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The “Urbs” and “Hibernia”: Missionary Connections Between the Irish Community of Rome and Ireland in the Seventeenth Century

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Book cover Rome and Irish Catholicism in the Atlantic World, 1622–1908

Part of the book series: Christianities in the Trans-Atlantic World ((CTAW))

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Abstract

Until now little is known of the Irish community who established in Rome during the early modern period. This essay will illustrate the institutions, like the Irish College and St. Isidore’s, but also the key figures in the city as well as in Ireland who played an active role in the establishment and development of a missionary link from Rome. The essay will also focus on the problems which characterized these missionary links, and how and to what extent the authorities of the Papal Curia sought to support the Irish clerics who wished to return to operate in Ireland.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Patrick Roche to Monsieur, [before 16 May 1615?], document cited in Ignatius Fennessy, OFM, “Patrick Roche of Kinsale and St. Patrick’s College, Rome”, Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society 100 (1995): 95.

  2. 2.

    Hugh Fenning, OP, “Irishmen Ordained at Rome, 1572–1697”, Arch. Hib.59 (2005): 10.

  3. 3.

    Since 1612 Peter Lombard resided in Strada Gregoriana; BAV, Bar. Lat., MS 8928, fols. 37r–38r; on Lombard in Rome see Bruno Boute, “Our Man in Rome: Peter Lombard, Agent of the University of Louvain, at the Grand Theatre of European Politics, 1598–1612”, in The Ulster Earls and Baroque Europe: Refashioning Irish Identities, 1600–1800, ed. Thomas O’Connor and Mary Ann Lyons (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2010), 110–141; Bruno Boute, Academic Interests and Catholic Confessionalisation: The Louvain Privileges of Nomination to Ecclesiastical Benefices (Leiden: Brill, 2010), 313–422.

  4. 4.

    Roche to Monsieur, [before 16 May 1615?], document cited in Fennessy, “Patrick Roche of Kinsale”, 95.

  5. 5.

    Roche to Gregory XV, [1623?], Rome, in Brendan Jennings, OFM, ed., Wadding Papers: 1614–38 (Dublin: Stationery Office, 1953), 72: “in magna necessitate quia nihil habet quo posset vivere”; ibid., 63.

  6. 6.

    Of the thirteen Irish Colleges six were located in the Iberian Peninsula (Lisbon, founded between 1589 and 1590, Salamanca in 1592, Santiago de Compostela in 1605, Seville in 1612, Madrid in 1629, Alcalá de Henares in 1649), four in Spanish Flanders (Douai in 1594, Antwerp in 1600, Lille in 1610, Tournai in 1616), and three in France (Paris in 1578, Bordeaux in 1603, Rouen in 1612). See Timothy J. Walsh, The Irish Continental College Movement: The Colleges at Bordeaux, Toulouse, Lille (Dublin: Golden Eagle Books, 1973); Patricia O’Connell , “The Early-Modern Irish College Network in Iberia, 1590–1800”, in The Irish in Europe, 1580–1815, ed. Thomas O’Connor (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2001), 51–62; Thomas O’Connor, “Irish Collegians in Spanish Service (1560–1803)”, in Forming Catholic Communities. Irish, Scots and English College Networks in Europe, 1568–1918, ed. Liam Chambers and Thomas O’Connor (Leiden: Brill, 2017), 15–38.

  7. 7.

    Twenty-third session of the Council of Trent, “Decree on Reform”, Chap. XVIII, 15 July 1563, in Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, II: Trent to Vatican II, ed. Norman P. Tanner (London: Sheed & Ward, 1990), 750–753.

  8. 8.

    Archivio di Stato di Roma, Camerale III, Organi e uffici preunitari, Istituzioni di beneficenza ed. istruzione 1552–1896—collegi, busta 2046, fols. 1rv–2rv; Aberdeen University Library, Special Collections, Scottish Catholic Archives, SCA CA/3/1; Peter Smith, Das Collegium Germanicum in Rom und die Germaniker Zur Funktion eines römischen Ausländerseminar (1552–1914) (Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1984); Paolo Broggio, “L’Urbs e il mondo. Note sulla presenza degli stranieri nel Collegio Romano e sugli orizzonti geografici della ‘formazione romana’ tra XVI e XVII secolo”, Rivista di Storia della Chiesa in Italia 1 (2002): 81–120; Michael E. Williams, The Venerable English College Rome: A History 1579–1979 (London: Associated Catholic Publications, 1979), 6; Mark Dilworth, “Beginnings, 1600–1707”, in The Scots College, Rome, 1600–2000, ed. Raymond McCluskey (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2000), 19–42.

