Abstract
In a context characterised by increased influxes of migrants in the European Union (EU), little attention has been paid to the EU’s policy on the integration of third country nationals. This book’s introduction formulates the research puzzle that guides subsequent chapters: can there be Europeanization without an EU competence? It starts by clarifying a number of points in order to better frame the puzzle at hand: why integrating, who integrating, how to integrate, who has the competence to integrate and integrating into what are the questions it answers. The introduction then reviews the literature on integration in a multilevel polity and proposes a definition for the concept of soft-Europeanization to be applied throughout this book.
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Notes
- 1.
For a comprehensive analysis on immigration to the EU as well as integration outcomes, see OECD (2016).
- 2.
So argues the EU Commission, see European Commission (2011), for more on this.
- 3.
Many studies have looked into this issue, see TNS Qual+ (2011), for qualitative data within the EU.
- 4.
The challenges immigration poses are plentiful, they range from discrimination on the labour market to spatial and residential segregation, racism, etc. (see inter alia Castles et al. 2013). It is not my purpose to treat these challenges. I will therefore not go further on this point.
- 5.
Realising the potential of migration has been a recurring theme of the EU integration policy from 2003 onwards; see notably COM (2003) 336 final.
- 6.
See Council of the European Union 14776/04 (2004); recitals 4–8.
- 7.
In its report produced by the European Court of Auditors, the latter recognised the positive effect of the policy on the integration of migrants; see European Court of Auditors (2012).
- 8.
See Chapter 2 for more on the OMC and its failed attempt at immigration-related matters.
- 9.
For an interesting approach to the “it depends” answer, see Tilly and Goodin (2011).
- 10.
See above; or see Council of the European Union 14776/04 (2004).
- 11.
- 12.
In fact, a Spanish worker in Germany may need German courses; or a member of the Roma community may need to attend integration practices in the country she or he is a citizen of.
- 13.
The refugee status stems from the 1951 Geneva Convention. There exist other protection permits granted by member states that do not fall under the Geneva Convention. These are permits defined under national law and thus fall within the definition of migrant endorsed here.
- 14.
See Kostakopoulou (2002a), for a typology of models and their respective goals.
- 15.
- 16.
A role was eventually granted with the Treaty of Lisbon but the policy evolved without a legal basis, notably from 2002 to 2007 (date of the adoption of the European Integration Fund ).
- 17.
- 18.
See Box 3.2.
- 19.
The existence of national criteria to be fulfilled to be granted a legal residence permit bears witness to that.
- 20.
This is also the case for the long-term residence permit.
- 21.
- 22.
See Van Wolleghem (2014), for a discussion.
- 23.
See notably Gunningham and Sinclair (1998), on visibility and controversy.
- 24.
- 25.
- 26.
- 27.
As just stated, in the case of soft law , the burden is placed on national governments evolving in national contexts with national actors ; hence a focus on member states’ individual response instead of diffusion-like mechanisms. Note in addition that this is one of the conclusions reached by Mulcahy (2011): no cross-country diffusion but rather national dynamics.
- 28.
Except Denmark that does not participate in AFSJ policies and Croatia that was not a member state at the time.
- 29.
Process tracing is a commonly used qualitative method; a detailed description is therefore not necessary here. Some references are provided to the reader interested in learning more about it in the appendices.
- 30.
- 31.
Such documents are of different sorts, they range from unpublicised minutes of expert committees to public pieces of information available on EU websites. See appendices for more on the data collected.
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Van Wolleghem, P.G. (2019). Introduction. In: The EU’s Policy on the Integration of Migrants. Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97682-2_1
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