Abstract
Healing properties of plants are known to the humans since ancient times. The use of natural medicines is an important issue. Medicinal plants are used as medicinal herb juices, raw as salad, in brewing, baking, ointment, and so on. This chapter includes data on the medicinal and aromatic plants of Iğdır (Turkey), Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan), and Tabriz (Iran), which have borders touching each other and have similar cultures. The main aim has been to analyze the distribution of the traditional medicinal plant knowledge in these three different sociolinguistic regions. The specific aims are to compare the composition and richness of medicinal ethnofloras and explore the factors that explain the variations. A total of 341 naturally distributed taxa belonging to 65 families are used in the traditional medicine in Iğdır (Turkey), Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan), and Tabriz (Iran). These belong to the families Asteraceae (63 taxa), Lamiaceae (39 taxa), Apiaceae (24 taxa), Fabaceae (23 taxa), and Rosaceae (23 taxa). These five families constitute 50.44% of the medicinal and aromatic plant species (MAPS) distributed in three neighboring states. Most common taxa among these are Achillea millefolium L. and Cichorium intybus L. (Asteraceae), Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and Melilotus officinalis (L.) Desr. (Fabaceae), Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. subsp. orientalis (Uglitzkich) Browicz and Rosa canina L. (Rosaceae), Peganum harmala L. (Nitrariaceae), Plantago major L. (Plantaginaceae), and Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae). The parts commonly used are leaves (100 taxa), followed by the herb (98 taxa), fruit (57 taxa), and root (54 taxa). Common preparations evaluated are decoction (161 taxa), followed by infusion (72 taxa), fresh (54 taxa), and poultice (40 taxa). Locals in the three states generally use herbal remedies for the treatment of digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, gynecological, skeletal–muscular, ear, nose and throat, and urogenital disorders as well as in dermal, neurological, and psyschological diseases and mouth and tooth and other ailments. A comparison on the basis of MAPS reveals that in all three areas, four taxa are widely distributed and used almost for the same applications: Glycyrrhiza glabra (for digestive and respiratory systems), Malus sylvestris ssp. orientalis (for respiratory system), Rosa canina (for digestive and urogenital systems), and Urtica dioica (for digestive system). The three neighboring states belonging to three countries show several resemblances from cultural and other aspects. These areas seem to embody a great potential for evaluation of MAPS and interesting folk medicine culture.
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Appendix 1: MAPS Distributed in the Study Areas (*Cultivated)
Appendix 1: MAPS Distributed in the Study Areas (*Cultivated)
Family–Taxa | Local name(s) | Preparations | Parts used | Treatment | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Iğdir (TR) | Nakhchivan (AZ) | Tabriz (IR) | |||||
Lycopodiophyta | |||||||
Lycopodiaceae | |||||||
1 | Lycоpоdium clаvаtum L. | SP | Diathesis, abscess | ||||
Pteridophyta | |||||||
Dryopteridaceae | |||||||
2 | Dryоptеris filiх-mаs (L.) Schоtt | AZ: Ayıdöşəyi | RO | Anthelmintic, antirheumatic, myalgia, vulnerary, ulcer | |||
Equisetaceae | |||||||
3 | Еquisеtum аrvеnsе L. | AZ: Qatırquyruğu; IR: Dom-e-asb (per.) | DE | HE, ST | Urinary system disorder, pulmonic disorder, dysentery, antirheumatic, tuberculosis, stomatitis, diarrhea | Diuretic | |
Pinophytina | |||||||
Cupressaceae | |||||||
4 | Junipеrus cоmmunis L. | AZ: Ardıc | FR | Antirheumatic, neuralgia, antitussive, gallbladder disorders, diuretic, digestive | |||
Pinaceae | |||||||
5 | Pinus sylvеstris L. | AZ: Adi şam | BD, LE | Rаchitism, skin disorders, scabies, angina, antitussive, diuretic | |||
Magnoliophytina | |||||||
Acoraceae | |||||||
6 | Аcоrus cаlаmus L. | RO | Appetizing, digestive, carminative, cholagogue | ||||
Adoxaceae | |||||||
7 | Sаmbucus nigrа L. | FR, IF | Cold, cardialgia, angina, respiratory system disorders, avitaminosis, malaria, diabetes, measles, kidney diseases, edema, diuretic | ||||
8 | Viburnum lantana L. | TR: Germeşo | DE | FR | Diabetes, diarrhea | ||
9 | Viburnum оpulus L. | BR, FR | Tuberculosis, tonsillitis, angina, whooping cough, gastrointestinal disorders, measles, skin disorders | ||||
Amaranthaceae | |||||||
10 | Beta corolliflora Zosimovic ex Buttler | TR: Kızılca, Sırk | DE | RO | Antihemorrhoidal | ||
11 | Chenopodium album L. | TR: Unluca; IR: Salmak, salmeh tareh (per.) salman tareh (tur.) | DE, PO, VA | AP, FL, LE | Diuretic, women’s sterility | Strong laxatives, constipation, fever, menstruation | |
12 | Chenopodium murale L. | TR: Salmanca | DE, VA | HE | Women’s sterility | ||
13 | Salsola rigida Pall. | IR: Alafe shoor | DE | AP | Removing intestinal worms (all the animals) | ||
Amaryllidaceae | |||||||
14 | Allium akaka S.G. Gmelin | TR: Dana soğanı; IR: Dagh soghani (tur.) Piaz-e-Kouhi (per.) | FE, PO | BU | Analgesic | Anxiety treatment | |
15 | Allium ampeloprasum L. | IR: Tare-kuhi | FE | WP | Disinfection, antiparasitic, anti-asthma, lowering blood pressure, atherosclerosis | ||
16 | Allium armenum Boiss. & Kotschy | TR: Silim soğanı | FE | LE | Orexigenic | ||
17 | Allium atroviolaceum Boiss. | TR: Silim soğanı | FE | LE | Orexigenic | ||
18 | Allium cepa L.* | IR: Soghan (tur.) Piaz (per.) | PO | BU | Anxiety treatment | ||
19 | Allium hooshidaryae Mashayekhi, Zarre & R.M. Fritsch | IR: Mandala | FE | AP | Bronchitis, amoebic dysentery, whooping cough, shortness of breath, blood pressure, blood purifier, vertigo, strengthening the nerves, arthritis | ||
20 | Allium longisepalum Bertol. | IR: Sire kuhi | FE | WP | Atherosclerosis, diarrhea, intestinal, influenza, bronchitis, diseases of amoebic dysentery, whooping cough, shortness of breath, blood pressure, blood purifier, vertigo, strengthening the nerves, arthritis | ||
21 | Allium sativum L.* | IR: Sarmsakh (tur.) Sir (per.) | PO | BU | Anxiety treatment | ||
22 | Allium scorodoprassum L. ssp. rotundum (L.) Stearn | TR: İt soğanı | DE, FE | BU, SE | Orexigenic, hypertension, anthelmintic, diuretic, antiseptic, goiter | ||
23 | Allium sp. | IR: Sir-e-vahshi (per.) | PO | BU | Anxiety treatment | ||
Anacardiaceae | |||||||
24 | Rhus cоriаriа L. | FR, LE | Malaria, stomachache, diarrhea, dysentery, diаbеtes, appetizing | ||||
Apiaceae | |||||||
25 | Anethum graveolens L.* | IR: Shood (tur.) Shevid (per.) | DE | SE, SH | Anxiety treatment | ||
26 | Anthriscus nemorosa (Bieb.) Spreng. | TR: Gımıgımı | DE | FR | Carminative | ||
27 | Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. | TR: Gımıgımı | DE | FR | Carminative | ||
28 | Cаrum cаrvi L. | AZ: Zire | FR | Gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory system disorders, kidney disorders, stomachache, digestive, appetizing | |||
29 | Chaerophyllum aureum L. | IR: Aghjeh bash (tur.) Jafari-ferangi khaldar (per.) | DE | SH | Anxiety treatment | ||
30 | Chaerophyllum macrospermum (Wild. ex Spreng.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Hohen. | IR: Jafari-farangi | DE, FE | WP | Powerful antioxidant | ||
31 | Coriandrum sativum L. | IR: Gashnish (tur.) Gheshniz (per.) | DE | SE, SH | Anxiety treatment | ||
32 | Echinophora platyloba DC. | IR: Tulukh-oti, Tiyakh-oti (tur.) Khosharizeh (per.) | DE | SH | Anxiety treatment | ||
33 | Eryngium sp. | IR: Zol, Boghnagh (per.) | DE | LE | Anxiety treatment | ||
34 | Falcaria vulgaris Bernh. | IR: Ghaz ayaghi, Ghaz yaghi (per. and tur.) | DE | SH | Blood purification, vascular diseases and prevent dental decay | ||
35 | Ferula caspica Bieb. | TR: Gırmızı bolu | DE | HE | Stomachache, gynecologic diseases, diabetes | ||
36 | Ferula rigidula Fisch. ex DC. | TR: Çaşır | PO | HE | Diabetes, hypercholesterolemia | ||
37 | Fоеniculum vulgаrе Mill. | AZ: Razyana | FR, HE | Cold, respiratory system disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, stomachache, cholagogue | |||
38 | Grammosciadium platycarpum Boiss. & Hausskn. | IR: Sourulu (tur.) Shevide kouhi (per.) | DE | SH | |||
39 | Heracleum lasiopetalum Boiss. | IR: Golpar-e-barfi | DE | AP | Gastrointestinal bloating, to increase milk in women, antiseptic | ||
40 | Heracleum persicum Desf. | IR: Baldirgan (tur.) Golpar (per. and tur.) | DE | FR, LE | |||
41 | Heracleum trachyloma Fisch. & C.A. Mey. | TR: Baldırgan | DE, FE | ST | Galactagogue, stomachache, cancer | ||
42 | Lаsеr trilоbum (L.) Bоrkh. | FR, LE, RO | Malaria, analgesic, tonic, antipyretic | ||||
43 | Oliveria decumbens Vent. | IR: La’le koohestan | DE | AP | Diarrhea (all animals) | ||
44 | Petroselinum crispum (Miller) A.W. Hill* | IR: Jafari (per. and tur.) | DE | SH | |||
45 | Peucedanum longifolium Waldst. & Kit. | TR: Çaşır | PI | HE | Diabetes, hypercholesterolemia | ||
46 | Prangos ferulacea (L.) Lindl. | IR: Jashir | DE | AP, LA | For treatment of uterus | For veterinary purposes (ruminants) | |
47 | Torilis leptophylla (L.) Rchb. f. | IR: Mastunak-e- nazok barg (per.) | DE | FL, SH | |||
48 | Zosima absinthifolia (Vent.) Link | TR: Bolu | DE | LE | Diabetes | ||
Apocynaceae | |||||||
49 | Nerium oleander L. | IR: Kharzahre | SM | LE | Oestrus ovis larvae (sheep) | ||
Aristolochiaceae | |||||||
50 | Aristolochia clematitis L. | IR: Ziravand | DE | AP | Cleaning the wounds (all animals) | ||
Asparagaceae | |||||||
51 | Аspаrаgus оfficinаlis L. | RO | Antirheumatic, diаbеtes, pulmonic disorders, whooping cough, nephralgia, urinary disorders, hepatic disorders, epilepsy, diuretic | ||||
52 | Ornithogalum kurdicum Bornm. | IR: Gol agha (tur.) Shir morgh (per.) | DE, FE | LE | Skin care, cataract, improves immune system | ||
Asteraceae | |||||||
53 | Achillea arabica Kotschy | TR: Ormaderen | DE, PO | CA, HE | Diuretic, asthma, cardiotonic, stomachic, carminative, orexigenic, tonic, colds, nephralgia, gynecologic diseases, women’ sterility, emmenagogue, jaundice, abscess, vulnerary, astringent, edema, erythema on skin | ||
54 | Achillea millefolium L. | TR: Civanperçemi; AZ: Boymaderen; IR: Boimadaran (tur.), Boomadaran (per.) | DE, PO | CA, FL, HE, LE, SH | Diuretic, carminative, menstrual disorders, stomachic, urinary antiseptic, antitussive, tonic, abdominal pain, colds, vulnerary, astringent | Gastritis, ulcer, diarrhea, internal bleeding, analgesic | Nerve diseases, venereal diseases (in women) |
55 | Achillea santolinoides Lag. subsp. wilhelmsii (K.Koch) Greuter | TR: Civanperçemi; IR: Boimadaran (tur.), Boomadaran (per.) | DE, IN | CA, FL, HE, LE, SH | Diuretic, abdominal pain, stomachic, emmenagogues, women’s sterility, antihemorrhoidal | ||
56 | Achillea tenuifolia Lam. | TR: Çoban kirpiği | IN | LE | Hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, asthma, bronchitis, cough | ||
57 | Anthemis cotula L. | TR: Hozan çiçeği | DE, IN | CA, HE, LE | Jaundice, dysentery, intestinal disorders, cough, stomachache, hair care | To avoid bee bites (for beekeepers) | |
58 | Arctium platylepis (Boiss. & Bal.) Sosn. ex Grossh. | TR: Devetabanı; IR: Baba adam (per.) | DE, PO, PU | BLE, FL, RO, SH | Edema, inflamed wounds, calcification (knee), back ache, snakebites | Skin diseases | |
59 | Artemisia absinthium L. | TR: Yavşan, Pire otu; AZ: Yovşan | DE | HE, IF, LE | Stomachic, sedative, anthelmintic, orexigenic, antipyretic, diuretic, digestive, headache, abdominal pain, asthma, diabetes, tonic | Anthelmintic, gastritis, anemia, cholagogue, hepatic disorders, gastrointestinal disorder, neuralgia, antirheumatic, bronchitis, asthma, eczema | |
60 | Artemisia austriaca Jacq. | TR: Yavşan | DE, IN | HE | Abdominal pain, orexigenic, digestive | ||
61 | Artemisia chamaemelifolia Vill. | TR: Yavşan | DE | FL, HE | Orexigenic, diabetes, antipyretic, diuretic | ||
62 | Artemisia herba-alba Asso | IR: Dermane | DE | AP | Removing intestinal worms (all animals) | ||
63 | Bellis perennis L.* | IR: Mina-e- chamani (per.) | FL | Skin diseases | |||
64 | Bidеns tripаrtitа L. | AZ: Yatıqqangal | BLE, HE | Rаchitism, diathesis, jaundice, skin disorders, arthritis, hepatic diseases, digestive, appetizing | |||
65 | Calendula officinalis L.* | IR: Gol-e-hamisheh bahar (per.) | DE | FL | Skin diseases | ||
66 | Centaurea glastifolia L. | TR: Kötangoparan | DE, PU | CA, LE | Orexigenic, astringent | ||
67 | Centaurea iberica Trev. ex Spreng | TR: Çakırdikeni | PU | LE | Vulnerary | ||
68 | Centaurea saligna (K.Koch) Wagenitz | TR: Hol | PU | LE | Astringent | ||
69 | Chondrilla juncea L. | TR: Ağ sakız | CH | LA | Stomach disorders | ||
70 | Cichorium intybus L. | TR: Cızdankuş; IR: Kasni (per.) | DE, PW | RO, WP | Dermatitis, vulnerary, balding | Dysentery, anemia, jaundice, cholagogue, hepatic disorders, kidney disorders, diabetes, antirheumatic, malaria, cold | Skin diseases |
71 | Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. | TR: Çakırdikeni; IR: Kangar-e-vahshi (per.) | DE, FE | FL, RO, ST | Orexigenic, tonic, antihemorrhoidal, cough, bronchitis | Skin diseases | |
72 | Cirsium sp. | IR: Kangar-e-vahshi (per.) | FE | FL, RO, ST | Skin diseases, disinfectant, tonic, antipyretic, digestive | ||
73 | Cnicus benedictus L. | IR: Khar moghaddas (per.) | DE | FL, SH | Wrinkles, headache, palpitations, jaundice, diarrhea, appetizer, liver and spleen problems | ||
74 | Cota tinctoria (L.) J.Gay ex Guss var. pallida (DC.) U.Özbek & Vural | TR: Papatya | DE, IN | CA | Stomachache, cough, intestinal disorders, hair care | ||
75 | Cota tinctoria (L.) J.Gay ex Guss. var. tinctoria | TR: Sarı papatya | IN, GA | CA | Jaundice, stomachic, anthelmintic, antipyretic, colds, sore throat | ||
76 | Cyanus cheiranthifolius (Willd.) Sojak var. cheiranthifolius | TR: Perpatyan, Perpatikanı | PO | LE | Mycodermatitis | ||
77 | Cyanus depressus (M.Bieb.) Sojak | TR: Göybaş; IR: Gol-e- gandom (per.) | DE | FL, HE, SH | Cardiotonic, asthma, expectorant, orexigenic | Skin diseases | |
78 | Echinops cephalotes DC. | IR: Shekar tighal (per.) | DE, IN | WP | Cough, anti-fever | ||
79 | Gundelia tournefortii L. | IR: Kangar-e-khoraki (per.) | LE, ST | Stomachache, anti-catarrh | |||
80 | Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench subsp. rubicundum (C. Koch) Davis & Kupicha | TR: Yayla çiçeği | IN | HE | Diuretic, nephralgia, kidney stones | ||
81 | Helichrysum pallasii (Sprengel) Ledeb. | TR: Altunbaş otu | IN | HE | Diuretic, cough, kidney stones, nephralgia | ||
82 | Helichrysum plicatum DC. | TR: Yayla çiçeği; AZ: Solmazçiçeyi | DE, IN | CA, HE | Kidney stones, nephralgia, diabetes, cough, diarrhea, diuretic, stomachic | Intestinal disorders, anthelmintic, hemafacient, skin disorders | |
83 | Inulа hеlеnium L. | AZ: Andız | RO | Gastrointestinal disorder, bronchitis, cold, antitussive, anthelmintic | |||
84 | Jurinella moschus (Habl.) Bobrov subsp. pinnatisecta (Boiss.) Danin & Davis | TR: Gazangulpu | DE | HE | Diabetes, diarrhea | ||
85 | Mаtricаriа chаmоmillа L. | AZ: Mollabaşı; IR: Baboone-e-almani, Baboone-e-mamooli (per.) | IN | CA, FL | Colic, carminative, diarrhea, inflamed wounds, swollen wounds, antirheumatic, bronchitis, asthma, eczema, gastritis, enteritis | Sedative, astringent, strengthening the stomach, hair care | |
86 | Onopordum acanthium L. | IR: Khar-e- panbeh, Khar-e-pirzan (per.) | DE | FL, SH | Skin care, stomach diseases, liver, fevers, paralysis, leprosy, backache | ||
87 | Picnomon acarna (L.) Cass. | IR: Zard khar | FE | AP | Appetizer, disinfection of intestine and stomach (goat) | ||
88 | Reichardia dichotoma (Vahl) Freyn | TR: Gara sakgız | IT | LA | Stomach disorders | ||
89 | Rhaponticum repens (L.) Hidalgo | IR: Talkheh (per.) | DE | FL, SH | Nerve diseases, venereal diseases (in women) | ||
90 | Scorzonera cana (C.A. Meyer) Griseb. var. jacquiniana (W. Koch) Chamberlain | TR: Yemlik | FE | LE | Orexigenic, galactagogue | ||
91 | Scorzonera laciniata L. subsp. laciniata | TR: Yemlik | FE | LE | Orexigenic, galactagogue | ||
92 | Scorzonera suberosa K.Koch subsp. suberosa | TR: Yemlik | FE | HE, RO | Orexigenic, galactagogue | ||
93 | Senecio vernalis Waldst. & Kit. | TR: Acı papatya | DE | HE | Anti-inflammatory | ||
94 | Senecio vulgaris L. | IR: Pir-giah (per.) | DE | WP | Regulate the menstrual cycle in women | ||
95 | Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. | IR: Khar Maryam (per.) | DE | FL | Anti-allergy, anticancer, antidepressants, antifungal, anti-edema, anti-inflammation, antiviral, laxative, diaphoretic | ||
96 | Tanacetum aureum (Lam.) Greuter var. aureum | TR: Çeren | DE | CA | Pulmonic disorders, colds, kidney stones, antipyretic | ||
97 | Tanacetum balsamita L. | IR: Shasparan (tur.) Shah sparam, Shah sparghan (per.) | PO | LE | Strengthen the stomach, carminative, antiseptic, mouth and digestive system, relieve pain, for halitosis, headache, nervous, cough, inflammation of the urinary tract system | ||
98 | Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.-Bip. | IR: Baboone-e-gavi, Mokhleseh (per.) | PO | FL, LE | Stomach tonic, appetizer | ||
99 | Tanacetum polycephalum Sch. Bip. subsp. argyrophyllum (K.Koch) Podlech | TR: Çeren | DE, IN | CA, HE | Pulmonic disorders, colds, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, scabies | ||
100 | Tanacetum punctatum (Desr.) Grierson | TR: Sendel | IN | HE | Emmenagogue, anti-inflammatory | ||
101 | Tаnаcеtum vulgаrе L. | CA, LE | Gastrointestinal disorder, diarrhea, exudative, headache, arthralgia, jaundice, hepatic disorders, scabies, skin disorders, anthelmintic | ||||
102 | Taraxacum androssovii Schischkin | TR: Zeze | IN, PO | LE | Antirheumatic, wounds, stomach disorders, internal medicine, kidney stones, anti-inflammatory | ||
103 | Taraxacum fedtschenkoi Hand.-Mazz. | TR: Zeze | IN, PO | LE | Antirheumatic, wounds, stomach disorders, internal medicine, kidney stones, anti-inflammatory | ||
104 | Taraxacum macrolepium Schischkin | TR: Zeze | IN, PO | LE | Antirheumatic, wounds, stomach disorders, kidney stones, anti-inflammatory | ||
105 | Taraxacum montanum (C.A. Mey.) DC. | IR: Khabar chin (tur.), Gol-e- ghased-e-kouhi (per.) | DE | Stomach tonic, bile secretion enhancer, acne, snakebite, itching, liver and kidney diseases | |||
106 | Tаrахаcum оfficinаlе Wigg. | AZ: Zencirotu | HE, RO | Constipation, eczema, skin disorders, burns, hepatic disorders, kidney disorders, malaria, anemia, antirheumatic, insomnia | |||
107 | Tragopogon coloratus C. A. Meyer | TR: At yemliği | FE | HE | Stomachache | ||
108 | Tragopogon dubius Scop. | TR: Yemlik | FE | HE | Stomachache | ||
109 | Tragopogon graminifolius DC | IR: Yemlik (tur.) Sheng (per.) | FE | LE | Treatment of stomach bleeding, rheumatism | ||
110 | Tragopogon pratensis L. | TR: At yemliği; IR: Sheng, yelmih (tur.) | FE | AP, HE | Stomachache | Eliminate warts, stomach bleeding, rheumatism | |
111 | Tragopogon reticulatus Boiss. & Huet | TR: At yemliği | FE | HE | Stomachache | ||
112 | Tripleurospermum monticolum (Boiss. & Huet) Bornm. | TR: Kır papatyası | DE, IN | CA | Hair care, colds, cough, antipyretic, stomachache | ||
113 | Tripleurospermum parviflorum (Willd.) Pobed. | TR: Papatya | DE, IN | CA | Hair care, colds, cough, antipyretic, stomachache | ||
114 | Tussilаgо fаrfаrа L. | AZ: Devedabanı | CA, LE | Gastrointestinal disorder, respiratory system disorders, nephritis, tuberculosis, inflamed wounds, skin disorders | |||
115 | Xanthium spinosum L. | IR: Zardineh-e-khar dar (per.) | DE | FL, FR, SH | Colds and rheumatism, skin problems, itching, malaria, fever, nasal inflammation | ||
Berberidaceae | |||||||
116 | Berberis crataegina DC. | TR: Zirinç | DE | FR | Colds, diabetes | ||
117 | Berberis vulgaris L. | TR: Zirinç; AZ: Zirinc | DE | BR, FR, LE, RO | Colds, diabetes | Rаchitism, anemia, malaria, antirheumatic, jaundice, diabetes, gastrointestinal disorder, angina, antitussive, eye diseases, cholagogue, internal bleeding | |
Betulaceae | |||||||
118 | Bеtulа pеndulа Rоth | AZ: Tozağacı | BD, IF, LE | Diuretic, cholagogue, avitaminosis, eczema, antirheumatic, scabies, anthelmintic, stomachache | |||
Boraginaceae | |||||||
119 | Anchusa azurea Miller | TR: Sığırdili | DE | BLE, HE, RO | Vulnerary, women’s sterility | ||
120 | Anchusa sp. | IR: Ghavzaban-e-badal (per.) | DE | FL | Blood purifier, sedative, diuretic, strengthens the kidneys, cold, cough, bronchitis | ||
121 | Caccinia macranthera (Banks & Sol.) Brand | IR: Gavzaban asa (per.) | DE | LE | Sedative, diuretic, strengthens the kidneys, cold, cough, bronchitis, antidepressants | ||
122 | Echium strigosum Sw. | IR: Gav zabane - kharakdar | PO | FL | Abscess (all animals) | ||
123 | Echium vulgare L. | RO | Astringent, anticolic | ||||
124 | Nonea macrosperma Boiss. & Heldr. | TR: Sormuk | PO | RO | Inflamed wounds | ||
125 | Nonea persica Boiss. | IR: Cheshm gorbeyi-e-irani (per.) | PO | FL, LE | Emollient, sedative and cardiotonic | ||
126 | Onosma sp. | IR: Zangooleyi (per.) | DE | RO | Laxative, stimulate, rheumatic, heart disease | ||
Brassicaceae | |||||||
127 | Аrmоrаciа rusticаnа (Lam.) P. Gaertn | RO | Scurvy, antirheumatic, otitis, angina, expectorant, appetizing, digestive | ||||