  9. 9.

    Frederick M. Jones, “The Counter-Reformation”, in A History of Irish Catholicism, ed. Patrick J. Corish (Dublin: Gill and Son, 1967), III: 27–29; John Silke, “The Irish Abroad, 1534–1691, in the Age of the Counter-Reformation”, in A New History of Ireland, III: Early Modern Ireland, 1534–1691, ed. T. W. Moody, F. X. Martin, and F. J. Byrne (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976), 618.

  10. 10.

    ASV, Fondo Borghese, Serie I, vol. 269, fol. 85, Guido Bentivoglio to Paul V, 6 April 1613, Bruxelles.

  11. 11.

    A mysterious church to support the Irish clerics and pilgrims who came to Rome seems to have existed in the early two decades of the fifteenth century. Yet the lack of sources impedes knowing what happened to this structure. See Micheline K. Walsh, “The Roman Career of John Swayne, Archbishop of Armagh, 1418–1439: Plans for an Irish Hospice in Rome”, Seanchas Ard Mhacha. Journal of the Armagh Diocesan Historical Society 11/1 (1983–1984): 1–21; David McRoberts, “The Scottish National Churches in Rome. I: The Medieval Church and Hospice of Sant’Andrea delle Fratte”, Innes Review 1/2 (1950): 112–116; Margaret Harvey, The English in Rome, 1362–1420: Portrait of an Expatriate Community (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 10–78.

  12. 12.

    Mary Ann Lyons, Franco-Irish Relations, 1500–1610: Politics, Migration and Trade (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2003), 167–197.

  13. 13.

    Richard L. Kagan, Students and Society in Early Modern Spain (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974), 63.

  14. 14.

    John O’Malley, SJ, The First Jesuits (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), 218.

  15. 15.

    Martin Coen, “Rome’s Irish College under the Franciscans”, in Bethlehem: An Eighth Franciscan Book at Christmas, ed. Lucius McClean and Jude O’Riordan (Dublin: Assisi Press, 1959), 34.

  16. 16.

    Turas na dTaoiseach nUltach as Éirinn from Ráth Maoláin to Rome, ed. N. Ó Muraíle (Rome: Pontifical Irish College, 2007), 342–343; Mícheál Mac Craith, “Early Modern Catholic Self-Fashioning: Tadgh Ó Cianáin, the Ulster Earls and Santa Francesca Romana (1608)”, in The Ulster Earls and Baroque Europe, 242–261.

  17. 17.

    O’Neill, with Rory O’Donnell, were buried in the church of San Pietro in Montorio. Lombard was buried in the church of Santo Spirito in Sassia. ASVR, Liber Mortuorum di Santo Spirito in Sassia, vol. I, 1591–1621, fols. 59v, 60r, 65v, 72r, 77v, 92r, 96v, 110r, 112v; ASVR, Liber Mortuorum di Santo Spirito in Sassia, vol. II, 1619–1652, fol. 30v; Elizabeth Fitzpatrick, “San Pietro in Montorio, Burial-Place of the Exiled Irish in Rome”, History Ireland 15/4 (2007): 46–51; Fergus Ó Fearghail, “The Tomb of Hugh O’Neill in San Pietro in Montorio in Rome”, Seanchas Ard Mhacha. Journal of the Armagh Diocesan Historical Society 21–22/1–2 (2007–2008): 69–85; Matteo Binasco, “Gli esuli irlandesi nella Roma del Seicento”, Bollettino della Società di Studi Valdesi 131 (2014): 85–88.

  18. 18.

    Josef Metzler, “Foundation of the Congregation ‘de Propaganda Fide’ by Gregory XV”, in Sacrae Congregationis de Propaganda Fide Memoria Rerum, ed. Josef Metzler (Rom-Freiburg-Wien: Herder, 1971), I/1: 82–83, 87–91.

  19. 19.

    APF, SOCG, vol.383, fol. 36r, Eugene Matthews to PF, 4 February 1623.

  20. 20.

