow, driven by arterio-venous pressure gradients and arterial pulsations, and the laminar flow, driven by cilia beating of ependymal cells. Disruption of normal CSF circulation and turnover contributes to the development of many diseases. This review is aimed to bring into discussion early and new evidence concerning the brain development, ependymogenesis, and the probable mechanisms by which abnormalities in the ependymogenesis program may lead to both foetal onset hydrocephalus and abnormal neurogenesis. Evidence strongly suggests that several genetic mutations and certain foreign signals all convey into a final common pathway leading to a cell junction pathology of cells lining the ventricular walls (ventricular zone, VZ). The early disruption of the VZ of the embryonic telencephalon implies the loss of neural stem cells (NSC) and abnormal neurogenesis, while the disruption of the VZ of the Sylvius aqueduct during the perinatal period results in the loss of multiciliated ependyma, aqueduct stenosis/obliteration, alteration of the laminar, and bulk flow of CSF and hydrocephalus. These findings establish the bases for the transplantation of NSC into the ventricles of foetuses developing hydrocephalus to diminish/repair the outcomes of VZ disruption.

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Abbreviations

AQP4:

Aquaporin 4

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

GW:

Gestational week

NPC:

Neural progenitor cell

NSC:

Neural stem cells

SA:

Sylvius aqueduct

SVZ:

Subventricular zone

VZ:

Ventricular zone

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile

    Esteban M. Rodríguez & Maria Montserrat Guerra

  2. Hospital Regional de Valdivia, Unidad de Neurocirugía, Instituto de Neurociencias Clínicas, Medical School, Valdivia, Chile

    Eduardo Ortega

Authors
  1. Esteban M. Rodríguez
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  2. Maria Montserrat Guerra
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  3. Eduardo Ortega
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Correspondence to Esteban M. Rodríguez .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA

    David D. Limbrick Jr.

  2. Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA

    Jeffrey R. Leonard

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Rodríguez, E.M., Guerra, M.M., Ortega, E. (2019). Physiopathology of Foetal Onset Hydrocephalus. In: Limbrick Jr., D., Leonard, J. (eds) Cerebrospinal Fluid Disorders . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97928-1_1

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