Abstract
The introductory chapter introduces key terminology that runs throughout the book and frames the problem inherent to all technology: that it can be both good and bad, but that it is not neutral. This view, which is the framework for Kranzberg’s First Law of Technology, is applied specifically to smartphones and how our devices are reflections of ourselves.
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Notes
- 1.
Brewer, Judson. 2017. The Craving Mind: From Cigarettes to Smartphones to Love—Why We Get Hooked and How We Can Break Bad Habits. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- 2.
Bode, C. (Ed.). 1974. The Portable Thoreau. New York: The Viking Press, Inc.
- 3.
Dimock, Michael. 2018. Defining generations: Where Millennials end and post-Millennials begin. Pew Research Center. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/03/01/defining-generations-where-millennials-end-and-post-millennials-begin/. Accessed 12 May 2018.
- 4.
Dynarski, Susan. 2017. Laptops are great. But not during a lecture or a meeting. The New York Times, November 22, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/22/business/laptops-not-during-lecture-or-meeting.html?smid=tw-share. Accessed 12 Jan 2018.
- 5.
Cohn, Jenae. 2016. ‘Devilish smartphones’ and the ‘stone-cold’ internet: Implications of the technology addiction trope in college student digital literacy narratives. Computers and Composition 42: 80–94.
- 6.
Leung, Louis and Ran Wei. 1998. The gratifications of pager use: Sociability, information seeking, entertainment, utility, and fashion and status. Telematics and Informatics 15: 253–264.
- 7.
Reid, Alan J. and Chelsea N. Thomas. 2017. A case study in smartphone usage and gratification in the age of narcissism. International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction 13: 40–56.
- 8.
Lynch, Michael P. 2016. The Internet of Us: Knowing More and Understanding Less in the Age of Big Data. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation.
- 9.
Kumar, Santhosh and Rahul P. Menon. 2017. Brand loyalty of customers in smartphone brands. Indian Journal of Marketing 47: 8–15.
- 10.
Shaw, Heather, David A. Ellis, Libby Rae Kendrick, Fenja Ziegler and Richard Wiseman. 2016. Predicting smartphone operating system from personality and individual differences. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 19: 727–732.
- 11.
Lancaster University. 2016. What your choice of smartphone says about you. ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/11/161121144206.htm. Accessed 30 Nov 2017.
- 12.
Meyer, Evi. 2017. iPhone X—Top ‘notch’. Medium, September 25. https://medium.com/the-mission/iphone-x-top-notch-204e9284f54a. Accessed 2 Nov 2017.
- 13.
Clover, Juli. 2017. Embracing the notch: How are you adapting to the most controversial iPhone X design decision? MacRumors, November 14. https://www.macrumors.com/2017/11/14/iphone-x-embracing-the-notch/. Accessed 10 Dec 2017.
- 14.
Wei, Ran and Ven-Hwei Lo. 2006. Staying connected while on the move: Cell phone use and social connectedness. New Media & Society 8: 53–72.
- 15.
Mannering, Lindsay. 2015. Now playing in your headphones: Nothing. The New York Times, December 22. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/24/fashion/headphones-now-playing-nothing.html. Accessed 1 Dec 2017.
- 16.
Dwoskin, Elizabeth. 2015. Lending startups look at borrowers’ phone usage to assess creditworthiness. Wall Street Journal, November 30. https://www.wsj.com/articles/lending-startups-look-at-borrowers-phone-usage-to-assess-creditworthiness-1448933308. Accessed 14 Jan 2017.
- 17.
Lee, Heyoung, Heejune Ahn, Trung Giang Nguyen, Sam-Wook Choi and Dae Jin Kim. 2017. Comparing the self-report and measured smartphone usage of college students: A pilot study. Psychiatry Investigation 14: 198–204.
- 18.
Winnick, Michael. 2016. Putting a finger on our phone obsession. dscout. https://blog.dscout.com/mobile-touches. Accessed 4 May 2017.
- 19.
Thatcher, Andrew, Gisela Wretschko and Peter Fridjhon. 2008. Online flow experiences, problematic Internet use and Internet procrastination. Computers in Human Behavior 24: 2236–2254.
