Skip to main content

Transition to Parenthood

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Biracial Families

Abstract

The transition to parenthood is a life-changing event that creates new responsibilities and shifting roles as new parents try to meet the demands that come with having a new baby at home. In this chapter I review the literature on the transition to parenthood and examine some of the common and unique experiences of biracial couples across this important life stage. I discuss the individual changes that both fathers and mothers experience in their new roles and identify the similarities and differences reported by new parents in biracial relationships. I pay particular attention to the presence of societal expectations across genders and race/ethnicity groups. I also discuss how the couple’s relationship is impacted by this life transition and the importance of coparenting, especially among biracial couples, who can experience stressors such as microaggression. Through narratives from the experiences of biracial couples, I share how the stressors of discrimination can make the transition to parenthood even more challenging for biracial couples than for their monoracial counterparts. I identify the additional strain experienced by biracial couples as they try to support one another through experiences of prejudice. I address how individual families’ experiences differ even when their biracial unions are similar, and what factors contribute to these differences. I conclude the chapter with implications for best practices for professionals working with biracial couples as they become parents and a discussion of future research needs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Baxter, J., Hewitt, B., & Haynes, M. (2008). Life course transitions and housework: Marriage, parenthood and time on housework. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70, 259–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Development, 55, 83–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belsky, J., Lang, M., & Huston, T. L. (1986). Sex-typing and division of labor as determinants of marital change across the transition to parenthood. Journal of Research in Personality, 50,517–522.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belsky, J., & Rovine, M. (1990). Patterns of marital change across the transition to parenthood: Pregnancy to three years postpartum. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 5–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biehle, S. N. (2013). Influences on the utilization of proactive coping during pregnancy and early parenthood. In P. Barberis, & S. Petrakis (Eds.), Parenting: Challenges, practices and cultural influences (pp. 213–224).

    Google Scholar 

  • Biehle, S. N., & Mickelson, K. D. (2012). First-time parents’ expectations about the division of childcare and play. Journal of Family Psychology, 26, 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026608

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bleidorn, W., Buyukcan-Tetik, A., Schewaba, T., van Scheppingen, M. A., Denissen, J. J. A., & Finkenaurer, C. (2016). Stability and change in self-esteem during the transition to parenthood. Social Psychology and Personality Science, 7(6), 560–569. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550616646428

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bodnar-Deren, S., Benn, E. K. T., Balbierz, A., & Howell, E. A. (2017). Stigma and postpartum depression treatment acceptability among Black and White women in the first six-months postpartum. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 21, 1457–1468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-017-2263-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bost, K. K., Cox, M. J., & Payne, C. (2002). Structural and supportive changes in couples’ family and friendship networks across the transition to parenthood. Journal of Marriage and Family Therapy, 64, 517–531. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00517.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bouchard, G. (2009). Parents-to-be with overly optimistic expectations of parenthood: Who are they and what should counselors do? Canadian Journal of Counselling, 43, 165–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyce, P., Condon, J., Barton, J., & Corkindale, C. (2007). First-Time Fathers’ Study: Psychological distress in expectant fathers during pregnancy. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 41, 718–725 https://doi.org/10.1080/00048670701517959

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bratter, J. L., & Whitehead, E. M. (2018). Ties that bind? Comparing kin support availability for mothers of mixed-race and monoracial infants. Journal of Marriage and Family, Advance online publication.https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12485

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronte-Tinkew, J., Ryan, S., Carrano, J., & Moore, K. (2007). Resident fathers’ pregnancy intendedness, prenatal behaviors, and links to involvement with infants. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69, 977–990. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00425.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cabrera, N. J., Shannon, J. D., & Tamis-LeMonda, C. (2007). Fathers’ Influence on their children’s cognitive and emotional development: From toddlers to pre-K. Applied Developmental Science, 7(4), 208–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888690701762100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cao, H., Mills-Koonce, R., Wood, C., & Fine, M. (2016). Identity transformation during the transition to parenthood among same-sex couples: An ecological, stress-strategy-adaptation perspective. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 8, 30–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cardoso, J. B., Padilla, Y. C., & Sampson, M. (2010). Racial and ethnic variation in the predictors of maternal parenting stress. Journal of Social Service Research, 36(5), 429–444. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2010.510948

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Claxton, A., & Perry-Jenkins, M. (2008). No fun anymore: leisure and marital quality across the transition to parenthood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70, 28–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00459.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coley, R. L. (2001). Invisible men: Emerging research on low-income, unmarried, and minority fathers. American Psychologist, 56, 743–753.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, C. E., McLanahan, S. S., Meadows, S. O., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2009). Family structure transitions and maternal parenting stress. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71, 558–574.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cowan, C. P., & Cowan, P. A. (2000). When partners become parents: The big life change for couples. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowdery, R. S., Scarborough, N., Knudson-Martin, C., Seshadri, G., Lewis, M. E., & Mahoney, A. R. (2009). Gendered power in cultural contexts: Part II. Middle class African American heterosexual couples with young children. Family Process, 48, 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2009.01265.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crinic, K., Greenberg, M., Ragozin, A., Robinson, N., & Bashman, R. (1983). Effects of stress and social support on mothers and premature and full-term infants. Child Development, 54, 209–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curran, M. A., Hazen, N. L., & Mann, T. (2009). Representations of marriage and expectations of parenthood: Predictors of supportive coparenting for first-time parents. Parenting: Science and Practice, 9, 101–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295190802656794

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dayton, C. J., Buczkowski, R. S., Muzik, M., Goletz, J., Hicks, L., Walsh, T., et al. (2016). Expectant fathers’ beliefs and expectations about fathering as they prepare to parent a new infant. Social Work Research: Special Issue on Social Work with Men and Fathers, 40(4), 225–236. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/svw017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deave, T., Johnson, D., & Ingram, J. (2008). Transition to parenthood: the needs of parents in pregnancy and early parenthood. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 8(30). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-8-30

  • Delmore-Ko, P., Pancer, S. M., Hunsberger, B., & Pratt, M. (2000). Becoming a parent: The relation between prenatal expectations and postnatal experience. Journal of Family Psychology, 14, 625–640.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Don, B. P., Biehle, S. N., & Mickelson, K. D. (2013). Feeling like part of a team: Perceived parenting agreement among first-time parents. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30(8), 1121–1137. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407513483105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doss, B. D., Cicila, L. N., Hsueh, A. C., Morrison, K. R., & Carhart, K. (2014). A randomized controlled trial of brief coparenting and relationship intervention during the transition to parenthood. Journal of Family Psychology, 28, 483–494. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doss, B. D., Rhoades, G. K., Stanley, S. M., & Markman, H. J. (2009). The effect of the transition to parenthood on relationship quality: An 8-year prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 601–619.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elek, S. M., Hudson, D. B., & Bouffard, C. (2003). Marital and parenting satisfaction and infant care self-efficacy during the transition to parenthood: the effect of infant sex. Issues in Contemporary Pediatric Nursing, 26, 45–57 https://doi.org/10.1080/01460860390183065

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Epifanio, M. S., Genna, V., DeLuca, C., Roccella, M., & La Grutta, S. (2015). Paternal and maternal transition to parenthood to parenthood: The risk of postpartum depression and parenting stress. Pediatric Reports, 7, 38–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evenson, R. J., & Simon, R. W. (2005). Clarifying the relationship between parenthood and depression. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 46, 341–358. https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650504600403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feinberg, M. E. (2002). Coparenting and the transition to parenthood: A framework for prevention. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 5(3), 173–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feinberg, M. E. (2003). The internal structure and ecological context of coparenting: A framework for research and intervention. Parenting: Science and Practice, 3, 95–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fillo, J., Simpson, A. J., & Rholes, W. S. (2015). Dads doing diapers: Individual and relational outcomes associated with the division of childcare across the transition to parenthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(2), 298–316. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038572

