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Antipatharians of the Mesophotic Zone: Four Case Studies

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Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems

Part of the book series: Coral Reefs of the World ((CORW,volume 12))

Abstract

About 63% of the known antipatharian genera occur at mesophotic depths (30–150 m), with the majority extending into the deep sea. Along the continental shelf and offshore sites, antipatharians tend to increase in diversity and abundance with depth, reaching a peak at mesophotic depths due to favorable environmental factors enhancing their settlement and growth and biotic factors associated with lower levels of competition for space. A review of taxonomic and ecological studies for shallow and mesophotic antipatharians is presented for four regionally based case studies, three in the tropics (1) Central Indo-Pacific, plus adjacent sections of the Western Indo-Pacific, (2) Eastern Indo-Pacific (primarily Hawaiʻi), and (3) the Caribbean Sea) and one at temperate latitudes in the Mediterranean Sea and adjacent sections of the Northeast Atlantic. The mesophotic fauna is mainly represented by the families Antipathidae, Aphanipathidae, and Myriopathidae. The most diverse community is found in the Central/Western Indo-Pacific, followed by the Caribbean Sea. The tropical antipatharians are represented by shallow species that extend their distribution into the upper mesophotic zone (30–60 m), while the temperate antipatharians consist of deepwater (> 150 m) species that extend upward into the lower part of the mesophotic zone. Black corals in mesophotic coral ecosystems can be habitat-forming components of benthic assemblages on hard substratum. They have an enormous potential for hidden biodiversity and play an important ecological role for the broader marine ecosystem. The threats to antipatharians consist of demersal fishing activities and coral harvesting, which may be highly destructive to these poorly understood systems.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Data on black corals from the USNMNH Department of Invertebrate Zoology Collections database (https://collections.nmnh.si.edu/search/iz/) were obtained after filtering for records 0–300 m in depth for the geographic regions defined by the four case studies (Search by Field, Location). In order to compare the bathymetric distribution patterns between different taxa and geographic areas, all data (USNMNH catalog and literature) were then subdivided into five bathymetric ranges: 0–30 m (shallow water); 30–60, 60–100, and 100–150 m (upper, mid-, and lower mesophotic zone); and 150–300 m (the deepest part of the continental platform and upper bathyal zone) (Table 37.1). The latter interval is included because the formal depth limit of 150 m for the mesophotic zone is not always representative of the true extent of this ecological transition zone.

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Acknowledgments

DMO is a Research Associate of the Smithsonian Institution and gratefully acknowledges that affiliation. The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the US Fish and Wildlife Service. Authors would like to thank editors Tom Bridge and Kimberly Puglise and referees for their helpful suggestions during the revision process.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e della Vita, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy

    Marzia Bo & Giorgio Bavestrello

  2. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, Honolulu, HI, USA

    Anthony D. Montgomery

  3. Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Kāneʻohe, HI, USA

    Anthony D. Montgomery

  4. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA

    Dennis M. Opresko

  5. JHT Inc., NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, SC, USA

    Daniel Wagner

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  1. Marzia Bo
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  2. Anthony D. Montgomery
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  3. Dennis M. Opresko
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  4. Daniel Wagner
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  5. Giorgio Bavestrello
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Correspondence to Marzia Bo .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Yossi Loya

  2. National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Silver Spring, MD, USA

    Kimberly A. Puglise

  3. Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Museum of Tropical Queensland, Queensland Museum Network, Townsville, QLD, Australia

    Tom C.L. Bridge

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Bo, M., Montgomery, A.D., Opresko, D.M., Wagner, D., Bavestrello, G. (2019). Antipatharians of the Mesophotic Zone: Four Case Studies. In: Loya, Y., Puglise, K., Bridge, T. (eds) Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems. Coral Reefs of the World, vol 12. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92735-0_37

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