- 20.
Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly. 2014. Flow and the Foundations of Positive Psychology: The Collected Works of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. New York: Springer.
- 21.
Chen, Chongyang, Kem Z.K. Zheng, Xiang Gong, Sesia Zhao, Matthew K.O. Lee and Liang Liang. 2017. Understanding compulsive smartphone use: An empirical test of a flow-based model. International Journal of Information Management 37: 438–454.
- 22.
Ward, Adrian F., Kristen Duke, Ayelet Gneezy and Maarten W. Bos. 2017. Brain drain: The mere presence of one’s own smartphone reduces available cognitive capacity. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research 2: 140–154.
- 23.
Thornton, Bill, Alyson Faires, Maija Robbins and Eric Rollins. 2014. The mere presence of a cell phone may be distracting: Implications for attention and task performance. Social Psychology 45: 479–488.
- 24.
Cheever, Nancy, Larry D. Rosen, L. Mark Carrier and Amber Chavez. 2014. Out of sight is not out of mind: The impact of restricting wireless mobile device use on anxiety levels among low, moderate and high users. Computers in Human Behavior 37: 290–297.
- 25.
It is no doubt that digital books have had an effect on print book sales, though not nearly to the extent that it has been predicted over the years. Surveys consistently find that there is a general preference for paper-based text over the digital, and that students routinely choose print over digital textbooks, despite the cost difference. In short, digital text has not replaced the print book entirely, but it does pose an observable threat. Chapter 5 addresses this in more depth.
- 26.
Meloncon, Lisa. 2014. Rhetorical Accessability. New York: Routledge.
- 27.
Alzahabi, Reem, Mark W. Becker and David Z. Hambrick. 2017. Investigating the relationship between media multitasking and processes involved in task-switching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 43: 1872–1894.
- 28.
Loh, Kep Kee and Ryota Kanai. 2014. Higher media multi-tasking activity is associated with smaller gray-matter density in the anterior cingulate cortex. PLoS One 9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106698.
- 29.
van der Schuur, Winneke A., Susanne E. Baumgartner, Sindy R. Sumter and Patti M. Valkenburg. 2018. Media multitasking and sleep problems: A longitudinal study among adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior 81: 316–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.12.024.
- 30.
Kranzberg, Melvin. 1986. Technology and history: Kranzberg’s laws. Technology and Culture 27: 544–560.
- 31.
McLuhan, Marshall and Quentin Fiore. 1967. The Medium is the Massage: An Inventory of Effects. New York; London; Toronto: Bantam Books.
- 32.
Heidegger, Martin. 1977. The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays. New York: Harper & Row.
- 33.
Williams, Raymond. 1974. Television: Technology and Cultural Form. New York: Schocken.
- 34.
Kaczynski, Ted. 1995. Industrial Society and Its Future. http://editions-hache.com/essais/pdf/kaczynski2.pdf. Accessed 2 Jan 2018.
- 35.
Finnegan, Ruth. 1988. Literacy and Orality: Studies in the Technology of Communication. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
- 36.
Carr, Nicholas G. 2011. The Shallows: What the Internet is Doing to Our Brains. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
- 37.
Mackay, Hughie and Gareth Gillespie. 1992. Extending the social shaping of technology approach: Ideology and appropriation. Social Studies of Science 22: 685–716.
- 38.
Williams, Robin and David Edge. 1996. The social shaping of technology. Research Policy 25: 865–899.
- 39.
Brabscome, James. 1971. Appalachia—Like the flayed back of a man. The New York Times, December 12. https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/12/archives/appalachia-like-the-flayed-back-of-a-man-like-the-flayed-back-of-a.html. Accessed 22 Feb 2018.
- 40.
Winner, Langdon. 1980. Do artifacts have politics? Daedalus 109: 121–136. http://innovate.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Winner-Do-Artifacts-Have-Politics-1980.pdf. Accessed 26 June 2017.
- 41.
McLuhan, Marshall. 1964. Understanding Media: Extensions of Man. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- 42.
