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Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Fruits pp 897–928Cite as

Genetic Improvement of Papaya (Carica papaya L.)

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Abstract

Arising from a relatively isolated center of origin , papaya has spread throughout all tropical and subtropical countries through human intervention. This global dispersal has coincided with continuous improvement of the cultivated plants through breeding programs often designed to improve the agronomic characters and to address biotic and abiotic stresses that affect papaya production . Papaya production is threatened by a myriad of problems including devastating pests and diseases as well as the inability for both farmers and researchers alike to differentiate among the three sex types, male, female and hermaphrodite at the seedling stage, among others. Many attempts have been made by researchers over the years to resolve the problems through conventional and biotechnological techniques. Conventional plant breeding has given rise to varieties that are resistant to diseases as well as high yielders of quality fruits. However, conventional techniques require 12–14 years to develop new papaya varieties. Besides, devastating viral diseases like papaya ringspot virus (PRSV ) have proved almost impossible to control through conventional means. The innovative technologies and growing understanding to manipulate the papaya phenotype at the molecular level provide new opportunities for the improvement of papaya . Through gene transfer technology, it is possible to develop transgenic papaya with pest and disease resistance as well as improved nutritional quality . This chapter provides insight into conventional breeding of papaya , the role of tissue and protoplast culture as well as molecular techniques in papaya improvement such as genetic transformation , mutation breeding and marker assisted selection and breeding. In addition, the potential of parthenocarpy as well as polyploidy and somaclonal variation in papaya breeding are discussed.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Research Production and Extension (RPE) Division for funding the papaya varietal development project from 2008 to 2014, the Regional Universities Forum for Capacity Building in Agriculture (RUFORUM) for funding papaya tissue culture project 2010–2012 and the Africa Union-African innovation-JKUAT and PAUSTI (Africa –ai-JAPAN) for funding agronomic evaluation of papaya varieties from 2015 to date.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Horticulture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya

    Fredah Karambu Rimberia, Francis Kweya Ombwara, Naomi Nzilani Mumo & Elijah Miinda Ateka

Authors
  1. Fredah Karambu Rimberia
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  2. Francis Kweya Ombwara
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  3. Naomi Nzilani Mumo
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  4. Elijah Miinda Ateka
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fredah Karambu Rimberia .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, King Faisal University, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia

    Jameel M. Al-Khayri

  2. Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Shri Mohan Jain

  3. Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

    Dennis V. Johnson

Appendices

Appendix 1: Research Institutes and Online Resources Relevant to Papaya Genetic Improvement Research

Country

Institution

Specialization

Research activities

Contact information

Australia

Griffith University

Teaching and Research institute

Biotechnology of the papaya

Prof. Dr. Roderick A. Drew

Griffith Sciences, Logan Campus, Griffith University, Meadowbrook, QLD 4131 Australia

Telephone: (61)733821291

Fax: (61)737357618

E-mail: r.drew@griffith.edu.au

Brazil

Capixaba Institute for Research , Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (INCAPER)

Research , technical assistance and rural extension

Germplasm selection and improvement

Eng Agr, D.

Sc., Luiz Augusto Lopes Serrano

INCAPER/CRDR Nordeste, C. P. 62, 29900-970, Linhares-ES.

E-mail: lalserrano@incaper.es.gov

India

Indian Agricultural Research Institute Regional Station, Pusa, Bihar, India

Research institute

Breeding papaya varieties of uniform, high yielding with better quality for wider adaptability

Dr. Tapas Ranjan Das

Phone: 06274-240232

Fax: 06274-240236

E-mail: head_bihar@iari.res.in

Indonesia

Indonesian Tropical Fruit Research Institute (ITFRI)

Research institute

Breeding and biotechnology

Jl. Raya Solok, Aripan Km. 8, PO Box. 5, Solok 27301, West Sumatra

Phone: 0755-20137

Fax: 0755-20592

Email: rif@padang.wasantara.net.id;

balitbu@litbang.pertanian.go.id

Kenya

Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology

Teaching and Research institute

Varietal Development and Evaluation

Dr. Fredah K. Rimberia,

P.O. Box 62000-00200 Nairobi Kenya

Phone: +254726856304

Email: frenda@agr.jkuat.ac.ke or fredawanza@yahoo.com

Malaysia

Felda Agricultural Services Sdn Bhd

Commercial Agribusiness firm

Agricultural extension and Disease management in Papaya

Menara Felda, Platinum Park, Persiaran KLCC, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 50088

+60 3-2859 0366

Email: feldabiotech@felda.net.my

Nigeria

The National Horticultural Research institute

Research institutes

Papaya Varietal development and evaluation

Ms. Olubunmi Ibitoye

National Horticultural Research Institute, P. M. B. 5432 Jericho Reservation Area, IDI-ISHIN, Oyo, Ibadan, Nigeria

Telephone: (234)8023629104

E-mail bunmiajisafe@yahoo.com

Philippines

Institute of Plant Breeding ,

College of Agriculture and Food Science, University of the Philippines, Los Baños

Research institute

National biotechnology  research center and repository for all crops

Office of the director, 4031 College, Laguna, Philippines Telephone: (049) 536-5287; (049) 543-9571

Email: ipb.uplb@up.edu.ph

South Africa

Neofresh (Pty) Ltd.

Commercial fruit growers and exporters

Selection , hybridization and production of high quality papaya fruit for supermarkets and export outlets

Dr Aart Louw (Chief Researcher and Plant Breeder)

PO Box 201 Sonpark

1206 Mpumalanga RSA

T +27 13 590 0947

adminmanager@neofresh.net

www.neofresh.net

Thailand

East West Seed Company

Commercial Seed company

Breeding

Lamai Yapanan

Business Development Manager, 7 Moo 8, Chiang Mai Praw Road, 50290, Chiang mai, Thailand

Email: lamai.yapanan@eastwestseed.com

United States of America-Hawaii

Hawaii Agricultural Research Centre (HARC)

Research Centre

Tissue culture and transformation of papaya

94-340 Kunia Rd, Waipahu, HI 96797, USA

Phone:+1 808-677-5541

United States of America-Hawaii

University of Hawaii

 

Papaya breeding

Dr. Dennis Gonsalves

789 Hoolaulea Street, Hilo Hawaii 96720 USA

E-mail dennisgonsal@gmail.com

Appendix 2: Genetic Resources

Country

Cultivar

Sex type

Flesh color

 Australia

Improved Petersen

Dioecious

Yellow

Guinea Gold

Hermaphrodite

Yellow

Sunnybank/S7

Dioecious

Yellow

Richter/Arline

Dioecious

Yellow

 America – Mexico

Verde

–

–

Gialla

–

–

Cera

–

–

Chincona

–

–

 USA – Florida

Cariflora

Dioecious

Yellow

Betty

Dioecious

Yellow

Homestead

 Dioecious

Yellow

 USA – Hawaii

Kapoho Solo

Hermaphrodite

Yellow

Sunrise

Hermaphrodite

Red

Waimanalo

Hermaphrodite

Yellow

Rainbow

Hermaphrodite

Yellow

 Venezuela

Paraguanera

 –

–

Roja

 –

Red

 Caribbean – Barbados

Wakefield

 –

–

Graeme 5, and 7

 –

–

 Cuba

Maradol

Hermaphrodite

Red

 Trinidad

Santa Cruz Giant

 –

–

Cedro

 –

–

 Dominican Republic

Cartagena

Hermaphrodite

Yellow

 Asia – India

Coorg Honey Dew

Hermaphrodite

Yellow

Coimbitor 2

Dioecious

Yellow

 Indonesia

Semangka

Hermaphrodite

Red

Dampit

Hermaphrodite

Red

 Malaysia

Eksotika

Hermaphrodite

Red

Sekaki

Hermaphrodite

Red

 Philippines

Cavite/Sinta

Hermaphrodite

Red

 Taiwan

Tainung No. 5

Hermaphrodite

Red

 Thailand

Sai-nampueng

Hermaphrodite

Red

Khaek Dam

Hermaphrodite

Red

 South Africa

Hortus Gold

 Dioecious

Yellow

Kaapmuiden

–

Yellow

Honey Gold

 Dioecious

Yellow

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Rimberia, F.K., Ombwara, F.K., Mumo, N.N., Ateka, E.M. (2018). Genetic Improvement of Papaya (Carica papaya L.). In: Al-Khayri, J., Jain, S., Johnson, D. (eds) Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Fruits. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91944-7_21

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