Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Parent–Child Interaction Therapy for Children with Developmental Delay and Related Problems

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy

Abstract

Young children with or at risk for developmental delay have been shown to be at significantly higher risk for behavior problems and other associated problems, including academic problems, peer problems, and parental stress. In recent years, intervention efforts targeting behavior problems have grown exponentially. Parent–child interaction therapy (PCIT) is an early behavioral parenting training intervention that has received increased research and clinical attention as studies have expanded to include children with developmental delay and related problems. In this chapter, we provide an overview of research studies over the past decade examining PCIT for children with developmental delay and related problems, such as intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, and conditions that increase risk for disability, such as premature birth and traumatic brain injury. Lastly, we provide a case example using PCIT for a 5-year-old African American female with elevated behavior problems following a moderate traumatic brain injury, and conclude with a summary of future directions for PCIT for children with or at risk for developmental delay.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Anderson, V., Catroppa, C., Morse, S., Haritou, F., & Rosenfeld, J. (2005). Functional plasticity or vulnerability after early brain injury? Pediatrics, 116, 1374–1382. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2004-1728

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Antonini, T. N., Raj, S. P., Oberjohn, K. S., Cassedy, A., Makoroff, K. L., Fouladi, M., & Wade, S. L. (2014). A pilot randomized trial of an online parenting skills program for pediatric traumatic brain injury: Improvements in parenting and child behavior. Behavior Therapy, 45, 455–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2014.02.003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Antonini, T. N., Raj, S. P., Oberjohn, K. S., & Wade, S. L. (2012). An online positive parenting skills programme for paediatric traumatic brain injury: Feasibility and parental satisfaction. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 18, 333–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, K., DeLoatche, K. J., Preece, K. K., & Agazzi, H. (2014). Combining parent–child interaction therapy and visual supports for the treatment of challenging behavior in a child with autism and intellectual disabilities and comorbid epilepsy. Clinical Case Studies, 14(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534650114531451

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, K., & Kimonis, E. R. (2013). Parent-child interaction therapy for the treatment of Asperger’s disorder in early childhood: A case study. Clinical Case Studies, 12(1), 60–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534650112463429

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bagner, D. M., Coxe, S., Hungerford, G. M., Garcia, D., Barroso, N. E., Hernandez, J., & Rosa-Olivares, J. (2015). Behavioral parent training in infancy: A window of opportunity for high-risk families. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44, 901–912. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-0089-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bagner, D. M., & Eyberg, S. M. (2007). Parent-child interaction therapy for disruptive behavior in children with mental retardation: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 418–429. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410701448448

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bagner, D. M., Graziano, P. A., Jaccard, J., Sheinkopf, S. J., Vohr, B. R., & Lester, B. M. (2012). An initial investigation of baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia as a moderator of treatment outcome for young children born premature with externalizing behavior problems. Behavior Therapy, 43(3), 652–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.12.002

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bagner, D. M., Sheinkopf, S. J., Miller-Loncar, C. L., Vohr, B. R., Hinckley, M., Eyberg, S. M., & Lester, B. M. (2009). Parent-child interaction therapy for children born premature: A case study and illustration of vagal tone as a physiological measure of treatment outcome. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 16(4), 468–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2009.05.002

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bagner, D. M., Sheinkopf, S. J., Vohr, B. R., & Lester, B. M. (2010). Parenting intervention for externalizing behavior problems in children born premature: An initial examination. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 31, 209–216. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e3181d5a294

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bailes, A. F., Reder, R., & Burch, C. (2008). Development of guidelines for determining frequency of therapy services in a pediatric medical setting. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 20, 194–198. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEP.0b013e3181728a7b

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, B., Blacher, J., Crnic, K., & Edelbrock, C. (2002). Behavior problems and parenting stress in families of three-year-old children with and without developmental delays. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 107(6), 433–444. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2002)107<0433:bpapsi>2.0.co;2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, B. L., McIntyre, L. L., Blacher, J., Crnic, K., Edelbrock, C., & Low, C. (2003). Pre-school children with and without developmental delay: Behaviour problems and parenting stress over time. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47(4–5), 217–230. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2788.2003.00484.x/full

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benner, G., Nelson, R., & Epstein, M. (2002). Language skills of children with EBD: A literature review. Journal of Emotional and Behavioural Disorders, 10, 43–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benzies, K. M., Magill-Evans, J. E., Hayden, K., & Ballantyne, M. (2013). Key components of early intervention programs for preterm infants and their parents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 13(Suppl 1), S10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-13-S1-S10

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bhutta, A. T., Cleves, M. A., Casey, P. H., Cradock, M. M., & Anand, K. J. S. (2002). Cognitive and behavioral outcomes of school-aged children who were born preterm. JAMA, 288(6), 728. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.6.728

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blencowe, H., Cousens, S., Oestergaard, M. Z., Chou, D., Moller, A.-B., Narwal, R., … Lawn, J. E. (2012). National, regional, and worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates in the year 2010 with time trends since 1990 for selected countries: A systematic analysis and implications. Lancet, 379(9832), 2162–2172. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60820-4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brookman-Frazee, L. I., Taylor, R., & Garland, A. F. (2010). Characterizing community-based mental health services for children with autism spectrum disorders and disruptive behavior problems. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(10), 1188–1201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-0976-0