Selinger, Evan. 2012. The philosophy of the technology of the gun. The Atlantic, July 23. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/the-philosophy-of-the-technology-of-the-gun/260220/. Accessed 22 Jan 2018.
- 43.
Smith, Alexander. 2017. The vast majority of UK police don’t carry guns. Here’s why. NBC News, September 15. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/why-london-won-t-arm-all-police-despite-severe-terror-n737551. Accessed 1 Nov 2017.
References
Alzahabi, Reem, Mark W. Becker, and David Z. Hambrick. 2017. Investigating the relationship between media multitasking and processes involved in task-switching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 43: 1872–1894.
Bode, C., ed. 1974. The Portable Thoreau. New York: The Viking Press, Inc.
Brabscome, James. 1971. Appalachia—Like the flayed back of a man. The New York Times, December 12. Accessed February 22, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/12/archives/appalachia-like-the-flayed-back-of-a-man-like-the-flayed-back-of-a.html.
Brewer, Judson. 2017. The Craving Mind: From Cigarettes to Smartphones to Love—Why We Get Hooked and How We Can Break Bad Habits. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Carr, Nicholas G. 2011. The Shallows: What the Internet is Doing to Our Brains. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Cheever, Nancy, Larry D. Rosen, L. Mark Carrier, and Amber Chavez. 2014. Out of sight is not out of mind: The impact of restricting wireless mobile device use on anxiety levels among low, moderate and high users. Computers in Human Behavior 37: 290–297.
Chen, Chongyang, Kem Z.K. Zheng, Xiang Gong, Sesia Zhao, Matthew K.O. Lee, and Liang Liang. 2017. Understanding compulsive smartphone use: An empirical test of a flow-based model. International Journal of Information Management 37: 438–454.
Clover, Juli. 2017. Embracing the notch: How are you adapting to the most controversial iPhone X design decision? MacRumors, November 14. Accessed December 10, 2017. https://www.macrumors.com/2017/11/14/iphone-x-embracing-the-notch/.
Cohn, Jenae. 2016. ‘Devilish smartphones’ and the ‘stone-cold’ internet: Implications of the technology addiction trope in college student digital literacy narratives. Computers and Composition 42: 80–94.
Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly. 2014. Flow and the Foundations of Positive Psychology: The Collected Works of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. New York: Springer.
Dimock, Michael. 2018. Defining generations: Where Millennials end and post-Millennials begin. Pew Research Center. Accessed May 12, 2018. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/03/01/defining-generations-where-millennials-end-and-post-millennials-begin/.
Dwoskin, Elizabeth. 2015. Lending startups look at borrowers’ phone usage to assess creditworthiness. Wall Street Journal, November 30. Accessed January 14, 2017. https://www.wsj.com/articles/lending-startups-look-at-borrowers-phone-usage-to-assess-creditworthiness-1448933308.
Dynarski, Susan. 2017. Laptops are great. But not during a lecture or a meeting. The New York Times, November 22. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/22/business/laptops-not-during-lecture-or-meeting.html?smid=tw-share. Accessed January 12, 2018.
Finnegan, Ruth. 1988. Literacy and Orality: Studies in the Technology of Communication. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Heidegger, Martin. 1977. The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays. New York: Harper & Row.
Kaczynski, Ted. 1995. Industrial Society and Its Future. Accessed January 2, 2018. http://editions-hache.com/essais/pdf/kaczynski2.pdf.
Kranzberg, Melvin. 1986. Technology and history: Kranzberg’s laws. Technology and Culture 27: 544–560.
Kumar, Santhosh, and Rahul P. Menon. 2017. Brand loyalty of customers in smartphone brands. Indian Journal of Marketing 47: 8–15.
Lancaster University. 2016. What your choice of smartphone says about you. ScienceDaily. Accessed November 30, 2017. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/11/161121144206.htm.
Lee, J. 2002. Tailoring cell phones for teenagers. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/30/technology/circuits/30TEEN.html?pagewanted=all.
Lee, Heyoung, Heejune Ahn, Trung Giang Nguyen, Sam-Wook Choi, and Dae Jin Kim. 2017. Comparing the self-report and measured smartphone usage of college students: A pilot study. Psychiatry Investigation 14: 198–204.
