Abstract
Natural hazards often strike in conflict-affected societies, where the devastation is further compounded by the fragility of these societies and a complex web of myriad actors. To respond to disasters, aid, state, and societal actors enter the humanitarian arena, where they manoeuvre in the socio-political space to renegotiate power relations and gain legitimacy to achieve their goals by utilising authoritative and material resources. Post-conflict settings such as Burundi present a challenge for disaster response as actors are confronted with an uncertain transition period and the need to balance roles and capacity.
Ms. Samantha Melis, M.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Candidate. International Institute of Social Studies (ISS), The Hague, The Netherlands. E-mail: melis@iss.nl. This chapter was made possible by a VICI grant of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research NWO, grant number 453-14-013.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
Disasters are “a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources” (UNISDR 2007). Although socio-natural disasters, disaster and natural disasters are used interchangeably, they are all seen in their socio-political context.
- 2.
EM-DAT (EM-DAT 2016) classifies hazards in different sub-groups; namely, geophysical, meteorological, hydrological, climatological, biological and extra-terrestrial. Examples of hazards are earthquakes (including tsunamis), volcanic activity, extreme temperatures, storms, floods, landslides, droughts, wildfires, epidemic etc.
- 3.
The speed of onset can be either slow or rapid. While rapid onset disasters are seen as the result of a sudden event, OCHA (2011) defines slow onset disasters, such as droughts, as an emergency that develops from a combination of events over time. Also, some disasters such as floods are often the accumulation of several events. In theory, slow on-set disasters could be mitigated and prevented by early response, however, in practice, most responses to slow on-set disasters resemble those of rapid onset disasters, with large influx of aid, primarily food aid, and short-term solutions focusing on saving lives (OCHA 2011: 4).
- 4.
Aid actors are those actors who have development and emergency assistance as their core mandate, such as various United Nations (UN) agencies, local, national, and international non-governmental organisations (NGOs), the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), regional inter-governmental organisations’ agencies responsible for humanitarian assistance, and donor agencies providing funding and coordination. State actors are formally part of state institutions, whether on a national, regional, district, or local level, including national government agencies in charge of crisis response. Society encompasses a vast array of groups and identities, such as civil society, media, the private sector, volunteers, traditional leaders, beneficiaries, citizens and individuals.
- 5.
To minimise the selection bias of each individual search engine, the combination of these engines was used.
- 6.
Nodes included 34 emergent categories of different challenges encountered, such as coordination, beneficiary selection, mistrust, differences in response, relations between actors, communication, accountability, etc.
- 7.
The disaster management cycle is mostly focused on the disaster itself, as it includes measures taken before, during and after the disaster to “avoid a disaster, reduce its impact or recover from its losses” (Khan et al. 2008: 46). The pre-disaster stage includes activities for mitigation and preparedness, and the post-disaster stage starts with emergency response and moves into rehabilitation and reconstruction (Khan et al. 2008: 47). Although the cycle presupposes a linear timeline, in practice the phases overlap.
- 8.
From 1996 to 2015, low income countries experienced five times more deaths per 100.000 inhabitants compared to high income countries, while high income countries feature on the top ten list for economic losses (UNISDR/CRED 2016).
- 9.
Others have preferred the term post-war, which directly refers to a period after the end of a war, which makes it easier to define than ‘conflict’. As the ‘post’ discourse refers to an outcome of the preceding period, war also does not do justice to the complexity of the ‘post’ situation: war was not the only or primary defining factor, but already an outcome in itself. Also, a post-war period can be a pre-war period and it does not reflect the reality of having a history of multiple conflicts and wars, or a conflict with less than 1000 battle-related deaths annually. This chapter sees both the post-conflict and post-war terms as not truly reflecting the processes and state after peace agreements or other types of political settlement. As post-conflict is a policy term used by the humanitarian actors, this chapter will continue using it to facilitate understanding of the type of period one is referring to.
- 10.
