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Resisting Neoliberalism in Higher Education Volume II pp 219–245Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

Neoliberalism in Thai and Indonesian Universities: Using Photo-Elicitation Methods to Picture Space for Possibility

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Part of the book series: Palgrave Critical University Studies ((PCU))

Abstract

Over recent years higher education researchers have been grappling with the impacts of sustained neoliberal change to the meanings and practices of higher education. Scholars have tracked the impacts of associated processes such as corporatisation, managerialism and audit culture, and attended to the ways these phenomena are shaping academic life and work. This chapter responds to the need for accounts of the movement and contestation of neoliberal ideas through higher education institutions of the Global South. It focuses on two case studies set in Southeast Asia, namely Thailand and Indonesia. While universities in both countries are increasingly subjected to neoliberal discourse and values, each presents a multifaceted case to consider. Previous studies have tracked the arrival of neoliberal ideas in Indonesian and Thai universities, and have considered reforms enacted following the Asian Financial Crisis of the late 1990s and ensuing international assistance. However, at this point there are very few studies that have explored the possibilities for contesting and re-working neoliberal discourse in Thailand and Indonesia. Building on Connell’s Southern theory thinking, we propose that the “cracks” those of us working in the Global South search for might be found by careful attendance to local contexts and knowledge projects, rather than the dutiful application of Northern theories. In order to bring “cracks” into view the methodology we use is itself visual. We take up photographic methods in order to search for resistant spaces that might be visible in our own academic lives and institutions.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See Bansel, Peter, “Becoming Academic: A Reflection on Doctoral Candidacy.” Studies in Higher Education 36, no. 5 (2011): 543–56; Kenny, John. “Efficiency and Effectiveness in Higher Education: Who Is Accountable for What?”. Australian Universities’ Review 50, no. 1 (2008): 11–19; Mok, Ka Ho, “The Search for New Governance: Corporatisation and Privatisation of Public Universities in Malaysia and Thailand.” Asia Pacific Journal of Education 27, no. 3 (2007): 271–90; Sparkes, Andrew, “Embodiment, Academics, and the Audit Culture: A Story Seeking Consideration.” Qualitative Research 7, no. 4 (2007): 521–50.

  2. 2.

    Connell, Raewyn, Southern Theory: The Global Dynamics of Knowledge in Social Science. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2007.

  3. 3.

    See Kenway, Jane, Rebecca Boden, and Johannah Fahey, “Seeking the Necessary ‘Resources of Hope’ in the Neoliberal University.” In Through a Glass Darkly: The Social Sciences Look at the Neoliberal University, edited by Margaret Thornton. 259–81. Canberra: ANU Press, 2014.

  4. 4.

    Khoo, Boo Teik, “Social Movements and the Crisis of Neoliberalism in Malaysia and Thailand”. IDE Discussion Paper 238 (2010): 1–31.

  5. 5.

    See Sensenig, Victor J, “The World Bank and Educational Reform in Indonesia.” In Education Strategy in The Developing World: Revising the World Bank’s Education Policy, edited by Christopher S Collins and Alexander W Wiseman. 395–421. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2012; Walter, Pierre, “Adult Literacy Education and Development in Thailand: An Historical Analysis of Policies and Programmes from the 1930s to the Present.” International Journal of Lifelong Education 21, no. 2 (2002): 79–98.

  6. 6.

    See Hewison, Kevin, “Resisting Globalization: A Study of Localism in Thailand.” The Pacific Review 13, no. 2 (2000): 279–96; Welch, Anthony R, “Blurred Vision? Public and Private Higher Education in Indonesia.” Higher Education 54, no. 5 (2007): 665–87.

  7. 7.

    See Collins, Christopher S, and Robert A Rhoads, “The World Bank and Higher Education in the Developing World: The Cases of Uganda and Thailand.” In The Worldwide Transformation of Higher Education, edited by David P. Baker and Alexander W. Wiseman. 177–221: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2008; Rosser, Andrew. “Neo-Liberalism and the Politics of Higher Education Policy in Indonesia.” Comparative education 52, no. 2 (2016): 109–35.

  8. 8.

    See Susanti, Dewi. “Privatisation and Marketisation of Higher Education in Indonesia: The Challenge for Equal Access and Academic Values.” Higher Education 61, no. 2 (2011): 209–18; Welch, Anthony R. “Blurred Vision? Public and Private Higher Education in Indonesia.” Higher Education 54, no. 5 (2007): 665–87.

