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Regional Cooperation in the Establishment of Regional Energy Infrastructure

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Energy Poverty and Access Challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa

Part of the book series: Energy, Climate and the Environment ((ECE))

Abstract

Energy resources are unequally distributed across the globe and this has necessitated the transnational character in the extraction and utilisation of these resources. This makes the establishment and development of polycentric regional energy infrastructure crucial, as it enables both the producing and consuming countries to benefit from the various energy resources. This chapter discusses regionalism in the perspective of energy infrastructure developments and how this is fundamental in tackling both energy poverty and access challenges.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Goldthau, A., 2014. Rethinking the governance of energy infrastructure: Scale, decentralization and polycentrism. Energy Research & Social Science, 1, pp. 134–140.

  2. 2.

    See Quinn, E.L., 2009. Privacy and the new energy infrastructure, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1370731, last accessed on 14 February 2017.

  3. 3.

    For a detailed discussion on this, see Nepal, R. and Jamasb, T., 2012. Interconnections and market integration in the Irish Single Electricity Market. Energy Policy, 51, pp. 425–434.

  4. 4.

    Huda, M.S. and McDonald, M., 2016. Regional cooperation on energy in South Asia: Unraveling the political challenges in implementing transnational pipelines and electricity grids. Energy Policy, 98, pp. 73–83.

  5. 5.

    Armar, A., 2009. Building regional power pools. A toolkit (p. 2). Washington, DC: The World Bank; Jerome, A. and Nabena, D., 2016. Infrastructure and regional integration in Africa. In Region-building in Africa (pp. 89–108). Palgrave Macmillan US.

  6. 6.

    See John L. Kennedy, 1993. Oil and gas pipeline fundamentals (p. 2). Pennwell Books.

  7. 7.

    Huda, M.S. and McDonald, M., 2016. Regional cooperation on energy in South Asia: Unraveling the political challenges in implementing transnational pipelines and electricity grids. Energy Policy, 98, pp. 73–83.

  8. 8.

    For a detailed discussion on this, see Choi, J.B., Goo, B.K., Kim, J.C., Kim, Y.J. and Kim, W.S., 2003. Development of limit load solutions for corroded gas pipelines. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 80(2), pp. 121–128.

  9. 9.

    See ECREE: ECOWAS Energy Efficiency Policy (EEEP), September, 2012. Page 8. http://www.ecreee.org/sites/default/files/documents/basic_page/081012-ecowas-ee-policy-final-en.pdf

  10. 10.

    The WAGP Treaty was signed on 31 January 2002 between Benin, Ghana, Nigeria and Togo.

  11. 11.

    The role of ECOWAS in managing such energy infrastructure may be limited due to the rise of these specialised institutions but it is worth noting that ECOWAS still carries out its role as a facilitator and coordinator of such projects. This will be further illustrated in the next section while discussing the influence of RECs in regional energy infrastructural developments.

  12. 12.

    See Kasumuni, Ludger (30 April 2016). TZ to spend Sh300bn on buying stake in Uganda refinery. The Citizen (Tanzania ). Dar Es Salaam. Retrieved 5 March 2017.

  13. 13.

    See SADC Energy Monitor, 2016. Page 32.

  14. 14.

    Ibid.

  15. 15.

    Amin, M., 2008, July. Challenges in reliability, security, efficiency, and resilience of energy infrastructure: Toward smart self-healing electric power grid. In Power and energy society general meeting-conversion and delivery of electrical energy in the 21st century, 2008 IEEE (pp. 1–5). IEEE.

  16. 16.

    Hector G Sarmiento, Miguel Angel Avila: Issues Associated with International Power Grid Interconnections in Mexico.

  17. 17.

    Amin, M., 2008, July. Challenges in reliability, security, efficiency, and resilience of energy infrastructure: Toward smart self-healing electric power grid. In Power and energy society general meeting-conversion and delivery of electrical energy in the 21st century, 2008 IEEE (pp. 1–5). IEEE.