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Budd, K. S., Hella, B., Bae, H., Meyerson, D. A., & Watkin, S. C. (2011). Delivering parent-child interaction therapy in an urban community clinic. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 18(4), 502–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2010.12.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, L. A., Wade, S. L., Walz, N. C., Taylor, H. G., Stancin, T., & Yeates, K. O. (2010). Clinically significant behavior problems during the initial 18 months following early childhood traumatic brain injury. Rehabilitation Psychology, 55, 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018418

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Charman, T., Ricketts, J., Dockrell, J. E., Lindsay, G., & Palikara, O. (2015). Emotional and behavioural problems in children with language impairments and children with autism spectrum disorders. International Journal Of Language & Communication Disorders/Royal College Of Speech & Language Therapists, 50(1), 84–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, M. L., Heaton, S. C., Ginn, N., & Eyberg, S. M. (2012). Parent-child interaction therapy as a family-oriented approach to behavioral management following pediatric traumatic brain injury: A case report. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 37, 251–261. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsr086

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crowe, L. M., Catroppa, C., Babl, F. E., & Anderson, V. (2012). Intellectual, behavioral, and social outcomes of accidental traumatic brain injury in early childhood. Pediatrics, 129(2), e262–e268. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-0438

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dekker, M. C., & Koot, H. M. (2003). DSM-IV disorders in children with borderline to moderate intellectual disability. I: Prevalence and impact. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(8), 915–922. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CHI.0000046892.27264.1A

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dekker, M. C., Koot, H. M., Van Der Ende, J., & Verhulst, F. C. (2002). Emotional and behavioral problems in children and adolescents with and without intellectual disability. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 1087–1098.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dumas, H. M., Haley, S. M., Carey, T. M., & Ni, P. S. (2004). The relationship between functional mobility and the intensity of physical therapy intervention in children with traumatic brain injury. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 16, 157–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durand, V. M. (2001). Future directions for children and adolescents with mental retardation. Behavior Therapy, 32, 633–650. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7894(01)80013-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenhower, A. S., Baker, B. L., & Blacher, J. (2005). Preschool children with intellectual disability: Syndrome specificity, behaviour problems, and maternal well-being. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49(Pt 9), 657–671. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00699.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, E. (2003). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with and without intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47, 51–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eyberg, S. M., & Funderburk, B. (2011). Parent-child interaction therapy protocol. Gainesville, FL: PCIT International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, M. A., Hancock, C. L. C., Rielly, N., Minnes, P., & Cairns, C. (2000). Behavior problems in young children with or at risk for developmental delay. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 9(2), 247–261. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1009427306953

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, D., Bagner, D. M., Pruden, S. M., & Nichols-Lopez, K. (2014). Language production in children with and at risk for delay: Mediating role of parenting skills. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 44, 814–825. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2014.900718

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, D., Barroso, N. E., Hungerford, G. M., Coto, J., Blizzard, A., Kuluz, J. W., & Bagner, D. M. (2018). Parent–child interaction therapy for young children with predominately mild traumatic brain injury: Behavioral and cognitive outcomes. Manuscript Submitted for Publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, D., Barroso, N. E., Kuluz, J., & Bagner, D. M. (2016). Parent–child interaction therapy and moderate pediatric traumatic brain injury: A case study. Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 1(1), 40–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/23794925.2016.1191977

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gavidia-Payne, S., & Hudson, A. (2002). Behavioual supports for parents of children with an intellectual disability and problem behaviours: An overview of the literature. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 27(1), 31–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668250120119626

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ginn, N. C., Clionsky, L. N., Eyberg, S. M., Warner-Metzger, C., & Abner, J. P. (2015). Child-directed interaction training for young children with autism spectrum disorders: Parent and child outcomes. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 46, 101–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2015.1015135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray, C. A., & Garand, J. D. (1993). Social stories: Improving responses of students with autism with accurate social information. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 8(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/108835769300800101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graziano, P. A., Bagner, D. M., Sheinkopf, S. J., Vohr, B. R., & Lester, B. M. (2012). Evidence-based intervention for young children born premature: Preliminary evidence for associated changes in physiological regulation. Infant Behavior and Development, 35(3), 417–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2012.04.001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graziano, P. A., Bagner, D. M., Slavec, J., Hungerford, G. M., Kent, K., Babinski, D., … Pasalich, D. F. (2015). Feasibility of intensive parent–child interaction therapy (I-PCIT): results from an open trial. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 37, 38–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, B., & Shillingsburg, M. A. (2016). Using a modified parent-child interaction therapy to increase vocalizations in children with autism. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 38(4), 318–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317107.2016.1238692

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, P., Drummond, A., & Vella, K. (2007). Occupational therapy for children with acquired brain injury: A survey of current practice. The British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 70, 154–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karver, C. L., Wade, S. L., Cassedy, A., Taylor, H. G., Stancin, T., Yeates, K. O., & Walz, N. C. (2012). Age at injury and long-term behavior problems after traumatic brain injury in young children. Rehabilitation Psychology, 57, 256–265. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029522