Leung, Louis, and Ran Wei. 1998. The gratifications of pager use: Sociability, information seeking, entertainment, utility, and fashion and status. Telematics and Informatics 15: 253–264.
Loh, Kep Kee, and Ryota Kanai. 2014. Higher media multi-tasking activity is associated with smaller gray-matter density in the anterior cingulate cortex. PLoS One 9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106698.
Lynch, Michael P. 2016. The Internet of Us: Knowing More and Understanding Less in the Age of Big Data. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation.
Mackay, Hughie, and Gareth Gillespie. 1992. Extending the social shaping of technology approach: Ideology and appropriation. Social Studies of Science 22: 685–716.
Mannering, Lindsay. 2015. Now playing in your headphones: Nothing. The New York Times, December 22. Accessed December 1, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/24/fashion/headphones-now-playing-nothing.html.
McLuhan, Marshall. 1964. Understanding Media: Extensions of Man. New York: McGraw-Hill.
McLuhan, Marshall, and Quentin Fiore. 1967. The Medium is the Massage: An Inventory of Effects. New York; London; Toronto: Bantam Books.
Meloncon, Lisa. 2014. Rhetorical Accessability. New York: Routledge.
Meyer, Evi. 2017. iPhone X—Top ‘notch’. Medium, September 25. Accessed November 2, 2017. https://medium.com/the-mission/iphone-x-top-notch-204e9284f54a.
Oulasvirta, A., T. Rattenbury, L. Ma, and E. Raita. 2012. Habits make smartphone use more pervasive. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 16 (1): 105–114.
Reid, Alan J., and Chelsea N. Thomas. 2017. A case study in smartphone usage and gratification in the age of narcissism. International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction 13: 40–56.
Selinger, Evan. 2012. The philosophy of the technology of the gun. The Atlantic, July 23. Accessed January 22, 2018. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/the-philosophy-of-the-technology-of-the-gun/260220/.
Shaw, Heather, David A. Ellis, Libby Rae Kendrick, Fenja Ziegler, and Richard Wiseman. 2016. Predicting smartphone operating system from personality and individual differences. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 19: 727–732.
Smith, Alexander. 2017. The vast majority of UK police don’t carry guns. Here’s why. NBC News, September 15. Accessed November 1, 2017. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/why-london-won-t-arm-all-police-despite-severe-terror-n737551.
Thatcher, Andrew, Gisela Wretschko, and Peter Fridjhon. 2008. Online flow experiences, problematic Internet use and Internet procrastination. Computers in Human Behavior 24: 2236–2254.
Thornton, Bill, Alyson Faires, Maija Robbins, and Eric Rollins. 2014. The mere presence of a cell phone may be distracting: Implications for attention and task performance. Social Psychology 45: 479–488.
van der Schuur, Winneke A., Susanne E. Baumgartner, Sindy R. Sumter, and Patti M. Valkenburg. 2018. Media multitasking and sleep problems: A longitudinal study among adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior 81: 316–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.12.024.
Ward, Adrian F., Kristen Duke, Ayelet Gneezy, and Maarten W. Bos. 2017. Brain drain: The mere presence of one’s own smartphone reduces available cognitive capacity. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research 2: 140–154.
Wei, Ran, and Ven-Hwei Lo. 2006. Staying connected while on the move: Cell phone use and social connectedness. New Media & Society 8: 53–72.
Williams, Raymond. 1974. Television: Technology and Cultural Form. New York: Schocken.
Williams, Robin, and David Edge. 1996. The social shaping of technology. Research Policy 25: 865–899.
Winner, Langdon. 1980. Do artifacts have politics? Daedalus 109: 121–136. Accessed June 26, 2017. http://innovate.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Winner-Do-Artifacts-Have-Politics-1980.pdf.
Winnick, Michael. 2016. Putting a finger on our phone obsession. dscout. Accessed May 4, 2017. https://blog.dscout.com/mobile-touches.
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Reid, A.J. (2018). Introduction. In: The Smartphone Paradox. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94319-0_1
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