Some of the recommended actions are: disarmament, restoration of order, repatriation, capacity building of security personnel, monitoring elections, promoting human rights, reforming or strengthening governmental institutions and promoting formal and informal political participation (Boutros-Ghali 1992, para. 55).
- 11.
However, liberal peace theorists have strongly critiqued statebuilding interventions focused on the construction of a liberal democratic state through strengthening markets and through promoting democracy, civil society, and the rule of law (Barnett et al. 2014; David 2001; Paris 2004; Chandler 2013).
- 12.
As Reyntjes (2016: 358) notes, hybrid governance is not only applicable to fragile states settings, but is universally applicable.
- 13.
Although peace agreements are types of political settlement, political settlements are also more than that. Here, the terms are used somewhat interchangeably to denote the political arrangement (either mediated or not) that defines the start of the post-conflict period. Peace agreements are usually mediated by external actors, either regional or international, and political settlements can also take the form of victory of one party over the others or a divided peace.
- 14.
Although the methods and numbers Collier uses for his arguments have been critiqued (Suhrke/Samset 2007), his work does show the vulnerability of post-conflict countries to conflict.
- 15.
Donors are important actors who often delineate humanitarian aid. They are increasingly seen to instrumentalise and politicise humanitarian aid and privilege agendas of stabilisation (ALNAP 2015: 13). Government donors channel most of their funds, two-thirds, to multilateral agencies, primarily UN agencies, with six UN agencies receiving 46 per cent of the total funds. Then INGOs 19 per cent, of which ICRC received almost two-thirds (GHA 2016: 66). Only 1.2 per cent is channelled directly to governments, with non OECD-DAC (The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development – Development Assistance Committee) donors channelling 70 per cent of their funds to governments (GHA 2016: 73).
- 16.
Although a distinction between aid, state and society is made, they are considered mutually constitutive and often problematic to identify as separate entities in practice. However, as DRR roles are generally different for aid agencies, states, and societal actors, this distinction is upheld to facilitate analyses of the processes within and relations between different groups of actors in the humanitarian arena.
- 17.
While international humanitarian law is applicable to armed conflict and occupation, disaster response does not have an overarching legal framework. Instead, it relies on various multilateral treaties, resolutions, declarations, guidelines and bilateral agreements as instruments, known as “international disaster response laws, rules and principles” (IDRL) (ICRC 2007: 15). In practice, much depends on the individual state’s integration of disaster response in their national law, and their willingness and capacity to accommodate interventions after a disaster. In post-conflict countries, these policies cannot be seen separately from the Sustainable Development Goals. The Core Humanitarian Standard and the Sphere standard are recognised by humanitarian actors as standards to uphold and the Good Humanitarian Donorship principles and practices provide guidelines for donors to follow.
- 18.
The Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement was signed in 2000, while the CNDD-FDD signed a power sharing agreement in 2004 and Palipehutu-FNL signed a cease-fire in 2006.
- 19.
Alert ranking in Fragile states index 2015 (FFP 2015).
- 20.
Previously part of Bujumbura Rural, but became officially part of Rumonge after the creation of the latter province on 26 March 2015.
- 21.
See at: http://www.iwacu-burundi.org/gitaza-le-president-nkurunziza-en-appelle-a-la-solidarite-nationale-pluies-torrentielles/. The victims of the March floods were displaced in host families or lived in make-shift shelters, with limited support from the Ministry of Solidarity, local churches, political parties, the Burundi Red Cross and UN agencies. After the installation of IDP camps following the November floods, some victims from March were also included.
- 22.
Author’s interview with International Humanitarian agency representative 3, 30 August 2016; this is also a view expressed by other actors in informal conversations in the same research period.
- 23.
Author’s interview with local government representative 2, 22 August 2016.
- 24.
Author’s interview with local actor 4, 25 August 2016, Focus Group with community actors 2, 29 August 2016.
- 25.
Interview with local actor 4, 25 August 2016, interview with local government representative 2, 22 August 2016.
- 26.
Author’s interview with Community actors 1, 25 August 2016, and Community actors 2, 29 August 2016.
- 27.