  18. 18.

    Hector G Sarmiento, Miguel Angel Avila: Issues Associated with International Power Grid Interconnections in Mexico.

  19. 19.

    Blyden, B.K., 1997. Towards the implementation of an integrated African grid. IEEE Power Engineering Review, 17(1), pp. 11–11.

  20. 20.

    Blyden, B.K., 1997. Towards the implementation of an integrated African grid. IEEE Power Engineering Review, 17(1), pp. 11–11.

  21. 21.

    Ibid.

  22. 22.

    Ghana’s experience in power interconnection within the framework of ECOWAS, http://repository.uneca.org/bitstream/handle/123456789/17587/Bib-67662.pdf?sequence=1, last visited on 20 March 2017.

  23. 23.

    Ibid.

  24. 24.

    Ibid.

  25. 25.

    11th Meeting of the Sectorial Council on Energy Report of the Meeting of the Energy Committee, EAC Headquarters, Arusha, Tanzania, 14–16 March 2016. Page 10.

  26. 26.

    The United Republic of Tanzania and the Republic of Uganda signed a bilateral agreement for the implementation of the Kikagati/Murongo 16 MW hydropower in July 2015. This project is a shared resource on river Kagera between Uganda and Tanzania.

  27. 27.

    The 10th Meeting of the Sectoral Council on Energy directed the two partner states, that is Uganda and Tanzania, to sign a Memorandum of Understanding and to set up a Joint Technical Committee to spearhead the implementation of the project.

  28. 28.

    Gnansounou, E., 2008. Boosting the electricity sector in West Africa: An integrative vision. International Association for Energy Economics, 17, pp. 23–29.

  29. 29.

    For the case of ECOWAS, see Article 3(1) & Article26 (1) of the revised ECOWAS Treaty of 1993; for the case of EAC, see Article 5(1) & Article 101 (1) and (2) of The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community, 1999.

  30. 30.

    For ECOWAS, see Article 28 (1) of the revised ECOWAS Treaty of 1993.

  31. 31.

    ECOWAS Energy Policy A/DEC 3/5/82. Decision AIDEC 3/5/82 relating to the adoption of the ECOWAS Energy Policy, adopted by the Authority of Heads of State and Government in 1982.

  32. 32.

    See Article 7 of the ECOWAS Energy Protocol, 2003.

  33. 33.

    See Article 101 (2) (d) of The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community, 1999.

  34. 34.

    11th Meeting of the Sectorial Council on Energy Report of the Meeting of the Energy Committee, EAC Headquarters, Arusha, Tanzania, 14–16 March 2016.

  35. 35.

    Ibid.

  36. 36.

    Ibid.

  37. 37.

    Article 5 (1) of The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community, 1999, is to the effect that partner states shall develop policies and programmes aimed at widening and deepening cooperation.

  38. 38.

    See report of the 11th Meeting of the Sectorial Council on Energy, 18 March 2016. REF: EAC/SR/03/2016.

  39. 39.

    See Draft EAC Energy Security Policy Framework, June, 2016.

  40. 40.

    Ibid.

  41. 41.

    Article 8(4) of The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community, 1999.

  42. 42.

    Article 9(4) of The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community, 1999.

  43. 43.

    See Article 6 of the revised ECOWAS Treaty of 1993.

  44. 44.

    Article 10(1) of The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community, 1999.

  45. 45.

    Article 7 of the revised ECOWAS Treaty of 1993 establishes the Authority of Heads of States as the supreme institution of the community with functions of among others giving direction to the Community.

  46. 46.

    For the case of EAC, the Summit is the one that comprises Heads of States of partner states. See Article 11(1) of The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community, 1999; and Article 7 (3) (a) of the revised ECOWAS Treaty of 1993.

  47. 47.

