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Mechanistic, Mechanistic-Based Empirical, and Continuum-Based Concepts and Models for the Transport of Polyelectrolyte-Modified Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron (NZVI) in Saturated Porous Media

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Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron Particles for Environmental Restoration

Abstract

Controlled emplacement of polyelectrolyte-modified NZVI at a high particle concentration (1–10 g/L) is needed for effective in situ subsurface remediation. For this reason, a modeling tool capable of predicting polyelectrolyte-modified NZVI transport is imperative. However, the deep bed filtration theory is invalid for this purpose because several phenomena governing the transport of polyelectrolyte-modified NZVI in saturated porous media, including detachment, particle agglomeration, straining, and porous media ripening, violate the fundamental assumption of such a classical theory. Thus, this chapter critically reviews the literature of each phenomenon with various kinds of nanoparticles with a special focus on polyelectrolyte-modified NZVI. Then, each phenomenon is elaborated using three kinds of mathematical models, including mechanistic (such as extended DLVO theory), mechanistic-based empirical (correlations to predict NZVI agglomeration and deposition), and continuum-based (Eulerian continuum-based models). These proposed modeling tools can be applied at various scales from column experiments (1-D) to field-scaled operations (3-D) for designing NZVI injection and emplacement in the subsurface.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by (1) the Thailand Research Fund (TRF) MRG5680129; (2) the National Nanotechnology Center (Thailand), a member of the National Science and Technology Development Agency, through grant number P-11-00989; (3) the National Research Council (R2556B070); and (4) Taiwan’s Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) under grant no. 104-2221-E-009-020-MY3.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering Program, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand

    Tanapon Phenrat

  2. Center of Excellence for Sustainability of Health, Environment and Industry (SHEI), Faculty of Engineering, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand

    Tanapon Phenrat

  3. Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan

    Peyman Babakhani & Ruey-an Doong

  4. Department of the Natural and Built Environment, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK

    Peyman Babakhani & Jonathan Bridge

  5. Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan

    Ruey-an Doong

  6. Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (CEINT), Durham, NC, USA

    Gregory V. Lowry

  7. Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Gregory V. Lowry

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  1. Tanapon Phenrat
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  2. Peyman Babakhani
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering Program, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand

    Tanapon Phenrat

  2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Canrnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Gregory V. Lowry

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Phenrat, T., Babakhani, P., Bridge, J., Doong, Ra., Lowry, G.V. (2019). Mechanistic, Mechanistic-Based Empirical, and Continuum-Based Concepts and Models for the Transport of Polyelectrolyte-Modified Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron (NZVI) in Saturated Porous Media. In: Phenrat, T., Lowry, G. (eds) Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron Particles for Environmental Restoration. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95340-3_6

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