Author’s interviews with Local actor 4, 25 August 2016, NNGO 2, 17 August 2016, community actors 1, 25 August 2016, community actors 2, 29 August 2016, UN representative 3, 30 August 2016.
- 28.
Author’s interview with Local actor 4, 25 August 2016.
- 29.
Author’s interview with Local actor 4, 25 August 2016.
- 30.
Author’s interview with NNGO 2, 17 August 2016. Author’s interview with Local actor 5, Bujumbura, Burundi, 25 August 2016.
- 31.
Author’s interview with NNGO 2, 17 August 2016, FGD with community 1, 25 August 2016, FGD with community 2, 28 August 2016, UN representative 2, 29 August 2016, UN representative 3, 30 August 2016, Local actor 4, 25 August 2016.
- 32.
Author’s interview with Government representative 4, 18 August 2016.
- 33.
Author’s interview with Community actors 1, 25 August 2016.
- 34.
Author’s interview with IDP camp 2 and 3, 24 August 2016 and 26 August 2016.
- 35.
Author’s interview with NNGO 2, 17 August 2016, FGD with community 1, 25 August 2016, FGD with community 2, 28 August 2016, UN representative 2, 29 August 2016, UN representative 3, 30 August 2016, Local actor 4, 25 August 2016.
- 36.
Author’s interview with UN agency representative 2, 27 August 2016.
- 37.
Author’s interview with Government representative 3, 18 August 2016, and interview with Humanitarian agency representative 1, 17 August 2016.
- 38.
Author’s interview with National Humanitarian agency representative 1, 17 August 2016.
- 39.
Author’s interview with Humanitarian actor 1, 17 August 2016.
- 40.
Author’s interview with government representative 1 on 17 August 2016, and with government representative 3 on 18 August 2016.
- 41.
Author’s interview with UN agency representative 3 on 30 August 2016.
References
Alejandro Leal, Pablo, 2007: “Participation: The Ascendancy of a Buzzword in the Neo-Liberal Era”, in: Development in Practice, 17(4–5): 539–48.
Alexander, D. E., 2013: “Resilience and Disaster Risk Reduction: An Etymological Journey”, in: Natural Hazards and Earth System Science, 13(11): 2707–2716.
Alexander, Jessica, 2015: “Informed Decision Making: Including the Voice of Affected Communities in the Process”, in: Humanitarian Accountability Report 2015. On the Road to Istanbul: How Can the World Humanitarian Summit Make Humanitarian Response More Effective? (Geneva: CHS Alliance): 98–103.
Ariyabandu, Madhavi Malalgoda; Fonseka, Dilrukshi, 2009: “Do Disasters Discriminate? A Human Security Analysis of the Impact of the Tsunami in India, Sri Lanka and of the Kashmir Earthquake in Pakistan”, in: Hans Günter Brauch et. al. (Eds.): Facing Global Environmental Change: Environmental, Human, Energy, Food, Health and Water Security Concepts, 1215–26 (Berlin – Heidelberg: Springer).
Barnett, Michael, 2011: Empire of Humanity: A History of Humanitarianism, Cornell Paperbacks (Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press).
Barnett, Michael; Fang, Songying; Zürcher, Christoph, 2014: “Compromised Peace-building”, in: International Studies Quarterly, 58(3): 608–620; at: https://doi.org/10.1111/isqu.12137.
Beetham, David, 2nd ed., 2013: The Legitimation of Power. Political Analysis. (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire – New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan).
Berger, Peter L.; Luckmann, Thomas, 1966: The Social Construction of Reality: a Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge (Garden City, NY: Doubleday).
Blaikie, Piers M.; Cannon, Terry; Davis, Ian; Wisner, Ben (Eds.), 1994: At Risk: Natural Hazards, People’s Vulnerability, and Disasters (London – New York: Routledge).
Boege, Volker; Brown, M. Anne; Clements, Kevin P., 2009: “Hybrid Political Orders, Not Fragile States”, in: Peace Review, 21(1): 13–21.
Bohle, Hans G.; Downing, Thomas E.; Watts, Michael J., 1994: “Climate Change and Social Vulnerability: Toward a Sociology and Geography of Food Insecurity”, in: Global Environmental Change, 4(1): 37–48.
Bourdieu, Pierre, 1989: “Social Space and Symbolic Power.” Sociological Theory, 7(1): 14; at: https://doi.org/10.2307/202060.
Boyce, James K., 2002: “Aid Conditionality as a Tool for Peacebuilding: Opportunities and Constraints”, in: Development and Change, 33(5): 1025–1048.
Brauch, Hans Günter, 2005: Threats, Challenges, Vulnerabilities and Risks in Environmental and Human Security. Source 1 (Bonn: UNU-EHS).
Brinkerhoff, Derick W., 2005: “Rebuilding Governance in Failed States and Post-Conflict Societies: Core Concepts and Cross-Cutting Themes”, in: Public Administration and Development, 25(1): 3–14; at: https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.352.
Brinkerhoff, Derick W., 2016: “State Fragility, International Development Policy, and Global Responses.” in: RTI International, International Development. Working Paper. October 2016. Forthcoming.
Call, C. T., 2011: “Beyond the ‘Failed State’: Toward Conceptual Alternatives”, in: European Journal of International Relations, 17(2): 303–326.
Chandler, David, 2013: “International Statebuilding and the Ideology of Resilience: International Statebuilding”, in: Politics, 33(4): 276–286.
Colebatch, H. K., 2014: “Making Sense of Governance”, in: Policy and Society, 33(4): 307–316.
Collier, Paul; Hoeffler, Anke; Soderbom, Mans; 2008: “Post-Conflict Risks”, in: Journal of Peace Research, 45(4): 461–78, at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343308091356.
Collier, Paul; World Bank (Eds.), 2003: Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy. A World Bank Policy Research Report (Washington, DC: World Bank – New York: Oxford University Press).
Cornwall, Andrea, 2008: “Unpacking ‘Participation’: Models, Meanings and Practices”, in: Community Development Journal, 43(3): 269–83; at: https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsn010.
Curtis, Devon, 2013: “The International Peacebuilding Paradox: Power Sharing and Post-Conflict Governance in Burundi”, in: African Affairs, 112(446): 72–91.
Curtis, Devon, 2015: “Development Assistance and the Lasting Legacies of Rebellion in Burundi and Rwanda”, in: Third World Quarterly, 36(7): 1365–81; at: https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1041103.
David, Charles-Philippe, 2001: “Alice in Wonderland Meets Frankenstein: Constructivism, Realism and Peacebuilding in Bosnia”, in: Contemporary Security Policy, 22(1): 1–30.
Donini, Antonio (Ed.), 2012: The Golden Fleece: Manipulation and Independence in Humanitarian Action (Sterling, Virginia: Kumarian Press).
Drury, A. Cooper; Olson, Richard Stuart, 1998: “Disasters and Political Unrest: An Empirical Investigation”, in: Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 6(3): 153–61.
Duffield, Mark, 2002: “Social Reconstruction and the Radicalization of Development: Aid as a Relation of Global Liberal Governance”, in: Development and Change, 33(5): 1049–71.
Fan, Lilianne, 2013: “Disaster as Opportunity? Building Back Better in Aceh, Myanmar and Haiti”. HPG Working Paper (London: ODI [Overseas Development Institute]).
Field, Christopher B.; IPCC (Eds.), 2012: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaption: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press).
Fortna, Virginia Page, 2004: “Does Peacekeeping Keep Peace? International Intervention and the Duration of Peace after Civil War”, in: International Studies Quarterly, 48(2): 269–292.
Foucault, Michel, 1984: “The Order of Discourse”, in: Michael J. Shapiro (Ed.): Language and Politics (New York: New York University Press).
François, Monika; Sud, Inder, 2006: “Promoting Stability and Development in Fragile and Failed States”, in: Development Policy Review, 24(2): 141–160.
Frerks, Georg, 2013: “Discourses on War, Peace and Peacebuilding”, in; Dorothea Hilhorst (Ed.): Disaster, Conflict and Society in Crises: Everyday Politics of Crisis Response. Routledge Humanitarian Studies Series 1 (New York: Routledge); 19–37.
Frerks, Georg; Klem, Bart, 2006: “Conditioning Peace among Protagonists: A Study into the Use of Peace Conditionalities in the Sri Lankan Peace Process” (Clingendael: Netherlands Institute of International Relations).
Fukuyama, Francis, 2004: State-Building: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century. (Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press).
Galtung, Johan, 1996: “Part II: Conflict Theory”, in: Peace by Peaceful Means: Peace and Conflict, Development and Civilization (Oslo: International Peace Research Institute; London; Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications): 70–80.
Gaventa, John; Cornwall, Andrea, 2nd ed., 2008: “Power and Knowledge”, in: The Sage Handbook of Action Research: Participative Inquiry and Practice, in: Reason, Peter; Bradbury, Hilary (Eds.): (London – Thousand Oaks, Ca: SAGE Publications): 172–189.
Gawronski, Vincent T.; Olson, Richard Stuart, 2013: “Disasters as Crisis Triggers for Critical Junctures? The 1976 Guatemala Case”, in: Latin American Politics and Society, 55(2): 133–149.
Giddens, Anthony, 1984: The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press).
Gurr, Ted Robert, 2011: Why Men Rebel. 40th Anniversary paperback ed. (Boulder, Colo.: Paradigm Publications).
Haar, Gemma van der; Heijke, Merel, 2013: “Conflict, Governance and Institutional Multiplicity: Parallel Governance in Kosovo and Chiapas (Mexico)”, in: Hilhorst, Dorothea (Ed.): Disaster, Conflict and Society in Crises: Everyday Politics of Crisis Response, edited by Routledge Humanitarian Studies Series 1. New York: Routledge.
Harvey, Paul; Overseas Development Institute, 2009: Towards Good Humanitarian Government: The Role of the Affected State in Disaster Response (London: Humanitarian Policy Group).
Hayward, Clarissa Rile, 2000: De-Facing Power. Contemporary Political Theory (Cambridge, UK – New York: Cambridge University Press).
Heijmans, Annelies, 2004: “From Vulnerability to Empowerment”, in: Bankoff, Greg; Frerks, Georg; Hilhorst, Dorothea (Eds.): Mapping Vulnerability: Disasters, Development, and People. (London – Sterling, VA: Earthscan Publications); 115–127.
Hellsten, Sirkku K., 2009: “Ethics, Rhetoric, and Politics of Post-Conflict Reconstruction: How Can the Concept of Social Contract Help Us in Understanding How to Make Peace Work?”, in: Addison, Tony; Brück, Tilman (Eds.): Making Peace Work (London: Palgrave Macmillan UK): 75–96.
Hewitt, Kenneth, 2013: “Disasters in ‘Development’ Contexts: Contradictions and Options for a Preventive Approach”, in: Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 5(2), Art.#91, 8 pages.
Hilhorst, Dorothea; Jansen, Bram, 2012: “Constructing Rights and Wrongs in Humanitarian Action: Contributions from a Sociology of Praxis”, in: Sociology, 46(5): 891–905.
Hilhorst, Dorothea, 2015: “Taking Accountability to the next Level”. in: CHS (Core Humanitarian Standard) Alliance (Ed.): Humanitarian Accountability Report 2015. On the Road to Istanbul: How Can the World Humanitarian Summit Make Humanitarian Response More Effective? (London: CHS Alliance): 108–110.
Hilhorst, Dorothea; Bankoff, Greg; Frerks, Georg, 2004: “Mapping Vulnerability”, in: Mapping Vulnerability: Disasters, Development, and People (London – Sterling, VA: Earthscan Publications): 1–9.
Hilhorst, Dorothea; Jansen, Bram, 2010: “Humanitarian Space as Arena: A Perspective on the Everyday Politics of Aid”, in: Development and Change, 41(6): 1117–1139.