    In EAC, the Council comprises of Ministers responsible for EAC affairs of each partner state. See Article 13 of The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community, 1999; In the case of ECOWAS, the Council comprises of Ministers in charge of ECOWAS Affairs and any other minister of each Member State. See Article 10 (2) of the revised ECOWAS Treaty of 1993.

  48. 48.

    For EAC see Article 14(3) (a) of The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community, 1999; for ECOWAS, see Article 10 (3) of the revised ECOWAS Treaty of 1993.

  49. 49.

    See Article 16 of The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community, 1999; and Article 12 (3) of the revised ECOWAS Treaty of 1993.

  50. 50.

    Article 17 of The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community, 1999.

  51. 51.

    Ibid, Article 18(a).

  52. 52.

    Article 18(b) of The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community, 1999.

  53. 53.

    Article 18(c) of The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community, 1999.

  54. 54.

    See Article 14(3) (j) of the Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community, 1999.

  55. 55.

    Article 20 of The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community, 1999.

  56. 56.

    Article 21(a) of The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community, 1999.

  57. 57.

    Article 21(b) of The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community, 1999.

  58. 58.

    See Article 13, 14 15, 16 and 17 of the revised ECOWAS Treaty of 1993, establishing the Community of Parliament; Economic and Social Council; the Court of Justice; the Arbitration Tribunal and the Executive Secretariat respectively.

  59. 59.

    The East African Legislative Assembly is established under Article 38 of the Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community, 1999.

  60. 60.

    The East African Court of Justice is established under Article 26 of The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community, 1999.

  61. 61.

    The Secretariat and Staff of the Community are established under Article 47 of The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community, 1999.

  62. 62.

    The Sectorial Council on Energy is advised by the Coordination Committee comprising of Permanent Secretaries of the Ministry of Energy of all the partner states. These are in turn advised by the Energy Committee comprising of technical staff from partner states.

  63. 63.

    See report of the 8th Meeting of the Sectorial Council on Energy, 21 June 2013. REF: EAC/SR/165/2013.

  64. 64.

    As of March 2016, the EAC Secretariat had received notification from the AFDB that a NEPAD-IPPF grant of USD 1,691,130 to finance the feasibility study had been approved. The EAC was expected to jointly raise USD 95,600 as counterpart funding to go towards the facilitation of Steering Committee supervision of the study activities and review of consultant reports. See report of the 11th Meeting of the Sectorial Council on Energy, 18 March 2016. REF: EAC/SR/03/2016.

  65. 65.

    See report of the 11th Meeting of the Sectorial Council on Energy, 18 March 2016. REF: EAC/SR/03/2016.

  66. 66.

    See report of the 8th Meeting of the Sectorial Council on Energy, 21 June 2013. REF: EAC/SR/165/2013.

  67. 67.

    As of March 2017, the energy department of EAC had only one established staff.

  68. 68.

    See report of the 8th Meeting of the Sectorial Council on Energy, 21 June 2013. REF: EAC/SR/165/2013.

  69. 69.

    See report of the 8th Meeting of the Sectorial Council on Energy, 21 June 2013. REF: EAC/SR/165/2013.

  70. 70.

    See report of the 8th Meeting of the Sectorial Council on Energy, 21 June 2013. REF: EAC/SR/165/2013.

  71. 71.

    African Development Bank: AfDB and WAPP sign US $1.9 million grant for Nigeria-Benin Interconnector Re-enforcement Project, https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/afdb-and-the-west-africa-power-pool-sign-us-1-9-million-grant-for-nigeria-benin-interconnector-reinforcement-project-15689/, last visited on 19 March 2017.

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  1. Centre for Energy, Petroleum and Mineral Law and Policy (CEPMLP), University of Dundee, Scotland, UK

    Victoria R. Nalule

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Nalule, V.R. (2019). Regional Cooperation in the Establishment of Regional Energy Infrastructure. In: Energy Poverty and Access Challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa. Energy, Climate and the Environment. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95402-8_5

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