Skip to main content

Open Source Medical Devices for Innovation, Education and Global Health: Case Study of Open Source Magnetic Resonance Imaging

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Co-Creation

Abstract

Today’s societies are challenged by the increasing costs of healthcare and global inequality in the availability, accessibility, appropriateness and affordability of medical technologies. There are ways to improve equality and efficiency and decrease costs in this area without fundamentally changing current health systems and business models. Many services and products are experiencing a paradigm shift toward an open source economic model that can be extended to medical technologies in a way that will intrinsically promote sustainable growth and innovations while improving education and global health. This new way of thinking offers an infrastructure by which some sectors of global health can be democratized. Here we present an in-depth discussion of the advantages of open source medical technology for the public and private sectors, then provide a concrete example of the progress of our efforts to develop an open source magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. Based on our calculations such an instrument could potentially result in cost savings of up to $3.3 billion within about 20 years for the German healthcare system alone. On a global scale the implications of an affordable open source MRI would be even more striking. We suggest a series of milestones to be met to a widespread development of open source medical technology with the aim of improving global health in a way that is less restricted by current political and economic borders.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 64.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Arndt, F., Aussenhofer, S., Behrens, E., Blücher, C., Blümler, P., Brand, J., et al. (2017). Open source imaging initiative (OSI2) – Update and roadmap. Proceedings of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, M. (2016). 1,500 scientists lift the lid on reproducibility. Nature News, 533(7604), 452 https://doi.org/10.1038/533452a.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Black Duck Software. (n.d.). The tenth annual future of open source survey. Retrieved December 18, 2017, from https://www.blackducksoftware.com/2016-future-of-open-source

  • Blücher, C., Han, H., Hoffmann, W., Seemann, R., Seifert, F., Niendorf, T., et al. (2017). COSI transmit: Open source soft- and hardware transmission system for traditional and rotating MR. Proceedings of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooley, C. Z., Stockmann, J. P., Armstrong, B. D., Sarracanie, M., Lev, M. H., Rosen, M. S., et al. (2015). Two-dimensional imaging in a lightweight portable MRI scanner without gradient coils. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 73(2), 872–883.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • echOpen. (n.d.). echOpen project – Designing an open source and low-cost echo-stethoscope. Retrieved October 11, 2017, from http://echopen.org

  • Ejbjerg, B. J., Narvestad, E., Jacobsen, S., Thomsen, H. S., & Østergaard, M. (2005). Optimised, low cost, low field dedicated extremity MRI is highly specific and sensitive for synovitis and bone erosions in rheumatoid arthritis wrist and finger joints: Comparison with conventional high field MRI and radiography. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 64(9), 1280–1287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ettinger, K. M. (2015). Open issues and a proposal for open-source data monitoring to assure quality, reliability, and safety in health care devices targeting low-and middle-income countries. In Technologies for Development (pp. 81–90). Cham: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ettinger, K. M., Pharaoh, H., Buckman, R. Y., Conradie, H., & Karlen, W. (2016). Building quality mHealth for low resource settings. Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 40(7–8), 431–443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • European Commission. (n.d.). Guidance – Growth – European Commission. Retrieved October 11, 2017, from http://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/medical-devices/guidance_en

  • Gibb, A. (2014). Building open source hardware: DIY manufacturing for hackers and makers. London: Pearson Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Günyar, S. (2017, July 24). Wirtschaftliche Bewertung von Open Source Hardware am Beispiel eines Magnetresonanztomographen. Hamburg: HWI Hamburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halbach, K. (1980). Design of permanent multipole magnets with oriented rare earth cobalt material. Nuclear Instruments and Methods, 169(1), 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, A. b. (2015, March 31). The death of Moore’s law will spur innovation. Retrieved November 17, 2017, from https://spectrum.ieee.org/semiconductors/design/the-death-of-moores-law-will-spur-innovation

  • IBM. (2017, April 25). HPC in oil & gas record set today! [CTB10]. Retrieved October 11, 2017, from https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/52164.wss

  • Jansen, P. (n.d.). openct|the Tricorder project. Retrieved December 18, 2017, from http://www.tricorderproject.org/blog/tag/openct

