Abstract
Forty years ago, the pioneers of paradox management initiated a series of events leading to the development of organizational paradoxes as a new perspective on organizations. It gradually changes management practice to see organizations through a paradox lens.
A number of theoretical positions emerge when investigating the early paradox literature. These positions on organizational paradox are generally united in the view that organizations are characterized by contradictions and paradoxes and that organizational actors discover paradoxes as cognitive and emotional tensions. They differ in their view on how contradictions are and throughout history have been embedded in organizations. The three areas, the emergence of the concept of paradox in organizational theory, the contradictions, and the tensions, form the chapter’s structure.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Bibliography
Apker, J., Propp, K. M., & Zabava Ford, W. S. (2005). Negotiating Status and Identity Tensions in Healthcare Team Interactions: An Exploration of Nurse Role Dialectics. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 33(2), 93–115.
Argyris, C. (1982). The Executive Mind and Double-Loop Learning. Organizational Dynamics, 11(2), 5–22.
Ashcraft, K. L., & Trethewey, A. (2004). Developing Tension: An Agenda for Applied Research on the Organization of Irrationality. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 32(2), 171–181.
Ashforth, B. E., Rogers, K. M., Pratt, M. G., & Pradies, C. (2014). Ambivalence in Organizations: A Multilevel Approach. Organization Science, 25(5), 1453–1478.
Barnes, L. B. (1981). Managing the Paradox of Organizational Trust. Harvard Business Review, 59(2), 107–116.
Bateson, G. (1972). Steps to an Ecology of the Mind. New York, NY: Ballentine Books.
Bateson, G. (1979). Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity. New York, NY: Dutton.
Benson, J. K. (1973). The Analysis of Bureaucratic-Professional Conflict: Functional Versus Dialectical Approaches. Sociological Quarterly, 14(3), 376–394.
Benson, J. K. (1977). Organizations: A Dialectical View. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22(1), 1–21.
Benson, J. K. (1983). A Dialectical Method for the Study of Organizations. In G. Morgan (Ed.), Beyond Method: Strategies for Social Research (pp. 331–346). Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE.
Besharov, M. L., & Smith, W. K. (2014). Multiple Institutional Logics in Organizations: Explaining Their Varied Nature and Implications. Academy of Management Review, 39(3), 364–381.
Bisel, R. S. (2009). On a Growing Dualism in Organizational Discourse Research. Management Communication Quarterly, 22(4), 614–638.
Calton, J. M., & Payne, S. L. (2003). Coping with Paradox: Multistakeholder Learning Dialogue as a Pluralist Sensemaking Process for Addressing Messy Problems. Business & Society, 42(1), 7–42.
Cameron, K. (1986). Effectiveness as Paradox: Consensus and Conflict in Conceptions of Organizational Effectiveness. Management Science, 32, 539–553.
Chen, M. J. (2014). Presidential Address – Becoming Ambicultural: A Personal Quest, and Aspiration for Organizations. Academy of Management Review, 39(2), 119–137.
Chen, M.-J. (2002). Transcending Paradox: The Chinese ‘Middle Way’ Perspective. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 19, 179–199.
Chen, M.-J. (2008). Reconceptualizing the Competition–Cooperation Relationship: A Transparadox Perspective. Journal of Management Inquiry, 17(4), 288–304.
Churchman, C. W. (1971). The Design of Inquiring Systems Basic Concepts of Systems and Organization. New York: Basic Books.
Clegg, S. R., Cunha, J. V., & Cunha, M. P. (2002). Management Paradoxes: A Relational View. Human Relations, 55(5), 483–503.
Collins, J. (2001). Good to Great. New York: Random House Books.
Collins, J., & Porras, J. (1997). Built to Last: Successful Habits of Visionary Companies. New York: Harper-Business.
Cosier, R. A., & Aplin, J. C. (1980). A Critical View of Dialectical Inquiry as a Tool in Strategic Planning. Strategic Management Journal, 1(4), 343–356.
Cosier, R. A., Ruble, T. L., & Aplin, J. C. (1978). An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Dialectical Inquiry Systems. Management Science, 24(14), 1483–1490.
Cunha, M. P., Rego, A., & Vaccaro, A. (2014). Organizations as Human Communities and Internal Markets: Searching for Duality. Journal of Business Ethics, 120(4), 441–455.
Deetz, S. (1996). Describing Differences in Approaches to Organization Science: Rethinking Burrell and Morgan and Their Legacy. Organization Science, 7(2), 191–207.
Drummond, H. (1998). Is Escalation Always Irrational? Organization Studies, 19(6), 911–929.