128 | Bunias orientalis L. | TR: Galatürpenk | FE | ST | Orexigenic | ||
129 | Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. | TR: Çobançantası; IR: Kise keshish (per.) | IN, PO, PU | HE, SH | Kidney stones, antitussive, diuretic, astringent | Anti-inflammation, wounds, epilepsy, astringent | |
130 | Cardamine uliginosa M.Bieb. | TR: Tere | DE, PU | HE | Orexigenic, cardialgia, gynecological diseases | ||
131 | Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb. ex Prantl | IR: Shuvaran (tur.) Khakshir-e-irani (per.) | BO, DE | SE, SH | Wounds, diarrhea, fever, inflammation of the kidneys and useful for pregnancy | ||
132 | Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. | TR: Türpenk | DE | ST | Anti-inflammatory, orexigenic | ||
133 | Lepidium draba L. | IR: Ozmak (per.) | FR | Astringent | |||
134 | Lepidium sativum L. | TR: Tere; IR: Shahi (tur. and per.) | DE | FR, LE, SE | Goiter | Liver and spleen diseases, asthma, cough, hemorrhoids, lack of vitamin C | |
135 | Nasturtium officinale R. Br. | IR: Boolagh oti (tur.) alaf-e-cheshmeh, tartizak-e-abi (per.) | FE | WP | Antipyretic, anthelmintic, diabetes, expectorant | ||
136 | Raphanus raphanistrum L. | IR: Torob-e-vahshi (per.) | PO | LE | Lack of vitamin C, kidney inflammation, kidney stones, chronic rheumatism, gout, asthma, jaundice | ||
137 | Raphanus sativus L.* | IR: Torobche noghli (per.) | DE, PO | FR, LE, RO | Cough, anti-diarrhea, digestive, fever, for hair growth | ||
138 | Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. | TR: Türpek | FE | HE | Orexigenic | ||
139 | Sisymbrium irio L. | IR: Khakshir-e-talkh (per.) | DE | SE | Diuretic, antipyretic, kidney inflammation, for measles treatment, hives | ||
140 | Sobolewskia clavata (Boiss.) Fenzl | TR: Yel otu | PO | HE | Antirheumatic | ||
Cannabaceae | |||||||
141 | Humulus lupulus L. | IF | Antispasmodic, analgesic, sedative, somniferous, appetizing, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, anthelmintic | ||||
Capparaceae | |||||||
142 | Capparis sicula Veill. subsp. herbacea (Willd.) Inocencio | TR: Yılan yemişi | PO | FR | Antirheumatic | ||
143 | Capparis spinosa L. | IR: Dagh garpouzi (tur.) Kabar, Kavar, alaf-e-mar(per.) | DE | BR, FL, RO | Sedative, the removal and disposal of asthma attacks, cough | ||
Caprifoliaceae | |||||||
144 | Cephalaria procera Fisch. & Ave-Lall. | TR: Ganteper | DE | CA | Colds, cough, pulmonic disorders, cardiotonic | ||
Caryophyllaceae | |||||||
145 | Hеrniаriа glаbrа L. | HE | Kidney disorders, urinary system disorders, enuresis, nephritis, antirheumatic | ||||
146 | Silene compacta Fisch. ex Hornem. | TR: Horoz pipiği | PU | LE | Vulnerary | ||
147 | Silene latifolia Poir. subsp. eriocalycinae (Boiss.) Greuter & Burdet | TR: Garagile | DE | HE | Eczema | ||
148 | Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert | IR: Sabunak (per.) | PO | WP | Carminative, stomach and intestine diseases, stimulate, increasing blood flow and cardiac activity | ||
Convolvulaceae | |||||||
149 | Convolvulus arvensis L. | TR: Dolaşkan; IR: Pichak, pichak-e-sahrayi (per.) | DE, PO | LE, RO | Stomachic | Laxatives, vascular diseases, for liver infection | |
150 | Convolvulus scammonia L. | TR: Dolaşkan | PO | LE | Stomachic | ||
151 | Cressa cretica L. | CR, DE | LE | Diuretic, wounds | |||
Cornaceae | |||||||
152 | Cоrnus mаs L. | FR, LE | Diarrhea, gastrointestinal disorders, diаbеtes, malaria, dysentery, digestive, tonic | ||||
Cucurbitaceae | |||||||
153 | Bryоniа аlbа L. | RO | Antirheumatic, cardiotonic | ||||
154 | Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. | IR: Hendevaneye abujah | DE | FR, LE | Wound healing and disinfection (dog and donkey) | ||
Elaeagnaceae | |||||||
155 | Elaeagnus angustifolia L. | TR: İğde; IR: Ideh (tur.) Senjed (per.) | DE, FE, IN | BR, FL, FR, LE, SE | Diarrhea, constipation, sunstroke | Flu, bronchi infection, fever, strengthening the stomach, liver diseases | |
156 | Elaeagnus rhаmnоidеs (L.) A.Nelson | FR | Avitaminosis, wounds, stomatitis, respiratory system disorders, tuberculosis, cancer, ulcer, burns | ||||
Ericaceae | |||||||
157 | Vаccinium myrtillus L. | FR, LE | Enuresis, antirheumatic, gastritis, tonsillitis, stomatitis, arthralgia, diarrhea, dysentery, anthelmintic, gastrointestinal disorders | ||||
158 | Vаccinium vitis-idаеа L. | FR, LE | Hepatic disorders, gastritis, scurvy, antirheumatic, enuresis, anthelmintic, diarrhea | ||||
Euphorbiaceae | |||||||
159 | Euphorbia heteradena Jaub. & Spach. | IR: Farfion, Shir-sag (per.) | DE | RO, SH | Laxative, emetic, nerve pain and arthritis | ||
160 | Euphorbia macroclada Boiss. | TR: Sütlüyen | DAP | LA | Constipation, inflamed wounds, scorpion and bee bites | ||
161 | Euphorbia marschalliana Boiss. subsp. armena (Prokh.) Oudejans | TR: Sütlübiyan | DAP | LA | Constipation, inflamed wounds, scorpion and bee bites | ||
162 | Euphorbia seguieriana Necker subsp. seguieriana | TR: Sütlüyen | DAP | LA | Constipation, inflamed wounds, scorpion and bee bites | ||
163 | Ricinus communis L. | IR: Karchak | OI | FR | Treatment of bloat and rumen indigestion (ruminants) | ||
Fabaceae | |||||||
164 | Alhagi maurorum Medik. subsp. graecorum (Boiss.) Awmack & Lock | IR: Goy tikan (tur.) Khar shotor, Toranjabin (per.) | DE | FL, RO | Laxative, anti-fever in contagious disease | ||
165 | Alhagi maurorum Medik. subsp. maurorum | TR: Devedişi | DE | HE | Tonic | ||
166 | Astragalus aureus Willd. | IR: Geven | CH, DE | GU, RO | Stomachache, sore throat, jaundice | ||
167 | Astragalus sp. | IR: Gavan (per. and tur.) | FE, IN, SM | AP, FR | Analgesic, anti-flatulence; for veterinary purposes (Oestrus ovis larvae (sheep)) | ||
168 | Gаlеgа оfficinаlis L. | HE | Cardiovascular system, diabetes | ||||
169 | Glycyrrhiza glabra L. | TR: Meyan; AZ: Biyan; IR: Shirin bayan, mak (per.) | DAP, DE | LE, RO | Cough, bronchitis, stomachic, asthma, nephralgia, diuretic, epilepsy, cancer, kidney stones, sunstroke | Ulcer, inflamed wounds, Addisоn disease, antitussive, tuberculosis, bronchitis, eczema | Sedative, cough, bronchitis, inflammation of trachea, ulcer, to relieve pain |
170 | Lathyrus cicera L. | TR: Gürül | PU | HE | Edema | ||
171 | Lathyrus rotundifolius Willd. subsp. miniatus (Bieb. Ex Stev.) Davis | TR: Gülçiçeği | DE, PO | HE, LE | Goiter, antirheumatic | ||
172 | Lotus corniculatus L. var. corniculatus | TR: Gazalboynuzu | DE | HE | Sedative, antihemorrhoidal, abdominal pain, diuretic, stomachache, nephralgia | ||
173 | Medicago sativa L. | TR: Karayonca; IR: Yonja (tur.) Yonjeh. (per.) | DE, FE, PU | HE, LE, SH | Wounds, astringent | Vascular diseases, vitamin for infant nutrition, for rickets | |
174 | Melilotus officinalis (L.) Desr. | TR: Kokulu yonca; AZ: Heşenbül; IR: Sari yonja (tur.) Yonjeh-e-zard, Aklilolmalek (per.) | FE, IN | FL, HE, LE | Anemia, sedative, constipation, antirheumatic | Respiratory system disorders, expectorant, pectoral, cold, swollen wounds, inflamed wounds | Emollient, insomnia, diuretic, nerve pain, migraines, rheumatic |