  • Jones, R., Haufe, P., Sells, E., Iravani, P., Olliver, V., Palmer, C., et al. (2011). RepRap – The replicating rapid prototyper. Robotica, 29(1), 177–191 https://doi.org/10.1017/S026357471000069X.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kersting-Sommerhoff, B., Hof, N., Lenz, M., & Gerhardt, P. (1996). MRI of peripheral joints with a low-field dedicated system: A reliable and cost-effective alternative to high-field units? European Radiology, 6(4), 561–565.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moritz, M., Redlich, T., Grames, P. P., Wulfsberg, J. P. (2016). Value creation in open-source hardware communities: Case study of Open Source Ecology. In: Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), 2016 Portland International Conference on. IEEE, pp. 2368–2375

    Google Scholar 

  • OpenBCI. (n.d.). OpenBCI – Open Source Biosensing Tools (EEG, EMG, EKG, and more). Retrieved December 18, 2017, from http://openbci.com

  • OpenPOWER Foundation. (n.d.). OpenPOWER Foundation. Retrieved October 11, 2017, from https://openpowerfoundation.org

  • Open Innovation Open Science Open to the World – a vision for Europe. (2016). Publications Office European Union.

    Google Scholar 

  • Open Source Imaging. (n.d.). Open Source Imaging – Open source soft- and hardware research and development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and other related medical devices. Retrieved October 11, 2017, from http://www.opensourceimaging.org

  • OSHWA. (2012, May 26). Open Source Hardware Association. Retrieved November 21, 2017, from https://www.oshwa.org/definition

  • Pääkkö, E., Reinikainen, H., Lindholm, E.-L., & Rissanen, T. (2005). Low-field versus high-field MRI in diagnosing breast disorders. European Radiology, 15(7), 1361–1368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parizel, P. M., Dijkstra, H. A., Geenen, G. J., Kint, P. A., Versteylen, R. J., van Wiechen, P. J., et al. (1995). Low-field versus high-field MR imaging of the knee: A comparison of signal behaviour and diagnostic performance. European Journal of Radiology, 19(2), 132–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearce, J. (2015). Quantifying the value of open source hardware development. Modern Economy, 6, 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porup, J. M. (n.d.). This 3D-printed stethoscope costs $5, outperforms $200 competitors – Motherboard. Retrieved October 11, 2017, from https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/539xkn/this-3d-printed-stethoscope-head-costs-5-outperforms-200-competitors

  • Sferrella, S. (n.d.). Equipment service: Total cost of ownership. Retrieved November 20, 2017, from http://www.radiologybusiness.com/topics/business/equipment-service-total-cost-ownership

  • The Economist. (2012, June 2). When code can kill or cure. The Economist. Retrieved November 21, 2017, from http://www.economist.com/node/21556098#print

  • Thomson, C. C., & Jakubowski, M. (2012). Toward an open source civilization: (Innovations case narrative: Open source ecology). Innovations, 7(3), 53–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • VITAPRINT. (n.d.). VITAPRINT: Vitaprint. Retrieved October 11, 2017, from http://irnas.eu/vitaprint

  • WHO. (2010). Medical devices: Managing the mismatch: An outcome of the priority medical devices project. Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO. (2011). First WHO Global Forum on Medical Devices: Context, outcomes, and future actions

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO. (n.d.). Baseline country survey on medical devices, 2014 update: Medical Equipment – Total density per million population. Retrieved October 11, 2017, from http://gamapserver.who.int/gho/interactive_charts/health_technologies/medical_equipment/atlas.html

  • Winter, L., Barghoorn, A., Blümler, P., & Niendorf, T. (2016a). COSI magnet: Halbach magnet and Halbach gradient designs for open source low cost MRI. Proceedings of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 3568.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winter, L., Haopeng, H., Barghoorn, A., Hoffmann, W., Hetzer, S., Winkler, S., et al. (2016b). Open source imaging initiative. Proceedings of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 3638.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, Z., Chen, W., & Nayak, K. S. (2016). Minimum field strength simulator for proton density weighted MRI. PLoS One, 11(5), e0154711.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lukas Winter .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Winter, L. et al. (2019). Open Source Medical Devices for Innovation, Education and Global Health: Case Study of Open Source Magnetic Resonance Imaging. In: Redlich, T., Moritz, M., Wulfsberg, J.P. (eds) Co-Creation. Management for Professionals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97788-1_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics