Abstract
The Treaty of Waitangi forms the underlying foundation of the Crown–Māori relationship with regard to freshwater resources in Āotearoa-New Zealand. While there is no “one” Māori world view, there are principles and values that establish and reinforce whānau, hapū, rūnanga and iwi identity, and their responsibilities and rights to manage and use natural resources, including lakes. Lake restoration approaches that are grounded in tikanga Māori and Māori values and perspectives, and are co-designed to be responsive to the needs and aspirations of Māori, will ensure that outcomes are useful and of benefit to the participating indigenous community. The resulting outcomes are more likely to strengthen and add value to existing community initiatives, thus increasing efficiencies when capacity and capability across different expertise is in demand. This requires a commitment (by agencies and funders) to move beyond conventional understandings of who is “qualified” to engage in lake research and restoration initiatives. While hapū, rūnanga and iwi undoubtedly benefit from having their members qualify by being active participants in lake research and restoration efforts, in this chapter we emphasise the need for a more holistic approach that recognises and empowers whānau to engage as co-governors, co-leaders, researchers, as knowledge holders and as teachers. A truly collaborative lake restoration programme will provide multiple roles for Māori, including the development and implementation of monitoring and evaluation approaches.
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Glossary of Te Reo Māori Used in this Chapter
- Haka
-
Ceremonial dance
- Hapū
-
Is a tribal grouping that consists of whānau who typically share descent from a common ancestor
- Harakeke
-
Flax, Phormium tenax
- Hauora
-
Healthy
- Hīkoi
-
Walk, field trip
- Hui
-
Assembly, meeting, gathering
- Īnanga
-
Typically refers to Galaxias maculatus with the exception of the Te Arawa Lakes where common smelt (Retropinna retropinna) is known locally as īnanga
- Iwi
-
Is an extended tribal grouping that consists of hapū or whānau who typically share descent from a common ancestor and associate with a distinct territory
- Kaahui Ariki
-
The paramount family of the Kiingitanga
- Kai
-
Food
- Kāinga
-
Home, village
- Kaitiaki
-
Guardian
- Kaitiakitanga
-
The exercise of customary custodianship, in a manner that incorporates spiritual matters, by those who hold mana whenua status for a particular area or resource. Kaitiakitanga is inextricably linked with concepts such as tino rangatiratanga (without which the practical implementation of kaitiakitanga is constrained or impossible) and taonga (Satterfield et al. 2005)
- Kākahi
-
Freshwater mussels (typically Echyridella menziesi)
- Kanohi-ki-te-kanohi
-
Face to face
- Kāpūngāwhā
-
Clubrush, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani
- Kaupapa
-
Theme, philosophy, topic
- Kawa
-
Ceremonial protocols, rituals
- Ki uta ki tai
-
From the mountains to the sea
- Kiingi
-
King
- Kiingitanga
-
The King movement—a movement which developed in the 1850s, established top stop the loss of land and promote Māori authority, to maintain law and order, and to promote traditional values and culture
- Kōaro
-
Galaxias brevipinnis
- Komiti Whakahaere
-
Is the fisheries management committee established under the Te Arawa Lakes (Fisheries) Regulations (2006) to manage the customary fisheries in accordance with Te Arawa tikanga and kawa
- Kōura
-
Freshwater crayfish (used in this chapter to refer to the North Island species, Paranephrops planifrons)
- Mahire Whakahaere
-
Is the Te Arawa Lakes Fisheries Plan required under the Te Arawa Lakes (Fisheries) Regulations (2006)
- Mahi
-
Work, to make, undertaking
- Mahinga Kai
-
1. Is referred to in the National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management 2014 as indigenous freshwater species that have traditionally been used as food, tools, or other resources
2. To Ngāi Tahu mahinga kai is used to refer to their interests in traditional food and other natural resources and the places where those resources are obtained, i.e. food-gathering place
- Mana
-
Prestige, authority, status
- Mana whenua
-
Refers to the mana held by local people who have “demonstrated authority” over land or territory in a particular area, authority which is derived through whakapapa links to that area
- Manaakitanga
-
The process of showing respect, generosity and care for others
- Manuhiri
-
Guest, visitor
- Māori
-
Indigenous people of Āotearoa-New Zealand
- Marae
-
Is a place typically in front of a wharenui (meeting house) where the members of whānau, hapū, or iwi meet and engage in pōwhiri (the ceremony of greeting and encounter), and includes associated buildings, such as the wharenui (meeting house) and wharekai (dining room), and surrounding land
- Mātauranga Māori
-
Is a holistic perspective encompassing all aspects of knowledge and seeks to understand the relationships between all component parts and their interconnections to gain an understanding of the whole system. It is based on its own principles, frameworks, classification systems, explanations and terminology. Mātauranga Māori is a dynamic and evolving knowledge system and has both qualitative and quantitative aspects
- Mauri
-
Essential life force or principle, a quality inherent in all things both animate and inanimate
- Murihiku
-
A region of the South Island in Āotearoa-New Zealand. Traditionally it was used to describe the portion of the South Island below the Waitaki River, but now is mostly used to describe the province of Southland
- Noa
-
Free from tapu
- Nohoanga
-
1. Dwelling place, abode, encampment
2. Are temporary campsites for Ngāi Tahu whānau to use
- Ora
-
Alive, well
- Pā
-
Traditional settlement
- Pā tuna
-
Eel weirs
- Pākehā
-
European New Zealanders
- Papatipu marae
-
Original Māori land, a meeting place for tāngata whenua, and a focal point for rūnanga
- Papatūānuku
-
Mother Earth
- Puhi
-
Migrant eel (Lake Waahi)
- Rāhui
-
A kind of prohibition. Rāhui were imposed variously to ensure the sustainability of a resource, after waters had been polluted (usually as a consequence of a death) or to reserve a resource for one’s use (White 1998)
- Rangatahi
-
Youth
- Rangatira
-
Chief, leader
- Rangatiratanga
-
Self-determination, chieftainship, decision making rights
- Raupō
-
Bulrush, Typha orientalis
- Rohe
-
Tribal area, district, region
- Roopu
-
Group
- Rūnanga/Rūnaka
-
Tribal assembly, council
- Taiao
-
Environment
- Takiwā
-
Area, district, region
- Tangata tiaki
-
Individuals involved in the guardianship of a resource/area
- Tāngata whenua
-
People of the land
- Taniwha
-
In Māori mythology, taniwha are beings that live in rivers, caves, or in the sea. They may be considered highly respected kaitiaki (protective guardians) of people and places
- Taonga
-
Significant treasure, possessions, something prized
- Tapu
-
Restriction. Tapu was used as a way to control how people behaved towards each other and the environment
- Tau kōura
-
A Te Arawa-Tūwharetoa traditional method of harvesting kōura
- Te Ao Māori
-
Māori world view
- Te Reo Māori
-
The Māori language
- Te Ture Whaimana o te Awa o Waikato
-
The Vision and Strategy for the Waikato River
- Tiaki
-
To protect, guard and look after
- Tino Rangatiratanga
-
As absolute power and authority refers to the person or group who has the power to act with ultimate authority when necessary (Satterfield et al. 2005)
- Tikanga Māori
-
Correct procedure, custom, lore, method and practice
- Te Tiriti o Waitangi
-
The Treaty of Waitangi. An agreement made between the British Crown and about 540 Māori chiefs first signed on 6 February, 1840
- Tohu
-
Sign, mark, symptom
- Tohunga
-
Expert, specialist
- Torewai
-
Freshwater mussel
- Tumu
-
Surface-reaching pole (tau kōura) used to mark fishing grounds and delineate boundaries between hapū (Hiroa 1921)
- Tuna
-
Freshwater eels
- Tūpuna
-
Ancestors
- Wāhi tapu
-
Sacred area/place
- Waiora
-
Health
- Waipuna
-
Spring heads
- Waka
-
Canoe
- Wairua
-
Spirit
- Wānanga
-
Learning
- Whakapapa
-
Connection, lineage, genealogy between humans and ecosystems and all flora and fauna. Māori seek to understand the total environment or whole system and its connections through whakapapa, not just part of these systems, and their perspective is holistic and integrated (Harmsworth and Awatere 2013)
- Whakataukī
-
Proverb
- Whakaweku
-
Bracken fern bundles (as a component of the tau kōura)
- Whānau
-
A family group that consists of individuals who typically share a common whakapapa and identify with a common living or recent ancestor
- Whanaungatanga
-
Whanaungatanga refers to the reciprocal support relationship between members of the same whānau, hapū and iwi
- Whenua
-
Land
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Williams, E.K., Watene-Rawiri, E.M., Tipa, G.T. (2018). Empowering Indigenous Community Engagement and Approaches in Lake Restoration: An Āotearoa-New Zealand Perspective. In: Hamilton, D., Collier, K., Quinn, J., Howard-Williams, C. (eds) Lake Restoration Handbook. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93043-5_15
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