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lesack, R., Bearss, K., Celano, M., & Sharp, W. G. (2014). Parent–child interaction therapy and autism spectrum disorder: Adaptations with a child with severe developmental delays. Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology, 2(1), 68–82. https://doi.org/10.1037/cpp0000047

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lowe, J., Woodward, B., & Papile, L. A. (2005). Emotional regulation and its impact on development in extremely low birth weight infants. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 26(3), 209–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masse, J. J., McNeil, C. B., Wagner, S. M., & Chorney, D. B. (2007). Parent-child interaction therapy and high functioning autism: A conceptual overview. Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Intervention, 4(4), 714–735. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0100402

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masse, J. J., McNeil, C. B., Wagner, S., & Quetsch, L. B. (2016). Examining the efficacy of parent–child interaction therapy with children on the autism spectrum. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(8), 2508–2525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0424-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDiarmid, M., & Bagner, D. (2005). Parent child interaction therapy for children with disruptive behavior and developmental disabilities. Education and Treatment of Children, 28, 130–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKinlay, A., Grace, R. C., Horwood, L. J., Fergusson, D. M., Ridder, E. M., & MacFarlane, M. R. (2008). Prevalence of traumatic brain injury among children, adolescents and young adults: Prospective evidence from a birth cohort. Brain Injury, 22, 175–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699050801888824

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nixon, R., & Sweeney, L. (2003). Parent-child interaction therapy: A comparison of standard and abbreviated treatments for oppositional defiant preschoolers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • NSCH. (2012). National survey of children with special health care needs, & National survey of children with special health care needs. Data query from the child and adolescent health measurement initiative. Baltimore, MD: Data Resource Center for Child and Adolescent Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeiffer, S., & Baker, B. (1994). Residential treatment for children with dual diagnoses of mental retardation and mental disorder. In J. Blacher (Ed.), When there’s no place like home: Options for children. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plant, K. M., & Sanders, M. R. (2007). Predictors of care-giver stress in families of preschool-aged children with developmental disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 51(2), 109–124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00829.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reitman, D., & McMahon, R. J. (2013). Constance “Connie” Hanf (1917–2002): The mentor and the model. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 20(1), 106–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2012.02.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, G. M., Bagner, D. M., & Graziano, P. A. (2014). Parent training for children born premature: A pilot study examining the moderating role of emotion regulation. Child Psychiatry and Human Development. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-013-0385-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ros, R., Hernandez, J., Graziano, P. A., & Bagner, D. M. (2016). Parent training for children with or at risk for developmental delay: The role of parental homework completion. Behavior Therapy, 47(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2015.08.004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, S. A., Zhang, D., & Robinson, C. C. (2008). Prevalence of developmental delays and participation in early intervention services for young children. Pediatrics, 121(6), e1503–e1509. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-1680

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruble, L., McDuffie, A., King, A. S., & Lorenz, D. (2008). Caregiver responsiveness and social interaction behaviors of young children with autism. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 28(3), 158–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/0271121408323009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sikora, D., Moran, E., Orlich, F., Hall, T. A., Kovacs, E. A., Delahaye, J., … Kuhlthau, K. (2013). The relationship between family functioning and behavior problems in children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7(2), 307–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2012.09.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, M., Ono, M., Timmer, S., & Goodlin-Jones, B. (2008). The effectiveness of parent-child interaction therapy for families of children on the autism spectrum. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 1767–1776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-008-0567-5

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sonnander, K., & Claesson, M. (1999). Predictors of developmental delay at 18 months and later school achievement problems. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 41(3), 195–202. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0012162299000389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strydom, A., Romeo, R., & Perez-Achiaga, N. (2010). Service use and cost of mental disorder in older adults with intellectual disability. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 196(2), 133–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wade, S., Oberjohn, K., Burkhardt, A., & Greenberg, I. (2009). Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a web-based parenting skills program for young children with traumatic brain injury. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 24, 239–247. https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0b013e3181ad6680

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zaidman-Zait, A., Mirenda, P., Duku, E., Szatmari, P., Georgiades, S., Volden, J., … Thompson, A. (2014). Examination of bidirectional relationships between parent stress and two types of problem behavior in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(8), 1908–1917. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2064-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zlomke, K. R., Jeter, K., & Murphy, J. (2017). Open-trial pilot of parent-child interaction therapy for children with autism spectrum disorder. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 39(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317107.2016.1267999

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatrics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA

    Dainelys Garcia

  2. Department of Psychology, Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA

    Loreen Magariño & Daniel M. Bagner

Authors
  1. Dainelys Garcia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Loreen Magariño
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Daniel M. Bagner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dainelys Garcia .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Children, Families, and Communities, Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA

    Larissa N. Niec

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Garcia, D., Magariño, L., Bagner, D.M. (2018). Parent–Child Interaction Therapy for Children with Developmental Delay and Related Problems. In: Niec, L. (eds) Handbook of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97698-3_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation