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Rome and Irish Catholicism in the Atlantic World, 1622–1908 pp 23–45Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

The Irish in the Iberian Atlantic and Rome: Globalized Individuals and the Rise of Transatlantic Networks of Information

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Part of the book series: Christianities in the Trans-Atlantic World ((CTAW))

Abstract

Two factors made the Irish in early modern Spanish America less visible than in the case of the French and English settlements: the Patronato Regio which was the privilege granted to the Spanish kings to administer the Catholic Church in Central and South America, and the fact that the research of the Irish migration focused first on the Anglophone and Francophone colonial spaces in America. It is only recently that the study of the Irish in the Iberian Atlantic has developed through the analysis of a combination of Spanish and Roman sources. This chapter will seek to reveal the networks which the Irish Catholics in the Iberian Atlantic established with the Holy See through the intermediation of the Spanish court. In doing so, it adopts an entangled and de-centred approach that helps to explain the slow learning process and building up of the global Irish Catholicism.

This text is one of the results of the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness research projects “En los límites de la violencia: masacre y proyección de las monarquías ibéricas en los siglos modernos” (HAR2014-52414-C2-2-P) and “En los límites de la violencia (II): la larga sombra de las masacres modernas en contexto global” (HAR2017-82791-C2-2-P).

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Notes

  1. 1.

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  3. 3.

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  4. 4.

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    Rafael Chambouleyron, “Portuguese Colonization of the Amazon Region, 1640–1706” (unpublished PhD dissertation: University of Cambridge, 2005), 39–42.

  6. 6.

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    Manuel Gonçalves da Costa, Fontes inéditas portuguesas para a história de Irlanda (Braga: Of. Gráf. Barbosa & Xavier, 1981); Isabel Mendes Drumond Braga, “Os Irlandeses e a Inquisiçao Portuguesa (séculos XVI–XVIII)”, Revista de la Inquisición 10 (2001): 165–191; Isabel Mendes Drumond Braga, “Os Irlandeses perante a Inquisição Portuguesa: réus e reduzidos (séculos XVI–XVIII)”, in Irlanda y el Atlántico Ibérico: movilidad, participación e intercambio cultural (1580–1823), ed. Igor Pérez Tostado and Enrique García Hernán (Valencia: Albatros, 2010): 111–126; Pablo Antonio Iglesias Magalhães and Cassiana Maria Mingotti Gabrielli, “‘Católico, de coração!’ Um Wild Geese no Santo Ofício de Lisboa”, História (São Paulo) 30/2 (2011): 293–311. More recently Thomas O’Connor has fully explored the richness of inquisitorial sources to reconstruct the experience of early modern Irish people abroad. See Thomas O’Connor, Irish Voices from the Spanish Inquisition: Migrants, Converts and Brokers in Early Modern Iberia (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016).

  9. 9.

    Kristen Bloch and Jennifer Shaw, “Subjects without an Empire: The Irish in the Early Modern Caribbean”, Past & Present 210/1 (2011): 33–60. See the two exquisite historiographic analysis by Óscar Recio Morales, “Los estudios irlandeses y el Atlántico Ibérico (siglos XVI–XVIII): una selección bibliográfica”, in Irlanda y el Atlántico Ibérico, 323–335 and “Los estudios irlandeses y el mundo ibérico de la edad moderna: un balance (2008–2016)”, in Commerce, Culture, Politics and Warfare.

  10. 10.

