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Paddy Land Pollutants and Their Role in Climate Change

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Environmental Pollution of Paddy Soils

Part of the book series: Soil Biology ((SOILBIOL,volume 53))

Abstract

Climate change is one of the biggest concerns because its potential impact on human life is severe. The contribution ratio of CH4, CO2, and N2O to global warming would be high even if their emission rates are small. Paddy lands may become polluted by the aggregation of several pollutants, i.e., organic and inorganic fertilizers; discharges from the quickly extending industrial territories; use of manure, and organic solid waste; and wastewater irrigation system. Paddy lands are considered to be a major source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through methanogenesis (a process of methane production), a microbial process that is strictly restricted to paddy fields. Overall 90% of rice land is at least temporarily flooded and produces GHGs at higher rates. The production of N2O in soils occurs during nitrification, denitrification, and microbiological processes. A positive relationship was found between the climate change and N fertilizer application with N2O emissions from paddy lands. The use of N fertilizer also stimulates and influences the CH4 emission flux between paddy land and atmosphere. The impact of biochar amendments on the CH4 emission expanded by 35.16–40.62% in paddy fields. It is of incredible concern worldwide that gaseous outflows from management of organic solid waste add to local and worldwide scale ecological procedures, for example, eutrophication, fermentation, and climate change. CH4 is generated from the disintegration of organic matter (OM) in anaerobic conditions by methanogens. Soil OM is the most well-known constraining element for methanogenesis in paddy fields. OM obtained from three primary sources: animal fertilizer, green manure, and crop deposits. The amendment of OM, for example, rice deposits and compost application, prompts expanding CH4 outflows because of anaerobic decay and results in climate change.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University, Vehari, Pakistan

    Rida Akram, Muhammad Mubeen, Syeda Refat Sultana, Asad Amin & Wajid Nasim

  2. Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Turkey

    Veysel Turan

  3. Department of Environmental Sciences, Bhauddin Zakerya University, Multan, Pakistan

    Abdul Wahid

  4. College of Agriculture, Bhauddin Zakerya University, Punjab, Pakistan

    Muhammad Ijaz

  5. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Muhammad Adnan Shahid

  6. Adaptive Research Farm, Agriculture Department, Government of Punjab, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan

    Shoaib Kaleem

  7. Cotton Physiology Lab for Efficient Production, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China

    Abdul Hafeez

  8. Department of Agronomy, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan

    Muhammad Muddassar Maqbool

  9. Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Hassan Javed Chaudhary, Muhammad Farooq Hussain Munis & Naeem Khan

  10. Atmospheric Research Wing, Institute of Space and Planetary Astrophysics, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan

    Naeem Sadiq

  11. Center for Climate Change and Research Development, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Rabbia Murtaza

  12. National Agromet Centre, Pakistan Meteorological Department, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Dildar Hussain Kazmi

  13. Global Change Impact Studies Centre (GCISC), Ministry of Climate Change, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Shaukat Ali

  14. Department of Agriculture, University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtonkha (KPK), Pakistan

    Shah Fahad

Authors
  1. Rida Akram
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  2. Veysel Turan
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  3. Abdul Wahid
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  4. Muhammad Ijaz
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  5. Muhammad Adnan Shahid
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  6. Shoaib Kaleem
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  8. Muhammad Muddassar Maqbool
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  17. Syeda Refat Sultana
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  18. Shah Fahad
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  19. Asad Amin
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  20. Wajid Nasim
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi

  2. Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India

    Ajit Varma

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Akram, R. et al. (2018). Paddy Land Pollutants and Their Role in Climate Change. In: Hashmi, M., Varma, A. (eds) Environmental Pollution of Paddy Soils. Soil Biology, vol 53. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93671-0_7

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