  9. 9.

    See Mok, Ka Ho. “The Search for New Governance: Corporatisation and Privatisation of Public Universities in Malaysia and Thailand.” Asia Pacific Journal of Education 27, no. 3 (2007): 271–90; Savatsomboon, Gamon. “The Liberalization of Thai Education: Point of No Return.” International Higher Education 42 (2006): 9–10.

  10. 10.

    Savatsomboon, Gamon, “The Liberalization of Thai Education: Point of No Return.” International Higher Education 42 (2006): 9–10.

  11. 11.

    See Abdullah, Irwan, “Equity and Access in a Constantly Expanding Indonesian Higher Education System.” In Access, Equity, and Capacity in Asia-Pacific Higher Education, edited by Deane Neubauer and Yoshiro Tanaka. 71–82: Springer, 2011; Susanti, Dewi. “Privatisation and Marketisation of Higher Education in Indonesia: The Challenge for Equal Access and Academic Values.” Higher Education 61, no. 2 (2011): 209–18.

  12. 12.

    Ashari, Hasan, “Anggaran Pendidikan 20% Apakah Sudah Dialokasikan? (Has 20% Education Budget Been Allocated?).” http://www.bppk.kemenkeu.go.id/publikasi/artikel/147-artikel-anggaran-dan-perbendaharaan/20310-anggaran-pendidikan-20-,-apakah-sudah-dialokasikan

  13. 13.

    Rosser, Andrew, “Neo-Liberalism and the Politics of Higher Education Policy in Indonesia.” Comparative education 52, no. 2 (2016): 109–35.

  14. 14.

    See Fry, Gerald W, and Hui Bi, “The Evolution of Educational Reform in Thailand: The Thai Educational Paradox.” Journal of Educational Administration 51, no. 3 (2013): 290–319; Lao, Rattana, A Critical Study of Thailand’s Higher Education Reforms: The Culture of Borrowing. London: Routledge, 2015.

  15. 15.

    See Buasuwan, Prompilai, and Michael E Jones, “Diploma Disease in Thai HE.” In Asia Pacific Graduate Education: Comparative Politics and Regional Developments, edited by Deane E. Neubauer and Prompilai Buasuwan. 173–98. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016; Jacob, W James, Yuanyuan Wang, Tracy Lynn Pelkowski, Ravik Karsidi, and Agus D Priyanto, “Higher Education Reform in Indonesia: University Governance and Autonomy.” In University Governance and Reform: Policy, Fads, and Experience in International Perspective, edited by Hans G. Schuetze, William Bruneau and Garnet Grosjean. 225–40. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012; Mok, Ka Ho, “The Search for New Governance: Corporatisation and Privatisation of Public Universities in Malaysia and Thailand.” Asia Pacific Journal of Education 27, no. 3 (2007): 271–90; Sulistiyono, Singgih Tri, “Higher Education Reform in Indonesia at Crossroad.” Paper presented at the Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, Japan, 2007.

  16. 16.

    See Mappiasse, Sulaiman, “Education Reform in Indonesia: Limits of Neoliberalism in a Weak State.” University of Hawai’i at Manoa, 2014; Lao, Rattana. A Critical Study of Thailand’s Higher Education Reforms: The Culture of Borrowing. London: Routledge, 2015; Susanti, Dewi, “Privatisation and Marketisation of Higher Education in Indonesia: The Challenge for Equal Access and Academic Values.” Higher Education 61, no. 2 (2011): 209–18; Wijaya Mulya, Teguh, “Neoliberalism within Psychology Higher Education in Indonesia: A Critical Analysis.” Anima Indonesian Psychological Journal 32, no. 1 (2016): 1–11.

  17. 17.

    See Collins, Christopher S, and Robert A Rhoads, “The World Bank and Higher Education in the Developing World: The Cases of Uganda and Thailand.” In The Worldwide Transformation of Higher Education, edited by David P. Baker and Alexander W. Wiseman. 177–221: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2008; —, “The World Bank, Support for Universities, and Asymmetrical Power Relations in International Development.” Higher Education 59, no. 2 (2010): 181–205.

  18. 18.

    Abdullah, Irwan, “Equity and Access in a Constantly Expanding Indonesian Higher Education System.” In Access, Equity, and Capacity in Asia-Pacific Higher Education, edited by Deane Neubauer and Yoshiro Tanaka. 71–82: Springer, 2011; Welch, Anthony R. “Blurred Vision? Public and Private Higher Education in Indonesia.” Higher Education 54, no. 5 (2007): 665–87.

  19. 19.

    Saenghong, Nannaphat, “Thai Higher Education Reform: A New Funding Framework.” University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2009.

  20. 20.

    Kaewanuchit, Chonticha, and Carles Muntaner, “A Causal Relationship of Occupational Stress among University Employees.” Iranian Journal of Public Health 44, no. 7 (2015): 931–38.

  21. 21.

    Gaus, Nurdiana, and David Hall, “Neoliberal Governance in Indonesian Universities: The Impact Upon Academic Identity.” International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 35, no. 9/10 (2015): 666–82.

  22. 22.

    Cvetkovich, Ann, Depression: A Public Feeling. Durham: Duke University Press, 2012, 12.

  23. 23.

    See Allen, Louisa, “‘Snapped’: Researching the Sexual Cultures of Schools Using Visual Methods.” International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 22, no. 5 (2009): 549–61; Metcalfe, Amy Scott, “Imag(in)ing the University: Visual Sociology and Higher Education.” The Review of Higher Education 35, no. 4 (2012): 517–34; –. “Visual Juxtaposition as Qualitative Inquiry in Educational Research.” International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 28, no. 2 (2015): 151–67; –. “Visual Methods in Higher Education.” In Research in the College Context: Approaches and Methods (2nd Ed.), edited by Frances K Stage and Kathleen Manning. 111–26. New York: Routledge, 2016.

  24. 24.

    Schwartz, Dona, “Visual Ethnography: Using Photography in Qualitative Research.” Qualitative Sociology 12, no. 2 (1989): 119–54.

  25. 25.

    Metcalfe, “Imag(in)ing the University”.

  26. 26.

    See Gonzales, Leslie D, and Rodolfo Rincones, “Using Participatory Action Research and Photo Methods to Explore Higher Education Administration as an Emotional Endeavor.” The Qualitative Report 18, no. 32 (2013): 1–17; Guillemin, Marilys, and Sarah Drew, “Questions of Process in Participant-Generated Visual Methodologies.” Visual Studies 25, no. 2 (2010): 175–88; Harper, Douglas, “Talking About Pictures: A Case for Photo Elicitation.” Visual Studies 17, no. 1 (2002): 13–26.

  27. 27.

    O Donoghue, Dónal, “‘James Always Hangs out Here’: Making Space for Place in Studying Masculinities at School.” Visual Studies 22, no. 1 (2007), 63.

  28. 28.

    Ibid, 63.

  29. 29.

    Harper, “Talking about pictures”, 13.

  30. 30.

    Hall, Tim, “The Camera Never Lies? Photographic Research Methods in Human Geography.” Journal of Geography in Higher Education 33, no. 3 (2009), 456.

  31. 31.

    Ibid, “The Camera Never Lies?”, 456.

  32. 32.

    See Gaus, Nurdiana, and David Hall, “Neoliberal Governance in Indonesian Universities: The Impact Upon Academic Identity.” International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 35, no. 9/10 (2015): 666–82; Saenghong, Nannaphat, “Thai Higher Education Reform: A New Funding Framework.” University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2009.

  33. 33.

    Wijaya Mulya, “Neoliberalism within Psychology Higher Education in Indonesia.”

  34. 34.

    Barcan, Ruth, Academic Life and Labour in the New University: Hope and Other Choices. Farnham: Ashgate, 2013.

  35. 35.

    Kenway, Boden, and Fahey, “Seeking the Necessary ‘Resources of Hope’.”

  36. 36.

    Ibid., 265.

  37. 37.

    See Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality, Vol. 1: The Will to Knowledge. Translated by Robert Hurley. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978; –. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by Alan Sheridan. New York: Vintage Books, 1979.

  38. 38.

    See Foucault, The History of Sexuality; –. The History of Sexuality, Vol. 2: The Use of Pleasure. Translated by Robert Hurley. New York: Pantheon Books, 1985.

  39. 39.

    Setijadi, Charlotte, “The Jakarta Election Continues: What Next for Embattled Governor Ahok?” Perspective, 2017.