Hozić, Aida, 2014: “The Origins Of ‘Post-Conflict’”, in: Post-Conflict Studies: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Routledge Studies in Peace and Conflict Resolution (London – New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group): 19–38.
ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross), 2007: “Law and Legal Issues in International Disaster Response: A Desk Study” (Geneva: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies).
IFRC (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies), 2016: World Disaster Report 2016 (Geneva: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies).
International Alert, 2015: “Compounding Risk: Disasters, Fragility and Conflict”, Policy Brief (London: International Alert).
Jabri, Vivienne, 1996: Discourses on Violence: Conflict Analysis Reconsidered (Manchester; Manchester University Press).
Khan, Himayatullah; Vasilescu, Laura; Khan, Asmatullah, 2008: “Disaster Management Cycle–a Theoretical Approach” in: Management & Marketing-Craiova, no. 1: 43–50.
Koch, Dirk-Jan, 2007: Blind Spots on the Map of Aid Allocations Concentration and Complementarity of International NGO Aid (Helsinki, Finland: United Nations University/World Institute for Development Economics Research [UNU/WIDER]).
Koch, Dirk-Jan; Dreher, Axel; Nunnenkamp, Peter; Thiele, Rainer, 2009: “Keeping a Low Profile: What Determines the Allocation of Aid by Non-Governmental Organisations?”, in: World Development, 37(5): 902–918.
Krasner, Stephen D.; Pascual, Carlos, 2005: “Addressing State Failure”, in: Foreign Affairs, 84(4): 153–163.
Lamb, Robert D., 2014: Rethinking Legitimacy and Illegitimacy: A New Approach to Assessing Support and Opposition across Disciplines (Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies [CSIS]).
Latour, Bruno, 1984: “The Powers of Association”, in: The Sociological Review, 32(May): 264–80.
Levi, Margaret; Sacks, Audrey; Tyler, Tom, 2009: “Conceptualizing Legitimacy, Measuring Legitimating Beliefs”, in: American Behavioral Scientist, 53(3): 354–375.
Lister, Sarah, 2003: “NGO Legitimacy Technical Issue or Social Construct?”, in: Critique of Anthropology, 23(2): 175–192.
Lukes, Steven, 2nd ed., 2004: Power: A Radical View (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire – New York: Palgrave Macmillan).
Lund, Christian (Ed.), 2006: Twilight Institutions: Public Authority and Local Politics in Africa (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publications).
Mac Ginty, R., 2010: “Hybrid Peace: The Interaction Between Top-Down and Bottom-Up Peace”, in: Security Dialogue, 41(4): 391–412; at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010610374312.
Manyena, Siambabala Bernard, 2006: “The Concept of Resilience Revisited”, in: Disasters 30(4): 434–450.
Nathan, Laurie; Toft, Monica Duffy, 2011: “Civil War Settlements and the Prospects for Peace”, in: International Security, 36(1): 202–210.
Nel, Philip; Righarts, Marjolein, 2008: “Natural Disasters and the Risk of Violent Civil Conflict”, in: International Studies Quarterly, 52(1): 159–185.
Nilsson, D., 2008: “Partial Peace: Rebel Groups Inside and Outside of Civil War Settlements”, in: Journal of Peace Research, 45(4): 479–495.
OCHA (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), 2011: OCHA and Slow-Onset Emergencies. 6th Occasional Policy Briefing (New York: OCHA).
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 2010: The State’s Legitimacy in Fragile Situations Unpacking Complexity (Paris: OECD Publishing).
OECD/DAC (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Development Assistance Committee), 2007: “Principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States and Situations” (Paris: OECD Publishing, April).
Olson, Richard Stuart, 2000: “Toward a Politics of Disaster: Losses, Values, Agendas, and Blame”, in: International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters (IJMED), 18(2): 265–288.
Papagianne, Katia, 2008: “Participation and State Legitimation”, in: Call, Charles (Ed.): Building States to Build Peace (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers): 49–71.