    Fabio Troncarelli, La spada e la croce: Guillén Lombardo e l’Inquisizione in Messico (Rome: Salerno editrice, 1999); Eleonora Poggio, “Extranjeros protestantes en la Nueva España: Una comunidad de flamencos, neerlandeses y alemanes 1598–1601” (BA dissertation: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 2004); Eleonora Poggio, “La migración de europeos septentrionales a la Nueva España a través de los documentos inquisitoriales a finales del siglo XVI y principios del siglo XVII”, in Orbis Incognitus. Avisos y legajos del Nuevo Mundo, ed. Fernando Navarro Antolín (Huelva: Universidad de Huelva, 2007), I: 469–477; Eleonora Poggio, “Las composiciones de extranjeros en la Nueva España, 1595–1700”, Cuadernos de Historia Moderna 10 (2011): 177–93; Manuel Herrero Sánchez and Eleonora Poggio, “El Impacto de la Tregua en las comunidades extranjeras: Una visión comparada entre Castilla y Nueva España”, in El Arte de la Prudencia: La Tregua de los Doce Años en la Europa de los Pacificadores, ed. Bernardo José García García (Madrid: Fundación Carlos de Amberes, 2012), 249–273; Ryan Crewe, “Brave New Spain: An Irishman’s Independence Plot in Seventeenth-Century Mexico”, Past & Present 207/1 (2010): 53–87. Natalia Silva Prada, “Orígenes de una leyenda del siglo XVII: redes irlandesas de comunicación y propaganda política en los casos inquisitorial novohispanos de Guillermo Lombardo y fray Diego de la Cruz”, Signos históricos 11/22 (2009): 8–43.

  11. 11.

    Igor Pérez Tostado, “La llegada de irlandeses a la frontera caribeña hispana del siglo XVII”, in Extranjeros en el ejército: militares irlandeses en la sociedad española, 1580–1818, ed. Enrique García Hernán and Óscar Recio Morales (Madrid: Ministerio de Defensa, 2007), 301–314.

  12. 12.

    Óscar Recio Morales, “Conectores de imperios: la figura del comerciante irlandés en España y en el mundo Atlántico del XVIII”, in Comunidades transnacionales: colonias de mercaderes extranjeros en el mundo Atlántico (1500–1800), ed. Ana Crespo Solana (Madrid: Doce Calles, 2010), 313–36; Manuel Herrero Sánchez and Igor Pérez Tostado, “Conectores del mundo atlántico: los irlandeses en la red comercial internacional de los Grillo y Lomelín”, in Irlanda y el Atlántico Ibérico, 307–321.

  13. 13.

    Igor Pérez Tostado, Irish Influence at the Court of Spain in the Seventeenth Century (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2008); Hiram Morgan, “Policy and Propaganda in Hugh O’Neill’s Connection with Europe”, in The Ulster Earls and Baroque Europe: Refashioning Irish Identities, 1600–1800, ed. Thomas O’Connor, and Mary Ann Lyons (Dublin: Four Courts, 2010), 18–52; Bruno Boute, “Our Man in Rome: Peter Lombard, Agent of the University of Louvain, at the Grand Theatre of European Politics”, in ibid., 110–141; Mícheál Mac Craith, “Early Modern Catholic Self-Fashioning: Tadhg Ó Cianán, the Ulster Earls and Santa Francesca Romana (1608)”, in ibid., 242–261; Nollaig Ó Muraíle, “An Insider’s View: Tadhg Ó Cianaín as Eyewitness to the Exile of Ulster’s Gaelic Lords, 1607–1608”, in Irish Europe, 1600–1650: Writing and Learning, ed. Raymond Gillespie, and Ruairí Ó hUiginn (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2013), 44–62; Tadhg Ó hAnnracháin, “Irish Diplomatic Missions to Rome during the 1640s”, in Irish Communities in Early-Modern Europe, ed. Thomas O’Connor and Mary Ann Lyons (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2006), 395–408.

  14. 14.

    Cristina Bravo Lozano, Spain and the Irish Mission, 1609–1707 (London: Routledge, in press), chapter 3 develops the similarities between the Irish chosen to be sent to the missions and the mind-set, loyalties, and habitus of the royal officers. I am thankful to the author for granting me advance access to her work. This converging and harmonic understanding of the political and religious goals of the missionary activity contrasts with the diverging loyalties introduced by Propaganda. See Giovanni Pizzorusso, “La congregazione romana ‘de Propaganda Fide’ e la duplice fedeltà dei missionari tra monarchie coloniali e universalismo pontificio (XVII secolo)”, Libros de la corte. es 6/1 (2014): 228–241.

  15. 15.

    Ernesto Schäfer, El consejo real y supremo de las Indias: Su historia, organización y labor administrativa hasta la terminación de la casa de Austria (Madrid: Junta de Castilla y León, Marcial Pons historia, 2003), II, 203–205, 212–221.

  16. 16.

    Schäfer, El consejo de las Indias, II, 205–212; Arcángel Barrado Manzano, “San Francisco el grande de Madrid: centro irradiador de hispanidad (estudio histórico-jurídico de los comisarios generales de Indias franciscanos residentes en la corte de España)”, Verdad y vida: revista de las ciencias del espíritu 1/1 (1943): 15–47.

  17. 17.

    Ciaran O’Scea, Surviving Kinsale: Irish Migration and Identity in Early Modern Spain, 1601–40 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2015), 193–206; Declan Downey, “Pietas Austriaca and ‘Dispensers of Royal Authority’: The Early Irish Colleges and Habsburg Cultural Strategies”, in Forming Catholic Communities: Irish, Scots, and English College Networks in Europe, 1568–1918, ed. Liam Chambers and Thomas O’Connor (Leiden: Brill, 2018), 62–89.

  18. 18.

    Óscar Recio Morales, Ireland and the Spanish Empire, 1600–1825 (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2009), 58–59; Paolo Broggio, “Un teologo irlandese nella Roma del Seicento: il francescano Luke Wadding”, Roma Moderna e contemporanea 18/1–2 (2010): 151–178.

  19. 19.

    Benjamin Hazard, “‘In novi urbis amplitude’: Irish Franciscan Views of the Americas”, in Irlanda y el Atlántico Ibérico, 193–210; Claire Lois Carroll, Exiles in a Global City: The Irish in Early Modern Rome (Leiden: Brill, 2018), 51–88.

  20. 20.

    John MacErlean, “Irish Jesuits in Foreign Missions from 1574 to 1773”, The Irish Jesuit Directory and Yearbook (1930): 128.

  21. 21.

    Boris Jeanne, “À l’épreuve des structures impériales: Valadés, Lenoci, Acosta, trois hommes au cœur des réseaux romains de la Monarchie Catholique”, Hypothèses 11/1 (2008): 253–263. See also Federico Palomo, “Procurators, Religious Orders and Cultural Circulation in the Early Modern Portuguese Empire: Printed Works, Images (and Relics) from Japan in António Cardim’s Journey to Rome (1644–1646)”, Culture and History Digital Journal 14/2 (December 2016): 26.

  22. 22.

    Antonio Rubial García, “Religiosos viajeros en el mundo hispánico de la época de los Austrias (el caso de Nueva España)”, Historia Mexicana 61/3 (January–March 2012): 813–848; Thomas O’Connor, “Irish Collegians in Spanish Service (1560–1803)”, in Forming Catholic Communities, 16–22.

  23. 23.

    Anton Hounder, Deutsche Jesuitenmissionäre des 17. Und 18. Jahrhunderts: ein Beitrag zum Missionsgeschichte und zur Deutschen Biographie (Freiburg im Breisgau, St. Louis: Herder, 1899), 20–22.

  24. 24.

    Pedro Borges Morán, “En torno a los comisarios generales de Indias entre las órdenes misioneras de América”, Archivo Ibero-Americano 90–91 (1963): 146; Felix Zubillaga, “El procurador de las Indias occidentales de la compañía de Jesús (1574), etapas históricas de su erección”, Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu 22 (1953): 367–417. Currently, a reassessment is being carried out on the functions and work methodology of the American procuradores and agentes de negocios in the Spanish court: Guillaume Gaudin, “Un acercamiento a las figuras de agentes de negocios y procuradores de Indias en la corte”, Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos (October 2017), available from <https://journals.openedition.org/nuevomundo/71390.html>.

  25. 25.

    He wrongly attributes Irish origins to English missionaries in America and vice versa.

  26. 26.

