Abstract
This final chapter summarizes the key lessons learned from a large number of laboratory-scale, intermediate-scale, and well-documented field-scale experiments using NZVI for in situ remediation presented in this book. The goal is to provide guidance to site managers and remediation professionals who are considering the use of NZVI for in situ treatment of a contaminant source zone, particularly those containing dense nonaqueous phase liquids or reducible heavy metals, as these are the most prevalent types of sites for application of NZVI. It also provides guidance on site conditions where NZVI treatment may be a viable option in terms of reactivity with contaminants of concern, reactive lifetime, and particle deliverability. The chapter also highlights the importance of NZVI characteristics to provide longer reactive lifetimes, viable injection methods for emplacing NZVI in the desired location in the subsurface, and detailed site characterizations as well as suitable laboratory feasibility studies. Future research needs for more effective NZVI applications in subsurface remediation, including a better understanding of combined NZVI-monitored natural recovery or bioremediation strategies and more detailed performance evaluations, are also discussed.
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Lowry, G.V., Phenrat, T. (2019). State of Knowledge and Future Needs for NZVI Applications in Subsurface Remediation. In: Phenrat, T., Lowry, G. (eds) Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron Particles for Environmental Restoration. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95340-3_16
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