Paris, Roland, 2004: At War’s End: Building Peace after Civil Conflict (Cambridge, U.K. – New York, NY: Cambridge University Press).
Paton, Douglas, 2006: “Disaster Resilience: Building Capacity to Co-Exist with Natural Hazards and Their Consequences”, in: Paton, Douglas; Johnston, David M. (Eds.): Disaster Resilience: An Integrated Approach (Springfield, Ill: Charles C. Thomas): 3–10.
Pelling, Mark. 1998. “Participation, Social Capital and Vulnerability to Urban Flooding in Guyana”, in: Journal of International Development, 10: 469–486.
Pelling, Mark; Dill, Kathleen, 2010: “Disaster Politics: Tipping Points for Change in the Adaptation of Sociopolitical Regimes”, in: Progress in Human Geography, 34(1): 21–37; at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132509105004.
Peters, Katie; Budimir, Mirianna, 2016: When Disasters and Conflict Collide: Facts and Figures (London: ODI [Overseas Development Institute]).
Reyntjens, Filip. 2016. “Legal Pluralism and Hybrid Governance: Bridging Two Research Lines: Legal Pluralism and Hybrid Governance.” Development and Change, 47(2): 346–366.
Rocha Monocal, Alina, 2013: “Aid and Fragility: The Challenges of Building Peaceful and Effective States”, in: Chandler, David P.; Sisk, Timothy D. (Eds.): Routledge Handbook of International Statebuilding, Routledge Handbooks (Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon – New York, NY: Routledge): 387–399.
Serventy, Matthew, 2015: “Collective Accountability: Are We Really in This Together?”, in: Humanitarian Accountability Report 2015. On the Road to Istanbul: How Can the World Humanitarian Summit Make Humanitarian Response More Effective? (London: CHS [Core Humanitarian Standard] Alliance): 82–91.
Sørbø, Gunnar M., 2004: Peacebuilding in Post-War Situations: Lessons for Sudan (Bergen, Norway: Chr. Michelsen Institute, Development Studies and Human Rights).
Suhrke, Astri; Samset, Ingrid, 2007: “What’s in a Figure? Estimating Recurrence of Civil War”, in: International Peacekeeping, 14(2): 195–203; at: https://doi.org/10.1080/13533310601150776.
UNISDR (United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction); CRED (Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters), 2016: “Poverty & Death: Disaster Mortality 1996–2015” (Louvain: CRED – Geneva: UNISDR).
Uvin, Peter, 2008: “Local Governance after War: Some Reflections on Donor Behaviour in Burundi”, in: Praxis, 23: 109–122.
Walker, Peter; Maxwell, Daniel G., 2008: Shaping the Humanitarian World. Global Institutions Series (Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon – New York: Routledge).
Walter, Barbara F., 2004: “Does Conflict Beget Conflict? Explaining Recurring Civil War”, in: Journal of Peace Research, 41(3): 371–88; at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343304043775.
Weber, Max, 1978: Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press).
Wisner, Benjamin, 2012: “Violent Conflict, Natural Hazards and Disaster”, in: The Routledge Handbook of Hazards and Disaster Risk Reduction (London; New York: Routledge): 65–76.
Wisner, Benjamin; Gaillard, J.C.; Kelman, Ilan; 2012: “Framing Disaster”, in: The Routledge Handbook of Hazards and Disaster Risk Reduction (London – New York: Routledge): 18–33.
Other Literature
ALNAP (Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance), 2015: The State of the Humanitarian System (London: ALNAP/ODI); at: ALNAP/ODI. http://www.alnap.org/resource/21036.aspx.
Boege, Volker; Brown, Anne; Clements, Kevin; Nolan, Anna, 2008: “On Hybrid Political Orders and Emerging States: State Formation in the Context of ‘fragility’”; at: http://edoc.vifapol.de/opus/volltexte/2011/2595/.
Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, 1992: “Report of the UN Secretary-General: ‘Agenda for Peace’”, United Nations General Assembly; at: http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/47/a47r120.htm.