    Benedetta Albani, “Nuova luce sulle relazioni tra la Sede Apostolica e le Americhe: la pratica della concessione del ‘pase regio’ ai documenti pontifici destinati alle Indie”, in Eusebio Francesco Chini e il suo tempo: una riflessione storica, ed. Claudio Ferlan (Trento: Fundazione Bruno Kessler Press, 2012), 83–102; Benedetta Albani, “Un intreccio complesso: il ricorso alla Sede Apostolica da parte dei fedeli del Nuovo Mondo. Prime note su uno studio in corso”, Mélanges de l’École française de Rome 125/1 (2013), 45–60; Benedetta Albani and Giovanni Pizzorusso, “Problematizando el patronato regio: Nuevos acercamientos al gobierno de la iglesia ibero-americana desde la perspectiva de la Santa Sede”, in Actas del XIX congreso del instituto internacional de historia del derecho indiano, ed. Thomas Duve (Madrid: Dykinson, 2016), I, 519–554.

  27. 27.

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  28. 28.

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    Claude Prudhomme, “Centralité romaine et frontières missionaires”, Mélanges de l’École française de Rome: Italie et méditerranée 109/2 (1997): 487–504.

  30. 30.

    By the nineteenth century, according to Hilary Carey and Colin Barr, this grid would crystallize into a “Greater Ireland” in which the Irish people scattered around the world and their descendants were interlinked through a series of connections at cultural, symbolic, and emotional level that transcend imperial institutions. See Hilary M. Carey and Colin Barr, “Introduction: Religion and Greater Ireland”, in Religion and Greater Ireland: Christianity and Irish Global Networks, ed. Hilary M. Carey and Colin Barr (Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2015), 3–29.

  31. 31.

    Matteo Sanfilippo and Giovanni Pizzorusso, “L’America iberica e Roma fra Cinque e Seicento: notizie documenti, informatori”, in Gli archivi della Santa Sede e il mondo asburgico nella prima età moderna, ed. Matteo Sanfilippo, Alexander Koller, and Giovanni Pizzorusso (Viterbo: Sette città, 2004), 85–86.

  32. 32.

    Christian Hermann, L’Église de l’Éspagne sous le Patronage Royal (1476–1834), essay de Ecclésiologie politique (Madrid: Casa de Velázquez, 1988).

  33. 33.

    Sanfilippo and Pizzorusso, “L’America iberica e Roma”, 87. The structure of the Portuguese empire and its political vulnerability in the seventeenth century allowed Roman authorities to effectively put more pressure on it than on its Spanish sibling. See Giovanni Pizzorusso, “Il padroado regio portoghese nella dimensione ‘globale’ della Chiesa romana: Note storico-documentarie con particular riferimento al Seicento”, in Gli archivi della Santa Sede come fonte per la storia del Portogallo in età moderna: Studi in memoria di Carmen Radulet, ed. Giovanni Pizzorusso, Gaetano Platania, and Matteo Sanfilippo (Viterbo: Sette Città, 2012), 177–199.

  34. 34.

    Giovanni Pizzorusso, “La congregation ‘de Propaganda Fide’ à Rome: centre d’accumulation et de production de ‘savoirs missionaries’ (XVIIe–début XIXe siècle)”, in Mission d’evangélisation et circulation des saviors (XVIe–XVIIIe), ed. Charlotte de Castelnau-L’Estoile and others (Madrid: Casa de Velázquez, 2011), 25–40.

  35. 35.

    Giovanni Pizzorusso, “La congregazione pontificia de Propaganda Fide nel XVII secolo: missioni, geopolitica, colonialismo”, in Papato e politica internazionale nella prima età moderna, ed. María Antonia Visceglia (Rome: Viella, 2013), 164.

  36. 36.

    Pizzorusso, “La congregazione Romana ‘de Propaganda Fide’ e la duplice fedeltá”, 237; Giovanni Pizzorusso, “Un laboratorio seicentesco per la Chiesa cattolica: il melting pot caraibico”, in Dagli indiani agli emigranti: L’attenzione della Chiesa romana al Nuovo Mondo, 1492–1908, ed. Giovanni Pizzorusso and Matteo Sanfilippo (Viterbo: Sette città, 2005), 85.