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, L. (1981). Transitions in the mother-daughter relationship. Journal of Marriage and Family, 43(3), 613–622. https://doi.org/10.2307/351762

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flykt, M., Palosaari, E., Lindblom, J., Vanska, M., Poikkeus, P., Repokari, L., et al. (2014). What explains violated expectations of parent-child relationship in transition to parenthood? Journal of Family Psychology, 28, 148–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036050

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gameiro, S., Canavarro, M. C., Moura-Ramos, M., Boivin, J., & Soares, I. (2010). Social nesting: Changes in social network and support across the transition to parenthood in couples that conceived spontaneously or through assisted reproductive technologies. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(2), 175–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gjerdingen, D. K., & Center, B. A. (2004). First-time parents’ postpartum changes in employment, childcare, and housework responsibilities. Social Science Research, 34, 103–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gjerdingen, D. K., & Chaloner, K. (1994). Mothers’ experience with household roles and social support during the first postpartum year. Women & Health, 21(4), 57–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gottman, J. M., & Notarius, C. I. (2000). Decade review: Observing marital interaction. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62, 927–947.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, C. L., & Marcussen, K. (2017). Postpartum depression in mothers and fathers: The role of parenting efficacy expectations during the transition to parenthood. Sex Roles, 76, 290–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-016-0629-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, B. E., Martin, A., Osterman, M. J. K., Driscoll, A. K., Rossen, L. M. (2017). Births provisional data for 2016. Vital Statistics Rapid Release. Report No. 002 Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/vsrr/report002.pdf

  • Harwood, K., McLean, N., & Durkin, K. (2007). First-time mothers’ expectations of parenthood: What happens when optimistic expectations are not matched by later experiences? Developmental Psychology, 43, 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haxton, C. L., & Harknett, K. (2009). Racial and gender differences in kin support: A mixed-methods study of African American and Hispanic couples. Journal of Family Issues, 30, 1019–1040. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X09333946

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, A., Harmon, S., & Newman, H. (2016). The price mothers pay, even when they are not buying it: Mental health consequences of idealized motherhood. Sex Roles, 74, 512–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-015-0534-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins, J., Marcus, M., & Campbell, S. B. (1984). Postpartum depression: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 498–515. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.498

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, J. A., & Damato, E. G. (1999). Mothers’ perceptions of postpartum stress and satisfaction. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 28, 595–605.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, K. S., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2009). Relationship supportiveness during the transition to parenting among married and unmarried parents. Parenting: Science and Practice, 9, 123–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, D. B., Elek, S. M., & Fleck, M. O. (2001). First-time mothers’ and fathers’ transition to parenthood: Infant care self-efficacy, parenting satisfaction, and infant sex. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 24, 31–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/0146086013000035580

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalmuss, D., Davidson, A., & Cuchman, L. (1992). Parenting expectations, experiences, and adjustment to parenthood: A test of the violated expectations framework. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54, 516–526.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kang Fu, V. (2008). Interracial-interethnic unions and fertility in the United States. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70(3), 783–795.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katz-Wise, S. L., Priess, H. A., & Hyde, J. S. (2010). Gender-role attitudes and behavior across the transition to parenthood. Developmental Psychology, 46, 18–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kibria, N. (2002). Becoming Asian American. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kluwer, E. S., & Johnson, M. D. (2007). Conflict frequency and relationship quality across the transition to parent- hood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69, 1089–1106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kushner, K. E., Sopcak, N., Breikreuz, R., Pitre, N., Williamson, D. L., Rempel, G., et al. (2017). On shifting ground: First-time parents’ ideal world of paid work and family time. Community, Work & Family, 20(2), 119–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2015.1074546

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, M. E., & Lewis, C. (2013). Father-child relationships. In N. Cabrera & C. S. Tamis-Lemomda (Eds.), Handbook of father involvement: Multidisciplinary perspectives (pp. 119–134). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, M. E., Pleck, J. H., Charnov, E. L., & Levine, J. A. (1987). A biosocial perspective on paternal behavior and involvement. In J. Lancaster, J. Atmann, A. Rossi, & L. Sherrod (Eds.), Parenting across the life span: Biosocial dimensions (pp. 111–142). New York: Aldine De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2007.0007