Brahimi, Lakhdar, 2007: “State Building in Crisis and Post-Conflict Countries”, in: 7th Global Forum on Reinventing Government, Vienna, June: at: http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan026305.pdf.
DFID (Department for International Development), 2005: “Why We Need to Work More Effectively in Fragile States”; at: https://www.jica.go.jp/cdstudy/library/pdf/20071101_11.pdf.
EM-DAT (Emergency Events Database), 2016: “Disasters: General Classification”, in: http://www.emdat.be/classification.
FFP (Fund for Peace), 2015: “Fragile States Index 2015” (Washington D.C.: Fund for Peace); at: http://library.fundforpeace.org/library/fragilestatesindex-2015.pdf.
GHA (Global Humanitarian Assistance), 2016: Global Humanitarian Assistance Report: 2016 (Bristol, UK: Global Humanitarian Assistance, Development Initiatives): at: http://devinit.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Global-Humanitarian-Assistance-Report-2016.pdf.
Hilhorst, Dorothea, 2016: “Aid–society Relations in Humanitarian Crises and Recovery”. Inaugural Lecture (The Hague, The Netherlands: Institute of Social Studies of Erasmus University Rotterdam); at: https://repub.eur.nl/pub/97954/Hilhorst-inaugural-lecture-ISS-2016-.pdf.
INFORM (Index for Risk Management), 2016: “Index for Risk Management: Results 2016” (Brussels: Inter-Agency Standing Committee Task Team for Preparedness and Resilience and the European Commission); at: http://www.inform-index.org/Portals/0/InfoRM/2016/INFORM%20Results%20Report%202016%20WEB.pdf.
Kellett, Jan; Sparks, Dan, 2012: “Disaster Risk Reduction” Spending Where It Should Count (Somerset, UK: Global Humanitarian Assistance); at: http://devinit.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/GHA-Disaster-Risk-Report.pdf.
Meagher, K.; Herdt, T.; Titeca, K., 2014: “Unravelling Public Authority: Paths of Hybrid Governance in Africa”; at: https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/5863789/file/5863810.
Menkhaus, Ken, 2007: “Governance without Government in Somalia: Spoilers, State Building, and the Politics of Coping”; at: http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/isec.2007.31.3.74.
Nathan, Laurie, 2006: No Ownership, No Peace: The Darfur Peace Agreement (London: Crisis States Research Centre); at: http://www.lse.ac.uk/international-development/Assets/Documents/PDFs/csrc-working-papers-phase-two/wp5.2-darfur-peace-agreement.pdf.
ODI-HPG (Overseas Development Institute – Humanitarian Policy Group), 2016: Time to Let Go: Remaking Humanitarian Action for the Modern Era (London: ODI); at: www.odi.org/hpg.
Putzel, James, 2010: “Why Development Actors Need a Better Definition of ‘State Fragility’”; at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/41300/.
Stel, Nora; de Boer, Diederik; Hilhorst, Dorothea; van der Haar, G.; van der Molen, I.; Douma, Nynke W.; Mostert, R. Herman, 2012: “Multi-Stakeholder Processes, Service Delivery and State Institutions; Synthesis Report”. Peace Security and Development Network; at: http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/fulltext/341507.
UNISDR (United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction), 2007: “Terminology – UNISDR”; at: https://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/terminology#letter-r.
UN OCHA (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), 2016: “Burundi Inter-Agency Monitoring Report” (New York: UN OCHA); at: https://reliefweb.int/report/burundi/burundi-inter-agency-monitoring-report-29-January-2016.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Melis, S. (2019). The Fragile State of Disaster Response: Understanding Aid-State-Society Relations in Post-conflict Settings. In: Brauch, H., Oswald Spring, Ú., Collins, A., Serrano Oswald, S. (eds) Climate Change, Disasters, Sustainability Transition and Peace in the Anthropocene. The Anthropocene: Politik—Economics—Society—Science, vol 25. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97562-7_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97562-7_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-97561-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-97562-7
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)