  40. 40.

    E.g. Rudnyckyj, Daromir, “Spiritual Economies: Islam and Neoliberalism in Contemporary Indonesia.” Cultural Anthropology 24, no. 1 (2009): 104–41.

  41. 41.

    Khoja-Moolji, Shenila S, “Envisioning an Alternative to the Neoliberalization of Education in the Global South: The Aga Khan’s Philosophies of Education.” Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 38, no. 4 (2017): 542–60.

  42. 42.

    Barcan, Academic Life and Labour in the New University.

  43. 43.

    Ibid., 12.

  44. 44.

    Ibid., 42.

  45. 45.

    Burford, James, “What Might ‘Bad Feelings’ Be Good For? Some Queer Feminist Thoughts on Academic Activism.”. Australian Universities’ Review 59, no. 2 (2017): 70–78.

  46. 46.

    Zipin, Lew, “Situating University Governance in the Ethico-Emotive Ground Tone of Post/Late Times.” In Re-Positioning University Governance and Academic Work, edited by Jill Blackmore, Marie Brennan and Lew Zipin. 147–62. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers, 2010.

  47. 47.

    Gill, Rosalind, “Breaking the Silence: The Hidden Injuries of Neo-Liberal Academia.” In Secrecy and Silence in the Research Process: Feminist Reflections, edited by Róisín Ryan-Flood and Rosalind Gill. 228–44. London: Routledge, 2010, 229.

  48. 48.

    Thornton, Margaret, ed. Through a Glass Darkly: The Social Sciences Look at the Neoliberal University. Canberra: ANU Press, 2014.

  49. 49.

    See Gill, “Breaking the Silence”; Kenway, Boden, and Fahey, “Seeking the Necessary ‘Resources of Hope’”; Thatcher, Jenny. “Phds of the UK, Unite! Your Futures Depend on It.” Graduate Journal of Social Science 9, no. 2 (2012): 24–39.

  50. 50.

    Cvetkovich, Ann. Depression: A Public Feeling. Durham: Duke University Press, 2012.

  51. 51.

    Ibid, 21.

  52. 52.

    Ibid, 78.

  53. 53.

    Ibid, 48.

  54. 54.

    Ibid, 51–53.

  55. 55.

    Ibid, 76.

  56. 56.

    Ibid, 68.

  57. 57.

    Ibid, 64.

  58. 58.

    Ibid, 68.

  59. 59.

    Ibid, 18.

  60. 60.

    Barcan, Academic Life and Labour in the New University, 4.

  61. 61.

    Cvetkovich, Depression, 48.

  62. 62.

    Lorde, Audre. A Burst of Light. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Firebrand Books, 1988, 131.

  63. 63.

    Cvetkovich, Depression, 48, 197.

  64. 64.

    Smith, Jan, Julie Rattray, Tai Peseta, and Daphne Loads, eds. Identity Work in the Contemporary University: Exploring an Uneasy Profession. Rotterdam/Boston/Taipei: Sense Publishers, 2016.

  65. 65.

    Riddle, Stewart, Marcus K Harmes, and Patrick Alan Danaher, eds. Producing Pleasure in the Contemporary University. Rotterdam/Boston/Taipei: Sense Publishers, 2017.

  66. 66.

    Bennett, Linda Rae. “Patterns of resistance and transgression in Eastern Indonesia: Single women’s practices of clandestine courtship and cohabitation.” Culture, Health & Sexuality 7, no. 2 (2005): 101–112; Schäfer, Saskia. “Forming ‘forbidden’ identities online: Atheism in Indonesia”. Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies 9, 2 (2016): 253–268.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Learning Sciences and Education, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand

    James Burford

  2. Research Education and Development, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    James Burford

  3. Faculty of Psychology, University of Surabaya, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia

    Teguh Wijaya Mulya

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Correspondence to James Burford .

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  1. School of Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia

    Catherine Manathunga

  2. School of Education and Social Work, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Dorothy Bottrell

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Burford, J., Wijaya Mulya, T. (2019). Neoliberalism in Thai and Indonesian Universities: Using Photo-Elicitation Methods to Picture Space for Possibility. In: Manathunga, C., Bottrell, D. (eds) Resisting Neoliberalism in Higher Education Volume II. Palgrave Critical University Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95834-7_11

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95834-7_11

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