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Experimental Tests of the Landauer Principle in Electron Circuits, and Quasi-Adiabatic Computing Systems

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Energy Limits in Computation

Abstract

Power dissipation is one of the most important factors limiting the development of integrated circuits. In this chapter, we will explore the limits of energy dissipation in computation with experiments and circuit designs. Our experiments show that there is no fundamental limit on energy that must be dissipated to perform computation as long as information is preserved, in agreement with the Landauer principle. The erasure of information leads to a loss of bit energy with an ultimate lower limit of kB T ln2, sometimes incorrectly referred to as the “Landauer limit for energy dissipation in computation.” We present an experiment where a dissipation of 0.005 kB T which is far below the limit of kB T ln2 occurs in reversible adiabatic bit manipulation, and experimentally demonstrate that dissipation of the full bit energy occurs if information is erased. To exploit the advantages of quasi-adiabatic reversible computation, we discuss adiabatic logic systems, and present the design of a microprocessor based upon adiabatic logic. Due to their inherent leakage current, field-effect transistors have limitations in adiabatic implementations. We discuss possible devices that have a better match to adiabatic systems. Finally, we present experiments making direct measurement of the heat generated in logical operations.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The above estimate gives a probability of the bit value randomly acquiring an incorrect value due to thermal fluctuations of voltage across the capacitor and it assumes an ideal noiseless readout circuit.

  2. 2.

    The parameter τ also defines the response time for the acquisition system to be able to capture the power dissipation process in the ERASE WITHOUT A COPY experiment that corresponds to a discharge of the capacitor C through resistor R.

  3. 3.

    This formula takes into account the “brickwall” bandwidth of an RC circuit, \( B=\frac{\pi }{2}\frac{1}{2\pi RC} \).

  4. 4.

    The noise contributions of the second and third stage in the amplifier are negligibly small due to high gain (79.3) of the first stage amplifier.

  5. 5.

    At this acquisition rate, we can capture the highest frequency components of the spectrum, 22 kHz.

  6. 6.

    Once again, trace averaging is used to improve the SNR since much larger bandwidth and large current NSD of AD811 results in VN ∼ 100 μV. Note that it takes only 100 ms to average 105 traces and effectively reduce the noise to 0.3 μV.

  7. 7.

    In both cases the signal from the TFTC is first amplified with a differential transimpedance amplifier (DTA).

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by the DoD, Air Force Office of Scientific Research, National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate (NDSEG) Fellowship, 32 CFR 168a, and the National Science Foundation under Grants ECCS09-01659, ECCS09-01659, DGE-1313583, and ECCS-1509087. The authors are also grateful to Amy L. Snider for assistance in preparation of this chapter.

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  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA

    Alexei O. Orlov, Ismo K. Hänninen, César O. Campos-Aguillón, Rene Celis-Cordova, Michael S. McConnell, Gergo P. Szakmany, Cameron C. Thorpe, Brian T. Appleton, Graham P. Boechler, Craig S. Lent & Gregory L. Snider

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA

    Craig S. Lent

  2. Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA

    Alexei O. Orlov

  3. Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA

    Wolfgang Porod

  4. Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA

    Gregory L. Snider

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Orlov, A.O. et al. (2019). Experimental Tests of the Landauer Principle in Electron Circuits, and Quasi-Adiabatic Computing Systems. In: Lent, C., Orlov, A., Porod, W., Snider, G. (eds) Energy Limits in Computation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93458-7_6

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