Dunn, M. B., & Jones, C. (2010). Institutional Logics and Institutional Pluralism: The Contestation of Care and Science Logics in Medical Education, 1967–2005. Administrative Science Quarterly, 55(1), 114–149.
Engeström, Y., & Sannino, A. (2011). Discursive Manifestations of Contradictions in Organizational Change Efforts: A Methodological Framework. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 24(3), 368–387.
Fairhurst, G. T., Smith, W. K., Banghart, S. G., Lewis, M. W., Putnam, L. L., Raisch, S., & Schad, J. (2016). Diverging and Converging: Integrative Insights on a Paradox Meta-Perspective. The Academy of Management Annals, 10(1), 173–182.
Fang, T. (2012). Yin Yang: A New Perspective on Culture. Management and Organization Review, 8(1), 25–50.
Farjoun, M. (2010). Beyond Dualism: Stability and Change as a Duality. Academy of Management Review, 35(2), 202–225.
Giddens, A. (1984). The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Heydebrand, W. (1977). Organizational Contradictions in Public Bureaucracies: Toward a Marxian Theory of Organizations. Sociological Quarterly, 18(1), 83–107.
Jackson, W. A. (1999). Dualism, Duality and the Complexity of Economic Institutions. International Journal of Social Economics, 26(4), 545–558.
Janssens, M., & Steyaert, C. (1999). The World in Two and a Third Way Out? The Concept of Duality in Organization Theory and Practice. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 15(2), 121–139.
Jarzabkowski, P. A., & Le, J. K. (2016). We Have to Do This and That? You Must Be Joking: Constructing and Responding to Paradox Through Humor. Organization Studies, 38, 433–462.
Jian, G. (2007). Unpacking Unintended Consequences in Planned Organizational Change: A Process Model. Management Communication Quarterly, 21(1), 5–28.
Kets de Vries, M. F. R. (1980). Organizational Paradoxes: Clinical Approaches to Management. London: Tavistock Publications.
Kozica, A., & Brandl, J. (2015). Handling Paradoxical Tensions through Conventions: The Case of Performance Appraisal. Zeitschrift für Personalforschung, 29(1), 49–68.
Lautsch, B. A., Kossek, E. E., & Eaton, S. C. (2009). Supervisory Approaches and Paradoxes in Managing Telecommuting Implementation. Human Relations, 62(6), 795–827.
Lewis, M. W. (2000). Exploring Paradox: Toward a More Comprehensive Guide. Academy of Management Review, 25(4), 760–776.
Lewis, M. W., & Kelemen, M. L. (2002). Multiparadigm Inquiry: Exploring Organizational Pluralism and Paradox. Human Relations, 55(2), 251–275.
Li, P. P. (2014). The Unique Value of Yin-Yang Balancing: A Critical Response. Management and Organization Review, 10(02), 321–332.
Li, X. (2014). Can Yin-Yang Guide Chinese Indigenous Management Research? Management and Organization Review, 10(01), 7–27.
Łukowski, P. (2011). Paradoxes (Vol. 31). New York: Springer Science & Business Media.
Mason, R. O. (1969). A Dialectical Approach to Strategic Planning. Management Science, 15(8), 403–414.
McGuire, T. (2006). ‘Paradoxing the Dialectic’: The Impact of Patients’ Sexual Harassment in the Discursive Construction of Nurses’ Caregiving Roles. Management Communication Quarterly, 19(3), 416–450.
Mitroff, I. I., Emshoff, J. R., & Kilmann, R. H. (1979). Assumptional Analysis: A Methodology for Strategic Problem Solving. Management Science, 25(6), 583–593.
Nippert-Eng, C. E. (1996a). Calendars and Keys: The Classification of “Home” and “Work”. Sociological Forum, 11(3), 563–582.
Nippert-Eng, C. E. (1996b). Home and Work: Negotiating Boundaries through Everyday Life. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Poole, M. S., & Van de Ven, A. H. (1989). Using Paradox to Build Management and Organization Theories. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 562–578.
Putnam, L. L. (2013). Primary and Secondary Contradictions: A Literature Review and Future Directions. Management Communication Quarterly, 27(4), 623–630.
Putnam, L. L. (2015). Unpacking the Dialectic: Alternative Views on the Discourse-Materiality Relationship. Journal of Management Studies, 52(5), 706–716.
Putnam, L. L., Fairhurst, G. T., & Banghart, S. (2016). Contradictions, Dialectics, and Paradoxes in Organizations: A Constitutive Approach. The Academy of Management Annals, 10(1), 65–171.
Quinn, R. E., & Cameron, K. (1983). Organizational Life Cycles and Shifting Criteria of Effectiveness: Some Preliminary Evidence. Management Science, 29(1), 33–51.
Raza-Ullah, T., Bengtsson, M., & Kock, S. (2014). The Coopetition Paradox and Tension in Coopetition at Multiple Levels. Industrial Marketing Management, 43(2), 189–198.
Rees, L., Rothman, N. B., Lehavy, R., & Sanchez-Burks, J. (2013). The Ambivalent Mind Can Be a Wise Mind: Emotional Ambivalence Increases Judgment Accuracy. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(3), 360–367.
Rohrbaugh, J. (1981). Operationalizing the Competing Values Approach: Measuring Performance in the Employment Service. Public Productivity Review, 5, 141–159.
Schad, J., Lewis, M. W., Raisch, S., & Smith, W. K. (2016). Paradox Research in Management Science: Looking Back to Move Forward. The Academy of Management Annals, 10(1), 5–64.
Schneider, L. (1971). Dialectic in Sociology. American Sociological Review, 36(4), 667–678.
Schultz, M., & Hatch, M. J. (1996). Living with Multiple Paradigms: The Case of Paradigm Interplay in Organizational Culture Studies. Academy of Management Review, 21(2), 529–557.
Schwenk, C. R. (1984). Effects of Planning Aids and Presentation Media on Performance and Affective Responses in Strategic Decision-Making. Management Science, 30(3), 263–272.
Schwenk, C. R. (1989). Research Notes and Communications a Meta-Analysis on the Comparative Effectiveness of Devil’s Advocacy and Dialectical Inquiry. Strategic Management Journal, 10(3), 303–306.
Sheep, M. L., Fairhurst, G. T., & Khazanchi, S. (2016). Knots in the Discourse of Innovation: Investigating Multiple Tensions in a Reacquired Spin-Off. Organization Studies, 38, 463–488.
Smarandache, F. (2010). Paradoxism’s Manifestos and International Folklore. Glendale: Kappa & Omega.
Smith, K. K., & Berg, D. N. (1987). Paradoxes of Group Life: Understanding Conflict, Paralysis, and Movement in Group Dynamics. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Smith, W. K. (2014). Dynamic Decision Making: A Model of Senior Leaders Managing Strategic Paradoxes. Academy of Management Journal, 57(6), 1592–1623.
Smith, W. K., & Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward a Theory of Paradox: A Dynamic Equilibrium Model of Organizing. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 381–403.
Smith, W. K., Lewis, M. W., Jarzabkowski, P., & Langley, A. (2017). Introduction: The Paradoxes of Paradox. In W. K. Smith, M. W. Lewis, P. Jarzabkowski, & A. Langley (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Organizational Paradox. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Surman, E. (2002). Dialectics of Dualism: The Symbolic Importance of the Home/Work Divide. Ephemera: Theory & Politics in Organization, 2(3), 209–223.
Tse, T. (2013). Paradox Resolution: A Means to Achieve Strategic Innovation. European Management Journal, 31(6), 682–696.
Tsoukas, H., & Cunha, M. (2017). On Organizational Circularity: Vicious and Virtuous Circles in Organizing. In W. K. Smith, M. W. Lewis, P. Jarzabkowski, & A. Langley (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Organizational Paradox. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
van Bommel, K., & Spicer, A. (2017). Critical Management Studies and Paradox. In W. K. Smith, M. W. Lewis, P. Jarzabkowski, & A. Langley (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Organizational Paradox (p. 17). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Vince, R., & Broussine, M. (1996). Paradox, Defense and Attachment: Accessing and Working with Emotions and Relations Underlying Organizational Change. Organization Studies, 17(1), 1–21.
Wagner, J. A. (1978). The Organizational Double Bind: Toward an Understanding of Rationality and Its Complement. Academy of Management Review, 3(4), 786–795.
Watzlawick, P., Beavin, J. H., & Jackson, D. D. (1967). Pragmatics of Human Communication: A Study of Interactional Patterns, Pathologies, and Paradoxes. New York, NY: WW.
Weick, K. E. (1979). The Social Psychology of Organizing. Redding, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Weick, K. E. (1995). Sensemaking in Organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Wieland, S. M. B. (2010). Ideal Selves as Resources for the Situated Practice of Identity. Management Communication Quarterly, 24(4), 503–528.
Wood, J. T., & Conrad, C. (1983). Paradox in the Experiences of Professional Women. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 47(4), 305–322.
Zeitz, G. (1980). Interorganizational Dialectics. Administrative Science Quarterly, 25(1), 72–88.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Heiberg Johansen, J. (2019). The Foundation: A New Perspective on Management in Complexity. In: Paradox Management. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94815-7_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94815-7_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Pivot, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-94814-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-94815-7
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)