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • LeMasters, E. E. (1957). Parenthood as crisis. Marriage and Family Living, 19, 352–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levy-Shiff, R. (1994). Individual and contextual correlates of marital change across the transition to parenthood. Developmental Psychology, 30, 591–601.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liss, M., Schiffrin, H. H., & Rizzo, K. M. (2013). Maternal guilt and shame: The role of self-discrepancy and fear of negative evaluation. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22, 1112–1119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-012-9673-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Livingston, G. (2017). The rise of multiracial and multiethnic babies in the U.S. (Pew Research Center Report). Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/06/06/the-rise-of-multiracial-and-multiethnic-babies-in-the-u-s/

  • Marsiglio, W., Amato, P., Day, R. D. and Lamb, M. E. (2000), Scholarship on Fatherhood in the 1990s and Beyond. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62, 1173–1191. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.01173.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matthey, S., Barnett, B., Ungerer, J., & Waters, B. (2000). Paternal and maternal depressed mood during the transition to parenthood. Journal of Affective Disorders, 60(2), 75–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(99)00159-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maurer, T. W., Pleck, J. H., & Rane, T. R. (2001). Parental identity and reflected appraisals: Measurement and gender dynamics. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 63, 309–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mazelis, J. M., & Mykyta, L. (2011). Relationship and active kin support: The role of need and norms. Journal of Marriage and Family, 73, 430–445. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00816.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McClain, K., & Brown, S. L. (2017). The roles of father involvement and coparenting in relationship quality among cohabitating and married parents. Sex Roles, 76(5–6), 334–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McElroy-Heltzel, S.E., Davis, D.E., DeBlaere, C., Hook, J.N., Massengale, M., Choe, E., Ordaz, A., Placeres, V., & Gazaway, S. (2018, March). Cultural humility in interethnic couples. Poster presented at the Society for Personality and Social Psychology. Atlanta, GA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mercer, R. T. (2004). Becoming a mother versus maternal role attainment. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 36(3), 226–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mickelson, K. D., Donahue, M., & Biehle, S. (2009). Mismatching of gender role attitudes and role status on health. In J. H. Urlich & B. T. Cosell (Eds.), Handbook on gender roles (pp. 299–315). Nova Science Publishers, Inc..

    Google Scholar 

  • Mihelic, M., Filus, A., & Morawaska, A. (2016). Correlates of prenatal parenting expectations in new mothers: is better self-efficacy a potential target for preventing postnatal adjustment difficulties? Prevention Science, 17(8), 949–959. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-016-0682-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller-Cribbs, J. E., & Farber, N. B. (2008). Kin networks and poverty among African Americans: past and present. Social Work, 53(1), 43–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murry, V. M., Brown, P. A., Brody, G. H., Cutrona, C. E., & Simons, R. L. (2001). Racial discrimination as a moderator of the links among stress, maternal psychological functioning and family relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 915–926.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nazarinia Roy, R. R., Webb, F. J. Schumm, W. R., & Walker, A. B. (2011, January). Mothers’ expectation fulfillment: Differences across relationship status and race/ethnicity groups. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the Society of Personality and Social Psychology, San Antonio, TX.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nazarinia Roy, R., Mitchell, Y., Hamilton, N., & Lockhart, A. (2014a, November). Experiences of family and social support during the transition to motherhood among mothers of biracial and monoracial infants. Paper presented at the National Council on Family Relations, Baltimore, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nazarinia Roy, R. R., Schumm, W. R., & Britt, S. L. (2014b). The transition to parenthood. New York, NY: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Nazarinia Roy, R., Walker, A. B., Aljayyousi-Khalil, & Dayne, N. (2016). Effects of expected and perceived division of childcare and household labor on mother’s relationship satisfaction during their transition to parenthood. Psychology, 7(13). https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2016.713145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nomaguchi, K. M., & Milkie, M. A. (2003). Costs and rewards of children: The effects of becoming a parent on adults’ lives. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65, 356–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Donoghue, M. (2004). Racial and ethnic identity development in white mothers of biracial, black-white children. Affilia, 19, 68–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109903260795