  37. 37.

    APF, C, I, vol. 5, fols. 150r–151v, 152rv, 156r, 158r, 160rv–161r, 162rv; Francis X. Martin, “‘Obstinate’ Skerrett, Missionary in Virginia, the West Indies and England, (c.1674–c.1688)”, Galway Archaeological & Historical Society 35 (1976): 12–51. On the Irish in Puerto Rico in the eighteenth century see Jorge Luis Chinea, “‘Spain is the Merciful Heavenly Body whose Influence Favors the Irish’: Jaime O’Daly y Blake: Enlightened Foreign Immigrant, Administrator and Planter in Late Bourbon-Era Puerto Rico, 1776–1806”, Tiempos Modernos 25/2 (2012): 1–33.

  38. 38.

    Serge Gruzinski, Les quatre parties du monde: histoire d’une globalisation (Paris: Seuil, 2006).

  39. 39.

    Serge Gruzinski, “Les mondes mêlés de la Monarchie Catholique et autres ‘connected histories’”, Annales. Histoire, Sciences sociales 56/1 (2001): 85–117; Ira Berlin, “From Creole to African: Atlantic Creoles and the Origins of African-American Society in Mainland North America”, The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series 53/2 (April 1996): 251–288; Jane Landers, Atlantic Creoles in the Age of Revolutions (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010).

  40. 40.

    Sanjay Subrahmanyam, “Holding the World in Balance: The Connected Histories of the Iberian Overseas Empires, 1500–1640”, American Historical Review 112/5 (December 2007): 1359–1385; Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Three Ways to be Alien (Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2011).

  41. 41.

    Guillaume Gaudin, Penser et governer le nouveau monde au XVIIè siècle: l’empire de papier de Juan Díez de la Calle, commis du conseil des Indes (Paris: L’Harmattan, 2013); Margarita Gómez Gómez, “Secretarios del rey y escribanos de cámara en el Consejo de Indias: oficiales de la pluma para el gobierno de la monarquía”, Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos (October 2017), available from <https://journals.openedition.org/nuevomundo/71367.html>.

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    Boris Jeanne, “Les États pontificaux face à Philippe II, marge ou centre alternatif de la Monarchie catholique? Retour sur les fondements juridiques, politiques et pragmatiques d’un empire conjoncturel”, Astérion 10 (September 2012), available at <https://journals.openedition.org/asterion/2284.html>.

  43. 43.

    James B. Owens, “Narrating Stories about the World-System of the First Global Age, 1400–1800”, in Routledge Handbook of World-Systems Analysis, ed. Salvatore J. Babones, and Christophe Chase-Dunn (London & New York: Routledge, 2012), 147–154.

  44. 44.

    McErlean, “Irish Jesuits”, 127–138.

  45. 45.

    Juan Baptista, “Thomas Fields”, in Diccionario Histórico de la Compañía de Jesús, ed. Charles O’Neill and Joaquín María Domínguez (Rome & Madrid: Institutum Historicum, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, 2001), II, 1414–1415; Lázaro de Aspurz, La aportación extranjera a las misiones españolas del patronato regio (Madrid: Consejo de la Hispanidad, 1946), 174; Patrick M. Geoghegan, “Field (Fehily), Thomas”, in DIB, available from <http://dib.cambridge.org/viewReadPage.do?articleId=a3077.html>. On the political significance of the beginning of the reductions: Guillermo Wilde, “Las misiones jesuíticas de Paraguay: imaginarios políticos, etnogénesis y agencia indígena”, in Jesuitas e imperios de ultramar, siglos XVI–XX, ed. Alexandre Coello and others (Madrid: Silex, 2012), 181–198; Guillermo Wilde, “The Missions of Paraguay: Rise, Expansion and Fall”, in A Companion to Early Modern Catholic Global Missions, ed. Ronnie Po-chia Hsia (Leiden: Brill, 2018), 73–101.