    Initially Urban VIII decided to appoint Francesco Barberini as cardinal protector of Ireland in early 1625. However, between February 1625 and October 1626, he was absent from Rome on diplomatic missions to Paris and Madrid. Due to this his place was taken by Ludovisi. See William Maziere Brady, The Episcopal Succession in England, Scotland, and Ireland, A.D. 1400–1785: With Appointments to Monasteries and Extracts from Consistorial Acts taken from Mss. in Public and Private Libraries in Rome, Florence, Bologna, Ravenna and Paris (Rome: Tipografia della Pace, 1876), I: 224, 269, 364, 375; Josef Wodka, Zur Geschichte der nationalen Protektorate der Kardinale an der romischen Kurie (Rome: Osterreichischen Historischen Instituts in Rom, 1937), 121; BAV, Barb. Lat., MS 4994, fol. 50r, anonymous memoir to Ludovisi, [1625?].

  21. 21.

    Paolo Broggio, “Un teologo irlandese nella Roma del seicento: Il francescano Luke Wadding”, Roma moderna e contemporanea 18/1–2 (2010): 151–178.

  22. 22.

    Francis Harold, OFM, Vita Fratris Lucae Wadding (Quaracchi: Tip. Barbera, Alfani e Venturi, 1931), 64–65; ACSI, sectio W4, no. (2).

  23. 23.

    Harold, Vita Fratris, 80; on the early stage of the St. Isidore’s library see Joseph MacMahon, OFM and John McCafferty, “The Wadding Library of Saint Isidore’s College, 1622–1700”, Archivum Franciscanum Historicum 106/1–2 (January–June 2013): 97–118.

  24. 24.

    Tadgh Ó hAnnracháin , Catholic Reformation in Ireland: The Mission of Rinuccini, 1645–1649 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 55.

  25. 25.

    David Rothe to Peter Lombard, 17 September 1625, in Wadding Papers, 104.

  26. 26.

    David Rothe, Thomas Fleming, and William Thirry to Ludovisi, in ibid., 247: “altera per erectionem novi domicilii in Urbe nobis accelerandam”.

  27. 27.

    Metzler, “Foundation of the Congregation,” 90.

  28. 28.

    ASV, Archivio Boncompagni-Ludovisi, Armadio IX, protocollo 317, parte IV, no. 1, fols. 458–465. Lucantonio Giunti, “Discorso e informazione sopra la erezione del collegio Ibernese fatta dal Cardinale Ludovico Ludovisi nella Citta di Roma vicino alla chiesa di San Isidoro”; ACVCAU, Liber 62, 236; Liber 103, 52. I thank Professor Maurice Whitehead, archivist of the Venerable English College of Rome, for these references.

  29. 29.

    ASV, Archivio Boncompagni-Ludovisi, Armadio IX, protocollo 317, parte IV, no. 1, fols. 458–465; Ralph M. Wiltgen, “Propaganda is Placed in Charge of the Pontifical Colleges”, in Memoria Rerum I/1: 483–485; Thomas O’Connor, “Irish Migration to Spain and the Formation of an Irish College Network, 1589–1800”, in The Sea in European History, ed. Luc François and Ann Katherine Isaacs (Pisa: Edizioni Plus, 2001), 110–112.

  30. 30.

    PICR, Liber I, fol.80r.

  31. 31.

    ACSI, Sectio W 4, no. 1; PICR, Liber XVII, fols. 1–10r.

  32. 32.

    ASV, Archivio Boncompagni-Ludovisi, Armadio IX, protocollo 317, no. 10, fols. 188v–189r; protocollo 293, no. 27, fols. 371–404; PICR, Liber V, fols. 234r–241v, 215r–225r; for a fuller analysis of the financial problems of the Irish College during the seventeenth century see Matteo Binasco, “The Early Failures of the Irish College Rome, 1628–78”, in Forming Catholic Communities, 169–179.

  33. 33.

    PICR, Liber I, fol. 69.

  34. 34.

    APF, SOCG, vol. 14, fols. 74r–75v, anonymous petition to Cardinal Antonio Barberini, [1633?].

  35. 35.

    PICR, Liber I, fols. 80r–83r; Aidan Clarke, The Old English in Ireland, 1625–42 (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2000), 24.

  36. 36.

    PICR, Liber I, fols. 80r–83r; Brendan Jennings, OFM, “Miscellaneous Documents II, 1625–1640”, Arch. Hib. 14 (1949): 1–10.

  37. 37.

    Thomas O’Connor, “The Irish College, Rome, in the Age of Religious Renewal, 1625–1690”, in Collegium Hibernorum de Urbe: An Early Manuscript Account of the Irish College, Rome, 1628–1678, ed. Albert MacDonnell (Rome: Pontifical Irish College, 2003), 26.

  38. 38.

    Antonio Barberini succeeded to Ludovisi as cardinal protector in Ireland in the spring of 1632. See APF, SOCG, vol. 14, fols. 102rv, 107rv, Albert Hugh O’Donnell to Antonio Barberini, 22 May 1632, Bruxelles.

  39. 39.

    APF, SOCG, vol. 14, fols. 88–89, 97–98, 106, 109, Anthony MacGeoghegan to Antonio Barberini, [1635?], Rome; Ludovico Gatto, Storia di Roma nel Medioevo: Politica, religione, società, cultura, economia e urbanistica della Città Eterna tra l’avvento di Costantino e il saccheggio di Carlo V (Rome: Newton Compton Editori, 2004), 435.

  40. 40.

    ASV, Dataria Apostolica, Processus Datariae, vol. 8, fols. 1r–19r. Possibly MacGeoghegan died in 1655. See ASVR, Libro dei Morti, Sant’Andrea delle Fratte, vol. 3 (1647–1685), fol. 97r.

  41. 41.

    APF, Acta, vol. 6, fol. 55.

  42. 42.

    APF, Acta, vol. 6, fol. 183; vol. 8, fol. 315; SOCG, vol. 294, fols. 271, 274.

  43. 43.

    Igor Pérez Tostado, Irish Influence at the Court of Spain in the Seventeenth Century (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2008), 28.

  44. 44.

    Jennings, “Miscellaneous Documents”, 7–8; Cathaldus Giblin, OFM and Brendan Jennings, eds., Louvain Papers, 1606–1827 (Dublin: Stationery Office, 1968), 1–2, 4–7.

  45. 45.

    Jennings, “Miscellaneous Documents”, 7–8.

  46. 46.

    Ibid.; Gregory Cleary, Father Luke Wadding and St. Isidore’s College Rome: Biographical and Historical Notes and Documents (Rome: Tipografia del Senato G. Bardi, 1925), 79–80.

  47. 47.

    Cathaldus Giblin, ed., Liber Lovaniensis: A Collection of Irish Franciscan Documents, 1629–1717 (hereafter LL) (Dublin: Clonmore and Reynolds, 1956), 14, 16, 20, 23, 26, 35, 58, 65, 68, 104, 119–121, 131–135, 137, 144–145, 166, 182, 184–185, 189–191, 194, 196, 199, 228–230, 358. On the Irish Franciscan College of Prague see Jan Paȓez and Hedvika Kucharová , The Irish Franciscans in Prague 1629–1786 (Charles University: Karolinum Press, 2015).

  48. 48.

    Jennings, “Miscellaneous Documents”, 2; Cleary, Father Luke Wadding, 124 ; see also Mary Ann Lyons, “The Role of St. Anthony’s College, Louvain, in Establishing the Irish Franciscan College Network, 1607–60”, in The Irish Franciscans, 1534–1990, ed. Edel Breathnach, Joseph MacMahon, OFM, and John McCafferty (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2009), 22–44.

  49. 49.

    LL, 4–6; Benignus Millett, OFM, The Irish Franciscans, 1651–1665 (Rome: Gregorian University Press, 1964), 96; Raymond Gillespie, “The Irish Franciscans, 1600–1700”, in The Irish Franciscans, 45–76.

  50. 50.

    Jennings, “Miscellaneous Documents”, 2; LL, 23, 28. On the effects of the Cromwellian conquest on the Catholic clergy see Benignus Millett, “Survival and Reorganization, 1650–1695”, in A History of Irish Catholicism, 1–12; on the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland see Toby Barnard, Cromwellian Ireland: English Government and Reform in Ireland, 1649–1660 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000); Micheál Ó Siochrú, God’s Executioner: Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland (London: Faber and Faber, 2008); John Cunningham, Conquest and Land in Ireland: The Transplantation to Connacht, 1649–1680 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2011).

  51. 51.

    PICR, Liber I, fols. 69rv–70v; Liber V, fols. 15r–16r; for more details on the different decisions taken by the Irish and the Italian rectors see Binasco, “The Early Failures of the Irish College Rome”, 172–175; for more details on the students’ background, origins, and previous studies see Matteo Binasco and Vera Orschel, “Prosopography of Irish Students Admitted to the Irish College, Rome, 1628–1798”, Arch. Hib. 66 (2013): 16–62.

  52. 52.

    PICR, Liber I, fol. 86r; Liber XXVI, fols. 50v–51r.

  53. 53.

    PICR, Liber I, fol. 86v; Liber XXVI, fols. 50–51r.

  54. 54.

    PICR, Liber I, fol.83r; PICR, Liber XXVI, fol. 50r.

  55. 55.

    PICR, Liber I, fol. 75v; BAV, Barb. Lat., MS 4994, fols. 92r, 93v.

  56. 56.

    PICR, Liber I, fol. 75v.

  57. 57.

    PICR, Liber I, fols. 80v–83r.

  58. 58.

    In 1637 Clery translated two books of catechism in Irish, and in 1640 he asked Propaganda to print them. See PICR, Liber I, fol. 82v; APF, Acta, vol. 14, fol. 127r; ASV, Per Obitum, vol. 1637, fol. 213v; Fenning , “Irishmen Ordained at Rome”, 17; Brian Mac Cuarta, SJ, Catholic Revival in the North of Ireland, 1603–1641 (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2007), 125, 253.

  59. 59.

    The Congregation of Missionary Priests of the Most Blessed Sacrament was founded in 1632. PICR, Liber I, fols. 80v–81r; ASV, Dataria Apostolica, Processus Datariae, vol. 26, fols. 6v–8v, 15v–16r, 29r–30v, 32r–33v; APF, C, Collegi Vari, vol. 34, fol. 2rv, John Fahy to PF, 6 April 1635, Rome; APF, Fondo di Vienna, vol. 14, fols. 186r–187v, Fahy to Cardinal Decio Azzolini, after 1660s?, Rome; Bernard Pujo, Vincent de Paul: The Trailblazer, trans. Gertrud Graubart Champe (Notre Dame, In: University of Notre Dame Press, 2003), 111; on the beginning of the Irish rebellion of 1641 see Jane H. Olhmeyer, ed., Ireland from Independence to Occupation, 1641–1660 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Eamon Darcy, The Irish Rebellion of 1641 and the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2013).

  60. 60.

    PICR, Liber XII, fol. 25 (“in Hyberniam ad proximorum animas lucrandas reperta quandocumque superioribus huius seminarii”).

  61. 61.

    PICR, Liber I, fol. 68v.

  62. 62.

    Aubrey Gwynn, SJ, “Cromwell’s Policy of Transportation-Part I”, Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review of Letters, Philosophy & Science 19 (1930–1931): 607–623; Aubrey Gwynn, “Cromwell’s Policy of Transportation Part II”, Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review of Letters, Philosophy & Science 20 (1931): 291–305; Hilary McD Beckles, “A ‘Riotous and Unruly Lot’: Irish Indentured Servants and Freemen in the English West Indies, 1644–1713”, William and Mary Quarterly 47/4 (October 1990): 503–522; Matteo Binasco, “Few, Uncooperative, and Endangered: The Activity of the Irish Catholic Priests in the West Indies of the Seventeenth Century, 1638–1668”, in Irlanda y el Atlántico Ibérico: Movilidad, participación e intercambio cultural (1580–1823)/Ireland and the Iberian Atlantic: Mobility, Involvement and Cross-Cultural Exchange (1580–1823), ed. Igor Pérez Tostado and Enrique García Hernán (Valencia: Albatros Ediciones, 2010), 211–224.

  63. 63.

    PICR, Liber XII, fol. 7, petition of Oliver Plunkett to Goswin Nickel, Jesuit general, 14 June 1654, Rome (“Impossibilte transmigrandi in Hyberniam”).

  64. 64.

    LL, 18, 36, 40.

  65. 65.

    Ibid., 66; Millett, The Irish Franciscans, 96–97.

  66. 66.

    Harold, Vita Fratris Lucae, 103; ASV, Segreteria dei Brevi, Registra Brevium, vol. 1155, fols. 37–39.