175 | Onobrychis stenostachya Freyn subsp. sosnowskyi (Grossh.) Hedge | TR: Körülgen | DE | HE | Diuretic | ||
176 | Onobrychis transcaucasica Grossh. | TR: Gorunga | DE | HE | Diuretic | ||
177 | Phaseolus vulgaris L. | IR: Loobia (tur. and per.) | DE | SE | Kidney stones, emollient, cardiotonic, diuretic, cholesterol, lowering blood pressure, constipation | ||
178 | Securigera orientalis (Mill.) Lassen subsp. orientalis | TR: Yonca | FE | LE | Nephralgia | ||
179 | Sophora alopecuroides L. | TR: Acıbiyan; IR: Aji bayan (tur.) talkh bayan (per.) | DE, DI | LE, RO | Scabies | Laxative, hemorrhoids, ulcers, fever, vascular diseases, brain hemorrhage | |
180 | Trifolium ambiguum Bieb. | TR: Alma otu | DE, FE | HE | Galactagogue, antihemorrhoidal, tonic, intestinal disorders | ||
181 | Trifolium pratense L. | IR: Ouch-yarpakh (tur.) Shabdar-e-ghermez, Shabdar-e-chamanzari (per.) | DE, FE | FL | Laxatives, astringent, sterilization of chest, anti-asthma, stomach cancer | ||
182 | Trifolium repens L. | IR: Ouch-yarpakh (tur.) Shabdar-e-sefid, shabdar-e-khazandeh (per.) | DE, FE | FL | Diarrhea, astringent, cough, chest sterilization, asthma, stomach and throat cancer | ||
183 | Trigonella foenum-graceum L. | IR: Shanbalileh (tur. and per.) | DI | SH | Tonic, diuretic, swollen spleen, liver, pain, bladder discomfort, hemorrhoids | ||
184 | Trigonella sp. | IR: Shanbalileh (tur. and per.) | DI | SH | Tonic, diuretic, swollen spleen, liver, pain, bladder discomfort, hemorrhoids | ||
185 | Vicia cracca L. subsp. cracca | TR: Gürül | FE | SE | Stomachache, headache | ||
186 | Vicia sativa L. | IR: Mash (tur.) Mashak, Gav-daneh, karsaneh (per.) | FE, IN | SE | Bladder inflammation, tonic, cough, skin diseases | ||
Fagaceae | |||||||
187 | Fаgus оriеntаlis Lipsky | BR, FR | Respiratory system disorder, pulmonic disorder, tuberculosis, skin disorder | ||||
188 | Quеrcus rоbur L. | AZ: Meşe | BR, FR | Stomatitis, gingivitis, tonsillitis, intestinal diseases, stomachache, burn, skin disorder | |||
Gentianaceae | |||||||
189 | Cеntаurium erythraea Raffn | AZ: Qızılçetir | HE | Cholagogue, hepatic diseases, gastritis, indigestion, wounds, plеuritic, pulmonic disorders, anthelmintic, diuretic | |||
Geraniaceae | |||||||
190 | Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Her. | IR: Nok laklaki-e-harz (per.) | DE, PO | SE | Astringent, galactagogue, wash on animal bites, skin infection, diuretic, lack of vitamin K | ||
191 | Geranium tuberosum L. | IR: Shamdani-e-vahshi, soozan-e-choupan-e-ghodeh dar (per.) | OI | SH | Treatment of cholera, wrinkles and skin irritations, antidepressants | ||
Grossulariaceae | |||||||
192 | Ribеs nigrum L. | AZ: Qarağat | FR, LE | Avitaminosis, gastritis, cold, anemia, antirheumatism, kidney disorders, respiratory system disorders, skin disorders, cardiovascular system disorders | |||
Hypericaceae | |||||||
193 | Hypericum montbretii Spach | TR: Çay otu | DE | HE | Kidney stones, stomach disorders, ulcer, antihemorrhoidal | ||
194 | Hypericum perforatum L. | TR: Çay otu; AZ: Dazı | DE | HE | Stomachache, ulcer, antiseptic, vulnerary, sedative, kidney disorders, antihemorrhoidal | Gastrointestinal disorders, hepatitis, stomatitis, angina, tonsillitis, cardialgia, antirheumatic, tuberculosis, internal bleeding, swollen wounds, inflamed wounds, abscess, wounds, burns, anthelmintic, diuretic | |
195 | Hypericum scabrum L. | TR: Çay otu, Mide otu; IR: Gol-e- raee-e-deyhimi, Alaf-e-chai-e-deyhimi (per.) | DE, IN | FL, HE, SH | Constipation, antihemorrhoidal, kidney disorders, stomach disorders, ulcer, jaundice, menstrual disorders, analgesic, sedative | Energy providers, digestive, sedative, urinary tract antiseptic, anti-catarrh, diuretic, astringent, strengthening the nerves, uterine diseases | |
Iridaceae | |||||||
196 | Iris x gеrmаnicа L. | RH | Tuberculosis, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory system disorders, kidney and urinary infection, plеuritic, hepatic disease | ||||
197 | Iris reticulata M. Bieb. | IR: Norous-gouli (tur.) Zanbagh-e-moshabbak (per.) | IN | Diuretic, lung infection, anthelmintic, laxative | |||
Ixioliriaceae | |||||||
198 | Ixiolirion tataricum (Pall.) Schult. & Schult.f. | IR: Khiarak (per.) | DE | BU | Blood purification, diarrhea, gout disease | ||
Juglandaceae | |||||||
199 | Juglans regia L. | IR: Girdakan (tur.) Gerdoo (per.) | DE | FR, LE | Astringent | ||
Lamiaceae | |||||||
200 | Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb. subsp. chia (Schreb.) Arcang. | TR: Mayasılotu | DE | HE | Tonic, antipyretic, emmenagogue, antihemorrhoidal diuretic, vulnerary | ||
201 | Dracocephalum moldavica L. | IR: Badrashbi (per.) | PO | SE, SH | Painkiller, for relaxation, insomnia | ||
202 | Lаmium аlbum L. | FL | Internal bleeding, wound healing, gastrointestinal disorder, insomnia, neuralgia, cystitis | ||||
203 | Lavandula vera DC.* | IR: Ostokhoddus (tur. and per.) | DE, OI | FL, LE | Headaches, asthma, arthritis, gout, stomach tonic, insomnia, sedative, anti-stress, and antidepressants | ||
204 | Leonurus glaucescens Bunge | TR: Öküzguyruğu | IN, PO | HE, RO | Cardiotonic, inflamed wounds | ||
205 | Lеоnurus quinquеlоbаtus Gilib. | AZ: Şirguyruğu | HE | Sedative, neuralgia, cardiac diseases | |||
206 | Marrubium astracanicum Jacq. subsp. astracanicum | TR: Dağ çayı | IN | HE | Colds, antipyretic | ||
207 | Marrubium parviflorum Fisch. & Mey. subsp. oligodon (Boiss.) Seybold | TR: Dağ çayı | IN | HE | Colds, antipyretic | ||
208 | Mentha longifolia (L.) L. | TR: Yarpuz; IR: Yarpuz (tur.) Pouneh (per.) | DE, FE, IN, PO, PW | HE, LE, SH | Colds, flu, cough, catarrh, abdominal pain, menstrual pain, stomachic, bronchitis, headache, pulmonic disorders, diarrhea, asthma, antihemorrhoidal | Expectorant, whooping cough, carminative, jaundice, gum diseases, relieve epilepsy, urinary retention | |
209 | Mentha x piperita L. | IR: Naana (tur. and per.) Naana felfeli (per.) | DE, FE, PO | SH | Painkiller, energy providers, stomachache, diarrhea, fever, colds, carminative, jaundice | ||
210 | Nepeta haussknechtii Bornm. | IR: Pooneh say-e-eraghi (per.) | DE | SH | Stomachache, relaxation, anti-fever | ||
211 | Ocimum basilicum L. | IR: Reyhan, Reyhan banafsh (tur. and per.) Tokhme sharbati (per.) | IN | SE, SH | Boost digestion, diuretic, headaches, nervous, dizziness, nausea, cough, angina, whooping cough, increases milk | ||
212 | Origanum vulgare L. subsp. gracile (K. Koch) Ietsw. | TR: Eşek kekiği; AZ: Qaraqınıq | DE, IN | HE | Vulnerary, stomachache, hypertension, headache, asthma, toothache | Stomatitis, toothache, abscess, skin disorders, antirheumatic, carminative, stomachache, epilepsy, paralysis, antitussive, appetizing | |
213 | Phlomis armeniaca Willd. | TR: Çöl çayı | IN | HE | Antipyretic, colds, asthma, bronchitis | ||
214 | Rosmarinus officinalis L.* | IR: Rozmari (tur. and per.) Aklil-e-kouhi (per.) | OI | FL, LE | Strengthening hair and prevent hair loss | ||
215 | Salvia hydrangea DC. ex Bentham | TR: Koç otu; IR: Maryam goli (tur. and per.) Maryam goli-e-tamashayi (per.) | DE, IN | FL, HE, SH | Colds, diabetes, stomach disorders, antipyretic, emmenagogue | Strengthen the body and spirit, wounds, skin irritations, swelling of throat | |
216 | Salvia nemorosa L. | TR: Çöl çayı | DE, IN, PU | HE | Astringent, colds, catarrh | ||
217 | Salvia palaestina Benth. | IR: Maryam - goli phelestini | PA | FL, LE | Appetizer (ruminant) | ||
218 | Salvia verticillata L. subsp. amasiaca (Freyn. & Bornm.) Bornm. | TR: Karabaş otu | IN | HE | Laxative, colds | ||
219 | Salvia verticillata L. subsp. verticillata | TR: Karabaş otu | DE | HE | Catarrh, colds, laxative | ||
220 | Satureja hortensis L. | IR: Marzeh (tur. and per.) | DE, IN | SE, SH | Muscle pain, rheumatism | ||
221 | Satureja sahendica Bornm. | IR: Dagh marzasi (tur.) Marzeh-e-sahandi (per.) | IN | SH | Cough and expectorant, carminative, antiparasitic, stomach cramps | ||
222 | Scutellaria orientalis L. | TR: Sancı otu | IN | HE, RO | Abdominal pain, nephralgia, carminative | Cardiovascular diseases, neuralgia, headache, insomnia, whooping cough, epilepsy, antirheumatic, bronchitis, pulmonic disorders, anthelmintic, dysentery, tonic | |
223 | Stachys annua (L.) L. subsp. annua var. lycaonica Bhattacharjee | TR: Dağ çayı | DE | HE | Colds, antipyretic | ||
224 | Stachys iberica Bieb. subsp. georgica Rech. f. | TR: Dağ çayı | DE | HE | Colds, antipyretic | ||
225 | Stachys iberica Bieb. subsp. stenostachya (Boiss.) Rech. f. | TR: Dağ çayı | DE | HE | Colds, antipyretic, stomachache | ||
226 | Stachys inflata Benth. | IR: Sonbole-e-badkonaki, sonbole-e-arghavani (per.) | DE | LE | Nervous disorders and hysteria, antispasmodic, sedative, fever, insomnia, stomach, anthelmintic, antiexcitement, migraine, anxiety, melancholy diseases, sciatica pain, hiccups, chest pain, emetic | ||
227 | Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. | TR: Dağ çayı; IR: Tooklije (tur.) chai-e-alafi, chai-e-kouhi, sonbole-e-ziba (per.) | DE, IN | HE, LE, SH | Antipyretic, cough | Stomach, anthelmintic, antiexcitement, migraine, anxiety, melancholy diseases, sciatica pain, hiccups, chest pain, emetic | |
228 | Teucrium polium L. | TR: Daşkekiği | DE, FE | HE | Stomach, diarrhea, antihemorrhoidal, internal medicine, diabetes, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, edema, stomachache, digestive, tuberculosis, abdominal pain | ||
229 | Thymus fallax Fisch. & C.A.Mey. | TR: Kekik | DE, IN | HE | Backache, hypertension, anti-inflammatory, cancer, enteralgia, anthelmintic, diabetes, colds, abdominal ailments | ||
230 | Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen. subsp. kotschyanus | TR: Kekik | DE, IN | HE | Backache, hypertension, anti-inflammatory, cancer, enteralgia, anthelmintic, diabetes, colds, abdominal ailments | ||
231 | Thymus migricus Klokov & Des.-Shost. | TR: Kekik | IN | HE | Backache, hypertension, enteralgia, anti-inflammatory, cancer, anthelmintic | ||
232 | Thymus praecox Opiz. subsp. grossheimii (Ronniger) Jalas | TR: Kekik | IN | HE | Hypertension, enteralgia, anti-inflammatory, cancer, anthelmintic, colds | ||
233 | Thymus pubescens Boiss. & Kotschy ex Celak. | IR: Avishan-e-kork alood (per.) | IN | SH | Cough, bronchitis, joint pain, muscle pain | ||
234 | Thymus sp. | IR: Kahlik oti (tur.) Avishan (per.) | IN | SH | Disinfection, antiparasitic, strengthness the kidneys, cough, bronchitis, joint pain, muscle pain | ||
235 | Thymus transcaucasicus Ronniger | TR: Kekik | IN | HE | Backache, hypertension, enteralgia, anti-inflammatory, cancer, anthelmintic | Whooping cough, bronchitis, dysentery, angina, antitussive, cold, carminative, stomachache, tachycardia | |
236 | Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. | TR: Reyhan; IR: Kakoti kouhi, Naana kouhi (per) | IN | HE, LE | Stomachache, carminative, orexigenic, colds | Fever, smoothing chest, carminative, cough | |
237 | Ziziphora taurica M.Bieb. subsp. taurica | TR: Merze | IN | HE | Carminative, orexigenic, stomachache, hypertension | ||
238 | Ziziphora tenuior L. | IR: Kakoti (per.) | IN | LE | Fever, smoothing chest, carminative | ||
Lythraceae | |||||||
239 | Punicа grаnаtum L. | AZ: Nar | BR, FR | Gastrointestinal disorders, wound, anthelmintic, cardialgia, gingivitis, kidney disease, diabetes, antipyretic, scurvy, cold, antitussive, antirheumatic, tonic | |||
Malvaceae | |||||||
240 | Alcea striata (DC.) Alef. subsp. rufescens (Boiss.) Cullen | TR: Gül çiçek | DE, IN | FL, LE | Anti-inflammatory, anemia, cough | ||
241 | Аlthаеа оfficinаlis L. | AZ: Balgamotu | RO | Respiratory system disorders, ulcer, diarrhea, gastritis, stomachache, anthelmintic, cystitis, angina | |||
242 | Althea sp. | IR: Khatmi (tur. and per.) | DE | FL, RO | Cough, skin diseases, fever, diuretic, analgesic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, anthelmintic | ||
243 | Malva neglecta Wallr. | TR: Ebemkömeci; IR: Aman-komanji (tur.) Panirak-e-mamouli (per.) | DE, PO, PU, PW | FL, FR, HE, LE, RO | Asthma, abdominal pain, ulcer, colds, stomachic, digestive, sore throat, constipation, emmenagogue, anti-inflammatory, abscess, vulnerary, gynecologic diseases, women’s sterility, edema, analgesic, abortive | Cough, diuretic | |
244 | Mаlvа sylvеstris L. | AZ: Emekömeci; IR: Aman-komanji (tur.) Panirak (per.) | DE | FL, LE | Respiratory system disorders, gastrointestinal disorder, angina, antitussive, cold | Anti-infection, cough | |
Moraceae | |||||||
245 | Mоrus аlbа L. | AZ: Tut | FR, LE, RO | Cardiovascular system disorders, anemia, scarlatina, ulcer, antirheumatic, anthelmintic, cold, epilepsy, scabies | |||
Nitrariaceae | |||||||
246 | Peganum harmala L. | TR: Üzerlik; AZ: Üzerrik; IR: Uzarik (tur.) Espand, Esfand (per.) | DE, SM | HE, RO, SE | Antirheumatic, antihemorrhoidal | Sedative, neuralgia, Parkinson, cold, malaria, antirheumatic, scabies, diuretic, exudative, stomach disorders | Disinfectant, snakebite (all the animals) |
Oleaceae | |||||||
247 | Fraxinus excelsior L.* | IR: Goush-dili (tur.) Zaban gonjeshk (per.) | DE | BR, LE | Antipyretic, expectorant, astringent, diuretic, laxative, diarrhea, rheumatism, gout | ||
Papaveraceae | |||||||
248 | Chеlidоnium mаjus L. | AZ: Ziyilotu, Dəmrovotu | HE | Anti-verrucous, wounds, ulcer, skin cancer, cholagogue, jaundice | |||
249 | Fumaria asepala Boiss. | TR: Şetere; IR: Shah tareh-e-bikasbarg (per.) | DE, PW | HE, SH | Headache, itching, antiseptic | Sore throat, diuretic, diaphoretic, stomach tonic, blood purifier, appetizer, leprosy, skin diseases | |
250 | Fumаriа оfficinаlis L. | AZ: Şahtere | HE | Avitaminosis, gastrointestinal disorders, carminative, anemia, jaundice, astringent, appetizing | |||
251 | Fumaria schleicheri Soy-Will. subsp. microcarpa (Hausskn.) Liden | TR: Şetere | PW | HE | Headache, itching, antiseptic | ||
252 | Papaver lacerum Popov | TR: Haşhaş | FE | BD | Goiter | ||
253 | Papaver orientale L. | TR: Haşhaş | IN | LE | Asthma | ||
254 | Papaver rhoeas L. | IR: Ghincha (tur.) Shaghayegh (per.) | DE | FR | Emollient, cough, bronchitis, catarrh, lung diseases, asthma, ear pain, dysentery | ||
255 | Roemeria hybrida (L.) DC. | IR: Gol-e-arousak-e-banafsh (per.) | IN | Relaxation | |||
Plantaginaceae | |||||||
256 | Plantago atrata Hoppe | TR: Dartul otu | FE | LE | Astringent, inflamed wounds, vulnerary | ||
257 | Plantago lanceolata L. | TR: Sinir otu; IR: Garni-yarikh (tur.) Barhang-e-sarneyzeyi, Kardi (per.) | DE, FE, VA | LE, WP | Abscess, antiparasitic, vulnerary, astringent, anti-inflammatory, gynecologic diseases, stomachic, ulcer | Anti-catarrh, urinary tract diseases, kidney diseases, constipation, bladder discomfort | |
258 | Plantago major L. | TR: Bağa yaprağı; AZ: Bağayarpağı; IR: Bozousha (tur.), Barhang-e-kabir (per.) | DE | HE, LE, WP | Abscess, vulnerary, anti-inflammatory, stomachic, ulcer | Ulcer, gastrointestinal disorders, antitussive, wounds, whooping cough, burns | Anti-catarrh, urinary tract, kidney diseases, bladder discomfort |
259 | Plantago media L. | TR: Kılıçotu; IR: Garni-yarikh (tur.) Barhang-e-moattar (per.) | DE, FE | LE, WP | Astringent, anti-inflammatory | Anti-catarrh, urinary tract and kidney diseases, constipation, bladder discomfort | |
260 | Veronica ceratocarpa C.A.Mey. | IR: Sizab-e-moshabbak, Sizab-e-miveh shakhi (per.) | FE | FL | Anti-scurvy, diuretic, wound, constipation | ||
261 | Veronica orientalis Mill. | TR: Gözmuncuğu çiçeği | IN | HE | Kidney stones, pulmonic disorders | ||
Poaceae | |||||||
262 | Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. | IR: Dom roubahi moushi (per.) | IN | Sedative | |||
263 | Avena sativa L.* | IR: Youlaf (tur. and per.) | DE | SE | Heart disease, laxative, anticancer | ||
264 | Bromus japonicus Thunb. | IR: Jarou alafi-e-japoni (per.) | OI | Accelerate hair growth and stop hair loss | |||
265 | Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. | IR: Chayer (tur. and per.) | DI | WP | Vascular diseases | ||
266 | Hordeum spontaneum K. Koch. | IR: Arpa (tur.) Jo-e-vahshi (per.) | DE | Indigestion, fever, loss of milk production, astringent, headaches, flatulent, swelling of throat, sore throat, constipation | |||
267 | Lolium perenne L. | IR: Chacham-e-chand saleh (per.) | IN | SE | Hypnotic, joint pain | ||
268 | Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. | IR: Ghamish (tur.) Ney (per.) | IN | RH | Spasms of the liver and spleen, toothache, chest pains | ||
269 | Zea mays L.* | IR: Makka (tur.) Zorrat (per.) | OI | COS | Tonic, eczema and high blood cholesterol | ||
Polygonaceae | |||||||
270 | Polygonum aviculare L. | TR: Kuşdili; IR: Alaf-e-haft band (per.) | DE, IN, PO | HE, LE, ST | Cough, antirheumatic, anemia, stomach disorders | Astringent, tonic, wounds, diarrhea, dysentery, intestinal inflammation, vaginal discharge, asthma | |
271 | Polygonum bistorta L. subsp. bistorta | TR: Çimen eveliği | IN | HE | Sore throat, expectorant | ||
272 | Polygonum cognatum Meissn. | TR: Kuş eppeği | DE, IN | HE | Abscess, emetic, cough, antirheumatic, anemia, stomach disorders | ||
273 | Rheum ribes L. | TR: Işgın; IR: Rivas | DE, FE, PU | PET, RO, SH | Ulcer, diarrhea, anthelmintic, expectorant, antihemorrhoidal, digestive, stomachic, diabetes, tonic, emetic, constipation, hypertension | Jaundice, typhoid, diarrhea, bile diseases | |
274 | Rhеum rupеstrе Litv. | RO | Appetizer, skin disorders, cholagogue | ||||
275 | Rumех cоnfеrtus Willd. | AZ: Eveliyi | FR, LE, RO | Gastrointestinal disorders, indigestion, inflammation of intestine, diarrhea, dysentery, avitaminosis, pulmonic disorders, mouth wounds, gastritis, anal fissure, cholagogue | |||
276 | Rumex crispus L. | TR: Evelik | DE, PU | FR, LE | Cough, colds, asthma, anti-inflammatory, antihemorrhoidal, gynecologic diseases, antirheumatic, goiter | ||
277 | Rumex patientia L. | TR: At eveliği; IR: Avalik (tur.) Torshak-e-shafadahandeh, Torshak-e-bimarkhiz (per.) | DE, IN | LE, SH | Internal medicine | Urinary tract diseases, gingivitis, skin care, acne, colic, hepatitis, chronic constipation | |
278 | Rumex scutatus L. | TR: Taş turşusu | FE, IN | LE, RO | Diuretic, antipyretic, orexigenic | ||
279 | Rumex tuberosus L. subsp. horizontalis (Koch) Reich. f. | TR: Köme turşusu | FE, IN | LE, RO | Diuretic, antipyretic, orexigenic | ||
Portulacaceae | |||||||
280 | Portulaca oleracea L. | IR: Parpane (tur.) Khorfeh (tur. and per.) | IN | WP | Diuretics, anti-scurvy, fever, blood purifier, pain, gastrointestinal tract inflammations, cough, and insomnia | ||
Primulaceae | |||||||
281 | Primula auriculata Lam. | TR: Mustafa çiçeği | IN | HE | Stomachic | ||
Ranunculaceae | |||||||
282 | Adonis aestivalis L. | IR: Jin-lalasi (tur.) Chesh khorous-e-tabestaneh (per.) | DE, FE | SH | Hair growth, boosting sexual power, old wounds, joint pain | ||
283 | Caltha palustris L. | TR: Lulpar | PO | PET | Internal medicine | ||
284 | Clematis orientalis L. | TR: Pamukotu | PU | HE | Antirheumatic, abscess, mycodermatitis | ||
285 | Nigеllа sаtivа L. | SE | Pancreatitis, hepatitis, gastritis, anthelmintic, exudative, diuretic, eczema, antitussive | ||||
286 | Pulsatilla violacea Rupr. subsp. armena (Boiss.) Lufenov | TR: Dağ lalesi | IN, VA | LE | Respiratory system disorders, headache, sinusitis, tonic, diuretic, expectorant | ||
287 | Ranunculus arvensis L. | TR: Yara otu; IR: Alaleh (per.) | DE, PU | HE, RO, WP | Swollen wounds, antirheumatic | Skin illness, rheumatism, gout, neuralgia, influenza, and meningitis | |
288 | Ranunculus caucasicus Bieb. subsp. subleiocarpus (Som. & Lev.) Davis | TR: Yara otu | DE, PU | HE, RO | Swollen wounds, antirheumatic | ||
289 | Ranunculus oreophilus M.Bieb. | TR: Yara otu | DE, PU | HE, RO | Swollen wounds, antirheumatic | ||
290 | Thalictrum minus L. var. microphyllum Boiss. | TR: Kahraman kaytaran | DE, PO, VA | HE | Asthma, cardialgia, headache | ||
Resedaceae | |||||||
291 | Reseda lutea L. | IR: Afsani (per.) | DE | RO | Painkiller, tonic | ||
Rhamnaceae | |||||||
292 | Paliurus spina-christi P. Mill. | IR: Konar | PA | FR, LE | Treatment of intestinal infections (sheep and goat) | ||
293 | Ziziphus jujuba Mill. | FR, LE, RO | Pulmonic disorders, antitussive, tonic | ||||
Rosaceae | |||||||
294 | Аgrimоniа еupаtоriа L. | IR: Ghafes (per.) | DE | FL, HE | Hepatic disorders, antirheumatic, gastrointestinal disorder, mouth and pharynx diseases, buckling of legs, skin disorders | Astringent, diuretic, diarrhea, dysentery, hemorrhoids, heart attack, gallstones | |
295 | Amygdalus lycioides Spach | IR: Badam | FE | SE | Sedative, analgesic | ||
296 | Аrmеnicа vulgаris Lаm. | AZ: Erik | FR, SE | Pectoral, expectorant, digestive, anthelmintic, cardiovascular system disorder | |||
297 | Cerasus microcarpa (C.A. Mey.) Boiss. | IR: Mahlab | DE | LE | Disinfection of wounds (all animals) | ||
298 | Cotoneaster integerrimus L. | TR: Dağ muşmulası | DE | BR | Jaundice, cough | ||
299 | Crataegus azarolus L. var. azarolus | TR: Gurmut; IR: Agh-yemishan (tur.) Zalzalak (per.) | DE, FE | BR, FL, FR | Embolism, laxative, diabetes | Cardiotonic, digestive, fever, nervous disorders, vertigo | |
300 | Crataegus meyeri Pojark. | TR: Gurmut | DE | FR, RO | Embolism, laxative, diabetes | ||
301 | Crаtаеgus pеntаgynа Wаldst. еt. Kit. ex Willd. | AZ: Yemişan | FL, FR | Tachycardia | |||
302 | Cydоniа оblоngа Mill.* | AZ: Heyva | FR, LE, SE | Gastrointestinal disorder, asthma, chronic bronchitis, tuberculosis, anemia, diathesis, cholagogue, diuretic, cardialgia | |||
303 | Filipеndulа ulmаriа (L.) Mахim. | FL, HE, RO | Cold, diarrhea, dysentery, skin disorders, anthelmintic, diuretic, internal bleeding | ||||
304 | Geum urbanum L. | IR: Alaf-e-mobarak (per.) | DE | RO | Astringent, diarrhea, inflammation of the pharynx, disinfectants, strengthening the nerve, muscle pain, fever | ||
305 | Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. subsp. orientalis (Uglitzkich) Browicz var. orientalis | TR: Alma; AZ: Alma; IR: Alma (tur.) Sib, Sib-e-jangali (per.) | DE, FE | FR, SE | Colds, diabetes | Diarrhea, anemia, antirheumatic, dysentery, diabetes, cardiac diseases, obesity, bronchitis | Constipation, laxatives, antipyretic, anthelmintic, hypnotic, diuretic, kidney inflammation, cold |
306 | Potentilla reptans L. | IR: Panjeh-barg (per.) | IN | WP | Astringent, fever, diarrhea, jaundice, hemorrhoids, treatment of pain of the liver, lungs, and joints and sciatica | ||
307 | Rosa canina L. | TR: İtburnu; AZ: İt itburnu; IR: Gildik, It-bourni (tur.) Nastaran, sag-gol (per.) | DE, IN | FR, LE, RO | Antihemorrhoidal, cough, stomachic, constipation, malaria, diabetes, tonic, bronchitis diuretic, colds, asthma, kidney stones | Avitaminosis, scurvy, diathesis, hepatitis, kidney and bladder disorders, gastrointestinal disorder, burn | Anti-scurvy, astringent, lack of vitamin C, diarrhea, antispasmodic, anthelmintic, wounds and burns |
308 | Rosa damascena Mill. | IR: Ghizil-goul (tur.) Gol-e-mohammadi (per.) | PO | FL | Laxative, constipation (in children) | ||
309 | Rosa hemisphaerica J. Herrm. | TR: Yemişen | DE | FR | Cough | ||
310 | Rosa pulverulenta M.Bieb. | TR: Gıllıca | DE | FR | Colds, cough | ||
311 | Rosa spinosissima L. | TR: Koyungözü | DE | FR, RO | Colds, stomachache, cardiotonic, antihemorrhoidal, antiseptic | ||
312 | Rubus cаеsius L. | FR, LE, RO | Diarrhea, dysentery, anemia, avitaminosis, gastrointestinal disorders, cardiac diseases, diabetes, tuberculosis, angina, burn, eczema, cold | ||||
313 | Rubus idаеus L. | FR, LE | Bronchitis, cold, emetic, appetizing, diurеtic, hemafacient | ||||
314 | Sanguisorba minor L. | IR: Tout-e-roubahi (per.) | IN | LE, RO | Astringent, anti-hemorrhoids | ||
315 | Sаnguisоrbа оfficinаlis L. | RO | Enteritis, stomachic, diarrhea, anthelmintic, dysentery, burn, stomatitis, tuberculosis | ||||
316 | Sоrbus aucuparia L. | AZ: Quşarmudu | FR | Gastrointestinal disorder, dysentery, diabetes, avitaminosis, diuretic, exudative, hemafacient | |||
Rubiaceae | |||||||
317 | Galium aparine L. | IR: Shir-panir (per.) | DE | SH | Diuretic, gout, hepatitis, prostate inflammation | ||
318 | Galium humifusum M.Bieb. | TR: Koşacı; IR: Bitirakh (tur.) Shir-panir (per.) | DI, IN | HE, SH | Gynecologic diseases | Anti-tension | |
319 | Galium tricornutum Dandy | TR: Koşacı | IN | HE | Gynecologic diseases | ||
320 | Rubia tinctorum L. | IR: Biakh-bashi (tur.) Ronas (per.) | DE, IN | RO | Kidney stone, cholagogue, nephralgia | Diuretic, astringent | |
Salicaceae | |||||||
321 | Salix aegyptiaca L. | IR: Bid-e-meshk (per.) | PO | BR, FL, LE | Fever, laxative | ||
322 | Salix alba L. | IR: Bid-e-sefid (per.) | PO | BR, LE | Fever, laxative | ||
Santalaceae | |||||||
323 | Viscum album L. | IR: Darvash | LE, ST | Sedative (ruminants), wound healing (dog and donkey) | |||
Scrophulariaceae | |||||||
324 | Verbascum agrimoniifolium (K. Koch) Hub.-Mor. subsp. agrimoniifolium | TR: Sığır guyruğu | DAP | BLE | Mycodermatitis | ||
325 | Vеrbаscum dеnsiflоrum Bеrtоl. | AZ: Keçiqulağı, Sığırquyruğu | Whooping cough, eczema, bronchitis, asthma, gastrointestinal disorder, plеuritic, pectoral, anti-inflammatory | ||||
326 | Verbascum oreophilum K.Koch subsp. joannis (Bordz.) Hub.-Mor. | TR: Sığır guyruğu | DAP | LE | Mycodermatitis | ||
327 | Verbascum speciosum Schrader | TR: Sığır guyruğu | DAP | LE | Mycodermatitis | ||
328 | Verbascum sp. | IR: Gol-e-mahoor, Khargooshak (per.) | IN | FL, LE | Anti-stress, anemia, stomach cramps, skin care, vitamin supports, migraine, warts, insomnia | ||
Solanaceae | |||||||
329 | Capsicum frutescens L.* | IR: Bibar (tur.) Felfel (per.) | FE | FR | Toothache, hemorrhoids, gonorrhea, liver problems, painkiller | ||
330 | Datura stramonium L. | TR: Deli patpat | DE, VA | HE, LE, SE | Toothache, antipyretic, antirheumatic, sedative | ||
331 | Hyoscyamus niger L. | TR: Patpat; IR: Dali-bat bat (tur.) Bazrol-banj, Bang-daneh (per.) | DE, IH, VA | LE, SE | Toothache, against itching in the eyes, stomatitis | Whooping cough, tuberculosis, and bronchitis | |
332 | Lycium ruthenicum Murray | IR: Gorg-tigh, div-e-khar-majary (per.) | DE | FR | Diabetes, eye diseases, hypertension, skin diseases, relieve hiccups, emetic, diarrhea | ||
333 | Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.* | IR: Bamador, Ghirmizi bademjan (tur.) Gojeh-farangi (per.) | FE | FR, SH | Colds, prostate cancer, improves the skin’s ability to protect against ultraviolet rays | ||
Thymelaeceae | |||||||
334 | Daphne oleoides Schreb. | TR: Mundarça | DE | BR | Abortion | ||
Ulmaceae | |||||||
335 | Ulmus minor Mill. | TR: Karaağaç | DE, PU | BR, RO | Anti-inflammatory, wounds, cough, asthma | ||
Urticaceae | |||||||
336 | Urtica dioica L. | TR: Isırgan otu; AZ: Gicitkan; IR: Dalama (tur.) Gazaneh (tur. and per.) | DE, FE, PO | HE, LE, WP | Cancer, antirheumatic, diabetes, stomachic, cough, colds, throat diseases, analgesic, edema, sedative, laxative, anti-inflammatory, emmenagogue, asthma, hypertension, hair care | Internal bleeding, avitaminosis, antitussive, anthelmintic, diabetes, hair care | Diuretic, astringent, antiparasitic, anthelmintic, kidney inflammations |
Vitaceae | |||||||
337 | Vitis sylvеstris C.C. Gmеl. | AZ: Üzüm | FR, LE | Tuberculosis, bronchitis, laryngitis, angina, cardiac diseases, diathesis, constipation, nerve system, hepatic disorders, hemafacient | |||
338 | Vitis vinifera L.* | IR: Uzum (tur.) Angour, Tak, Mo (per.) | FE | FR, LE, SE | Constipation, inflammation of the stomach, intestinal inflammation, whooping cough, spleen and liver diseases, anemia | ||
Xanthorrhoeaceae | |||||||
339 | Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. | IR: Sir zard | DE | LE | Lenient (all animals) | ||
Zygophyllaceae | |||||||
340 | Tribulus terrestris L. | IR: Chagher Tikani (tur.) Khar-Khasak (per.) | FE | FR | Diuretic, facilitator of the liver function, blood purification | ||
341 | Zygophyllum fabago L. | TR: İt üzerliği | DE, VA | HE | Infertility, antirheumatic | ||
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Ozturk, M., Altay, V., Altundağ, E., Ibadullayeva, S.J., Aslanipour, B., Gönenç, T. (2018). Herbals in Iğdır (Turkey), Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan), and Tabriz (Iran). In: Ozturk, M., Hakeem, K. (eds) Plant and Human Health, Volume 1. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93997-1_6
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