  46. 46.

    Tim Fanning, Paisanos: The Forgotten Irish who Changed the Face of Latin America (Dublin: Gill Books, 2016), 186–187; Edmundo Murray, “Paraguay”, in Ireland and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History, ed. James P. Byrne and others (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2008), available at <https://ezproxy.library.nyu.edu/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/abciramrle/paraguay/0?institutionId=577.html>.

  47. 47.

    Ernst J. Burrus, “Michael Wadding: Mystic and Missionary (1586–1644)”, The Month 11 (1954): 339–354.

  48. 48.

    Edmund Hogan, “Worthies of Waterford and Tipperary”, Journal of the Waterford & South-East of Ireland Archaeological Society 1 (1898): 73–82.

  49. 49.

    Gerard Decorme, SJ, La obra de los jesuitas mexicanos durante la época colonial, 1572–1767 (Mexico: Antigua Librería Robredo de J. Porrúa e Hijos, 1941), II, 198–199; Peter Masten Dunne, Pioneer Black Robes on the West Coast (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1940), 152–154.

  50. 50.

    David A. Brading, La Nueva España: patria y religión (Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2015), chapter 5; Manuel Ramos Medina, “Isabel de la Encarnación: monja posesa del siglo XVII”, in Manifestaciones religiosas en el mundo colonial americano, ed. Clara García Ayluardo and Manuel Ramos Medina (Mexico D.F.: Universidad Iberoamericana, 1997), 167–168; Rosalva Loreto López, “Hagiografías y autobiografías novohispanas: una aproximación histórica”, Jahrbuch für Geschichte Latinamerikas 39 (December 2002): 331–332; Asunción Lavrin, Brides of Christ: Conventual Life in Colonial México (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2008), 108–109, 177–178, 316–317; Leticia Pérez Puentes, “Alonso de Cuevas Dávalos: arzobispo místico, criollo docto y dócil”, in Carrera, linaje y patronazgo: clérigos y juristas en Nueva España, Chile y Perú, ed. Rodolfo Aguirre Salvador (Mexico D.F.: Plaza y Valdés, 2004), 39–72.

  51. 51.

    Brading, La Nueva España, chapter 5.

  52. 52.

    This library was donated to the University in Seville following his last will. Juan Bautista Vilar and others, Catálogo de la biblioteca romana del cardenal Belluga: transcripción, estudio y edición (Murcia: Servicio de publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia, 2009), 31, 54–56, 173.

  53. 53.

    MacErlean, “Irish Jesuits”, 130–136.

  54. 54.

    Aspurz, La aportación extranjera, appendix.

  55. 55.

    See Félix Zubillaga, “Beudín (Godínez), Cornelio”, in Diccionario Histórico de la Compañía de Jesús, I, 433.

  56. 56.

    Aspurz, La aportación extranjera, appendix. Archivo General de Indias, Estado, legajo 21, número 45, letter from the viceroy of New Spain, Conde de Revilla Gigedo, to Conde de Aranda, 8 January 1793.

  57. 57.

    Aspurz, La aportación extranjera, appendix.

  58. 58.

    On this perspective see the works collected in Hilary M. Carey, ed., Empires of Religion (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008); Hilary M. Carey, ed., God’s Empire: Religion and Colonialism in the British World, c.1801–1908 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010); also Robert E. Curran, Shaping American Catholicism: Maryland and New York 1805–1915 (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2012), 111–156.

  59. 59.

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  1. Departamento de Geografía, Historia y Filosofía, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain

    Igor Pérez Tostado

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  1. Foreigners University of Siena, Siena, Italy

    Matteo Binasco

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Pérez Tostado, I. (2019). The Irish in the Iberian Atlantic and Rome: Globalized Individuals and the Rise of Transatlantic Networks of Information. In: Binasco, M. (eds) Rome and Irish Catholicism in the Atlantic World, 1622–1908. Christianities in the Trans-Atlantic World. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95975-7_2

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