  67. 67.

    W. J. Battersby, History of all the Abbeys, Convents, Churches of the Hermits of St. Augustine in Ireland (Dublin: G. P. Warren, 1856), 98–110, 118–119, 212; Clemens Henz, CSSR, “San Matteo in Merulana”, Miscellanea Francesco Ehrle II (1924): 404–414; F. X. Martin, “Archives of the Irish Augustinians, Rome”, Arch. Hib. 18 (1955): 157–163.

  68. 68.

    Millett, “Survival and Reorganization”, 12–22.

  69. 69.

    Jennings, “Miscellaneous Documents II”, 7–10; LL, 58, 63, 65–68, 72, 92, 95, 98, 104, 115–122, 127, 129, 123–124, 131–137, 139–141, 144–145, 149–151, 153–154, 161, 167–168, 170, 173–174, 176, 179–180, 183–186, 189–191, 194–196, 198–199, 228–230, 287–288.

  70. 70.

    Callanan was admitted to St. Isidore’s in 1648. See Jennings, “Miscellaneous Documents II”, 8; LL, 66, 92, 95, 98, 117, 119–120, 124, 127, 131–132, 135, 140, 145, 150, 154, 166, 168, 179, 183–185, 189, 194, 196, 199.

  71. 71.

    Tyrell was admitted to St. Isidore’s in 1650. See Jennings, “Miscellaneous Documents II”, 9; LL, 119–121, 124, 132, 135–136, 140, 144–145, 150, 161, 168, 184, 189–190, 194.

  72. 72.

    PICR, Liber I, fols. 71r, 78v–79r; Liber XII, fols. 21, 22v; Liber XXVII, fols. 46r–58r.

  73. 73.

    PICR, Liber I, fols. 87rv, 89rv, 91v; Liber IV, fol. 208r; Binasco and Orschel, “Prosopography of Irish Students”, 16–62.

  74. 74.

    The other three students who were appointed bishops were James Cusack to Meath, from 1679 to 1688, John Brenan to Waterford and Lismore, from 1671 to 1693, and Cashel, from 1677 to 1693, Peter Creagh to Cork and Cloyne, from 1676 to 1693. PICR, Liber I, fols. 87v, 89r; APF, C, I, vol. 3, fols. 1r–7r, John Brenan to PF, 1672; BAV, Barb. Lat., MS 2900, fol. 29; Benignus Millett and Christopher J. Woods, “Roman Catholic Bishops from 1534”, in A New History of Ireland, III: 351, 354–355, 368; For an analysis of Plunkett’s career see Tomás Ó Fiach, and Desmond Forristal, Oliver Plunkett: His Life and Letters (Dublin: Veritas Publications, 1975); John Hanly, ed., The Letters of Saint Oliver Plunkett, 1625–1681: Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of all Ireland (Dublin: Dolmen Press, 1979); John Gibney, Ireland and the Popish Plot (Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan, 2009).

  75. 75.

    Stritch was admitted to the Irish College in mid-December 1660. See PICR, Liber I, fol.89v (“utilissimum se ostendit in Domini vinea operarium”).

  76. 76.

    Brenan was admitted to the Irish College in early February 1664. See PICR, Liber I, fol. 91v (“in Hibernia curam animarum agens vivit”).

  77. 77.

    PICR, Liber I, fols. 73rv, 206r.

  78. 78.

    Leonard E. Boyle, OP, San Clemente Miscellany. I: The Community of SS. Sisto e Clemente in Rome, 1677–1977 (Rome: Apud S. Clementem, 1977), 20–26; Hugh Fenning , “Irish Dominicans at Rome, 1570–1699: A Biographical Register”, Coll. Hib. 44–45 (2003): 13–55.

  79. 79.

    O’Connor , “Irish Migration to Spain”, 110–111.

  80. 80.

    APF, C, I, vol. 2, fol. 725rv (“sanno meglio l’intentione della Sede Apostolica, sanno li principi d’essa; e uno verbo Roma e un gran libro”).

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Binasco, M. (2019). The “Urbs” and “Hibernia”: Missionary Connections Between the Irish Community of Rome and Ireland in the Seventeenth Century. In: Binasco, M. (eds) Rome and Irish Catholicism in the Atlantic World, 1622–1908. Christianities in the Trans-Atlantic World. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95975-7_6

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