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pacey, S. (2004). Couples and the first baby: Responding to new parents’ sexual and relationship problems. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 19, 223–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pancer, S. M., Pratt, M., Hunsberger, B., & Gallant, M. (2000). Integrative complexity and the transition to parenthood. Journal of Personality, 68, 253–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pollard, S. E., Nievar, M. A., Nathans, L. L., & Riggs, S. A. (2014). A comparison of White and Hispanic women’s stories of adjustment to the birth of a child. Infant Mental Health Journal, 35(3), 193–209. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powers, R. S., Suitor, J., Guerra, S., Shackelford, M., Mecom, D., & Gusman, K. (2003). Regional differences in gender-role attitudes: Variations by gender and race. Gender Issues, 21(2), 40–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12147-003-0015-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Profit, J., Gould, J. B., Bennett, M., Goldstein, B. A., Draper, D., Phibbs, C. S., et al. (2017). Racial/ethnic disparity in NICU quality of care delivery. Pediatrics, 140(3), e20170918. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-0918

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pruett, M. K., Arthur, L., & Ebling, R. (2007). The had that rocks the cradle: Maternal gatekeeping after divorce. Pace University Law Review, 27, 709–739.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiter, M. J., & Gee, C. B. (2008). Open communication and partner support in intercultural and interfaith romantic relationships: A relational maintenance approach. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 25(4), 539–1559. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407508090872

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ronka, A., Oravala, S., & Pulkkinen, L. (2003). Turning points in adults’ lives: The effects of gender and the amount of choice. Journal of Adult Development, 10, 203–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruble, D., Fleming, A., Hackel, L. S., & Stangor, C. (1988). Changes in the marital relationship during the transition to first time motherhood: Effects of violated expectations concerning division of household labor. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 78–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sawyer, L. M. (1999). Engaged mothering: The transition to motherhood for a group of African American women. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 10, 14–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J., Brown, G. L., Cannon, E. A., Mangelsdorf, S. C., & Sokolowski, M. S. (2008). Maternal gatekeeping, coparenting quality, and fathering behavior in families with infants. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(3), 389–398. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.22.3.389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, A. F., Gottman, J. M., & Carrere, S. (2000). The baby and the marriage: Identifying factors that buffer against decline in marital satisfaction after the first baby arrives. Journal f Family Psychology, 14(1), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.14.1.59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M. B., Nadal, K. L., et al. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62(4), 271–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suplee, P. D., Bloch, J. R., McKeever, A., Borucki, L. C., Dawley, K., & Kaufman, M. (2014). Focusing on maternal health beyond breastfeeding and depression during the first year postpartum. JOGNN Journal of Obstetric Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 43, 782–791.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thorp, S. R., Krause, E. D., Cukrowicz, K. C., & Lynch, T. R. (2004). Postpartum partner support, demand-withdraw communication, and maternal stress. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28, 362–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tinsley, B. R., & Parke, R. D. (1984). Grandparents as support and socialization agents. In M. Lewis (Ed.), Beyond The Dyad, Genesis of behavior (Vol. vol 4). Boston, MA: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9415-1_8

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Waller, M. R. (2012). Cooperation, conflict, or disengagement? Coparenting styles and fathers’ involvement in fragile families. Family Process, 51(3), 325–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warner, J. (2005). Perfect madness: Motherhood in the age of anxiety. New York: Riverhead Books.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Roudi Nazarinia Roy .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Roy, R.N. (2019). Transition to Parenthood. In: Nazarinia Roy, R., Rollins, A. (eds) Biracial Families. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96160-6_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96160-6_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-96159-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-96160-6

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics