Abstract
In 1945, the International Right regrouped, both internationally and within Europe. On the European level, two eminent Catholics—Archduke Otto von Habsburg, claimant to the Imperial throne of Austro-Hungary and Opus Dei’s candidate to rule over a united Catholic Europe, and future Franco minister and senior Opus Dei member Alfredo Sánchez Bella—founded CEDI (Centre Européen de Documentation et d’Information—European Documentation and Information Centre), a Madrid-based think tank which aimed to unite European conservative and Catholic political organizations and break the diplomatic isolation of General Franco’s Spain. In 1952–1953, the Cercle Pinay was founded as a clandestine forum of European leaders who aimed to oppose the threat of communism and promote the vision of a Catholic and conservative Europe. In the 1960s, the neo-Fascist ‘Strategy of Tension’ emerged. In Britain, various individuals associated with the Conservative Monday Club were associate with sustained efforts to undermine Harold Wilson’s Labour Government (1974–1976), to discredit Liberal leader Jeremy Thorpe (1967–1976), and to have Conservative leader Edward Heath (1965–1975) replaced by someone of a ‘more resolute approach.’ This chapter examines the role of (what was presented as) ‘neutral academic data’ on behalf of the ‘International Right.’
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Notes
- 1.
https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP82-00457R000800160001-9.pdf. Alfredo Sánchez Bella’s two brothers, Florencio and Ismael, were also high-ranking members of Opus Dei.
- 2.
https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/LOC-HAK-268-2-27-3.pdf, minutes (declassified in 2017) of a July 1969 Cercle meeting attended by Rockefeller, Kissinger, Pinay, Violet, Pesenti, Andreotti and Habsburg amongst others.
- 3.
- 4.
- 5.
Rodgers was a Conservative MP (1950–1979) who became SIF President in 1970. A CEDI regular since at least 1963, Rodgers was CEDI International President (1965–1967) and by 1978 an AESP Life Member (Toczek 1991, 15–16).
- 6.
Andrew’s (2010, 636) authorised history of MI5 unsurprisingly described Winter as ‘mendacious and unreliable.’ Both Andrew and Winter are further discussed in Rogue Agents.
- 7.
- 8.
http://www.faqs.org/espionage/De-Eb/Disinformation.html, which thanks Romerstein.
- 9.
Allen was instrumental in securing initial CIA funding for the 6I (Crozier 1993, 244–245).
- 10.
Churchill was the grandson of the eponymous wartime leader and son of Randolph Churchill, one of the SAS’s founding members and a life-long intimate of Colonel David Stirling. The unprecedented backbench rebellion against the Conservative renewal of sanctions on Rhodesia was led by Amery and Hastings, and also cost Biggs-Davison his job as junior opposition spokesman for Northern Ireland.
- 11.
It was to Leigh’s Cornerstone Group that Conservative leadership candidate David Cameron gave his fateful 2005 commitment to withdraw the British Conservatives from the EPP fraction in the European Parliament, beginning the process that would end in Brexit—see http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/may/29/david-cameron-european-parliament-epp-ed.
- 12.
Lymington Times 23/09/2000, http://www.julianlewis.net/old/cuttings_detail.php@id=44.
- 13.
http://www.julianlewis.net/biography. A Conservative MP since 1997, Lewis served as Shadow Junior Defence Minister for the Royal Navy, the nuclear deterrent and other strategic issues (2002–2010). He then sat on Cameron’s Intelligence and Security Committee (2010–2015) and chaired the House of Commons Defence Select Committee (2015–2017). In the 2016 UK referendum on EU membership, Lewis, Leigh and Howarth were amongst the 131 (of 330) Conservative MPs to support the winning Brexit campaign.
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Teacher, D. (2018). ‘Neutral Academic Data’ and the International Right. In: Leeson, R. (eds) Hayek: A Collaborative Biography. Archival Insights into the Evolution of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91358-2_7
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