Translating Theory into Practice (1959)

Grilli, Matteo

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91325-4_3

Matteo Grilli⁴

Part of the book series: African Histories and Modernities ((AHAM))

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Abstract

This chapter explores the making of Ghana’s Pan-African policy by Padmore’s Office and the AAC between January and September 1959. In this period, Ghana for the first time defined its policies for the support of political refugees, African students and opposition parties, also clarifying its stance towards the use of armed struggle in the liberation process. Finally, Padmore’s Office set up the basis for a proper Pan-Africanist propaganda. Generally speaking, this chapter deals with a period of changes that influenced Ghana’s internal and external policies in the short and longer term. The months under examination also coincide with Padmore’s last months before his death. His imprint on his Office and the AAC—as will be shown—lasted for years after his death.

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Notes

1.
The Ghanaian resident Ministers in Guinea during this period were: Nathaniel Welbeck (December 1958–February 1959) and Ako Adjei (February–September 1959). After being resident Minister in Guinea, Welbeck became chargé d’affaires at Léopoldville between October and December 1960. Later he became Executive Secretary of the CPP (1962–1966). Ako Adjei was Minister of External Affairs between April 1959 and May 1961. Between May 1961 and August 1962 he became Foreign Minister.
2.
Thompson, Ghana’s Foreign Policy, p. 69.
3.
Quarm, Diplomatic Servant, p. 13.
4.
Dei-Anang , The Administration of Ghana’s Foreign Relations, p. 2.
5.
Ibid.
6.
TNA, FO 371/138163, Report on Mr Ebeneezer Ako Adjei , 1959.
7.
GPRL, uncatalogued/BN-Minutes, “Minutes of the Meeting of the African Affairs Committee Held in the Office of the Adviser to the Prime Minister on African Affairs on Saturday, 30th May 1959 at 5.30 P.M.” At the time, Nkrumah was also convening a Foreign Affairs Committee.
8.
GPRL, uncatalogued/BN-African Affairs Committee, typescript, “African Affairs Committee”.
9.
Thompson, Ghana’s Foreign Policy, p. 71.
10.
Ibid.
11.
Makonnen and King, Pan-Africanism from Within, p. 166.
12.
Thompson, Ghana’s Foreign Policy, p. 100.
13.
Hooker, Black Revolutionary, p. 138.
14.
See Thompson, Ghana’s Foreign Policy, p. 72.
15.
See Welch, Dream of Unity, pp. 306–316.
16.
See GPRL, uncatalogued file/BC-AAPC, Letter, AAPC secretariat to Botsio and Padmore, 9 February 1959.
17.
TNA, FCO 141/13649, Note of the Governor of Western Region (Ibadan), undated.
18.
TNA, FCO 141/13649, Governor-General of Nigeria to the Governor of Ibadan, 23 November 1958.
19.
Thompson, Ghana’s Foreign Policy, pp. 66–67.
20.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/BK/General Correspondence with Ministry of External Affairs [henceforth GCMEA], Letter, Padmore to Adu, 24 March 1959.
21.
Dei-Anang , The Administration of Ghana’s Foreign Relations, p. 20.
22.
See Makonnen and King, Pan-Africanism from Within, p. 211.
23.
Dei-Anang , The Administration of Ghana’s Foreign Relations, p. 21.
24.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/BC-AAPC, document titled “Sanniquellie – seat of West Africa’s summit conference”, p. 19.
25.
For the “Sanniquellie Declaration” see Legum, Pan-Africanism, pp. 162–163.
26.
Quarm, Diplomatic Offensive, p. 20.
27.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/BC-AAPC, Letter from Padmore to Nkrumah, 21 January 1959.
28.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/BC- AAPC, Letter from Padmore to Okoh, 17 March 1959.
29.
GPRL,BAA/uncatalogued “Gabon File”, undated typescript titled “Present Duties of Mr. Markham”, and following letters in the same file.
30.
GPRL, BAA/RLAA/389, Letter from Barden to Stevens and Brown Ltd, 15 September 1959 and GPRL, BAA/RLAA/389, Letter from Barden to YMCA Library, Addis Ababa, 11 September 1959.
31.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/BB-Secretary’s Personal Correspondence [henceforth SPC], Letter from Kuboka to the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 13 May 1959.
32.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/BB-SPC, Letter from Kuboka to Padmore, 26 September 1959.
33.
George Padmore, The Life and Struggles of Negro Toilers (London: Red International of Labour Unions, 1931).
34.
See GPRL, BAA/RLAA/348, Letter from Barden to Odoi, 14 July 1960 and Letter from Odoi to Barden, 20 June 1960; See also GPRL, uncatalogued file/BK-Closed (BAA/1A), Letter from Barden to the Permanent Secretary of the Establishment Office, 21 April 1960.
35.
Makonnen and King, Pan-Africanism from Within, p. 221.
36.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/BC-AAPC, Letter from Padmore to Nkrumah, 21 January 1959 and Letter from Padmore to Okoh, 17 March 1959.
37.
GPRL, BAA/RLAA/389, Letter from Barden to Nkrumah, 3 September 1959 and Letter from Barden to Baako, 3 September 1959.
38.
GPRL, BAA/RLAA/389, Letter from Barden to Massoud (Air Liban), 8 September 1959.
39.
GPRL, BAA/RLAA/389, Letter from Barden to Nkrumah, 9 September 1959.
40.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/BC-AAPC, Draft of request of money for the “freedom fund”, from AAPC secretariat (Painstil, Adm. Secretary) to the IAS governments, undated (c. February 1959).
41.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/BC- AAPC, Letter from AAPC Secretariat to Botsio and Padmore, 9 February 1959.
42.
Ibid.
43.
Thompson, Ghana’s Foreign Policy, p. 57.
44.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/BB-SPC, Letter from Barden to Nquku (SPA), 6 January 1960, and GPRL, BAA/RLAA/348, Letter from Nquku to Barden, 5 April 1960.
45.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/BC-AAPC, Letter from AAPC secretariat to Botsio and Padmore, 9 February 1959.
46.
PRAAD, ADM 16/1/11, AAPC, “List of Official Delegates”.
47.
Andrew C. Ross, Colonialism to Cabinet Crisis: a Political History of Malawi (Zomba: Kachere Series, 2009), pp. 132–141.
48.
Interview with Kaunda , 9 October 2017.
49.
Ghana Times, 8 April 1959, quoted in Thompson, Ghana’s Foreign Policy, p. 67.
50.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/BK-GCMEA, Telegram from Markham (from London) to Padmore, 23 March 1959.
51.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/BK-GCMEA, Telegram from Padmore to Asafu-Adjaye, 4 April 1959.
52.
UNIP Archives, ANC 2/ 22, Letter from Harry M. Nkumbula to James Markham, 6 January 1959, quoted in Macola, Liberal Nationalism in Central Africa, p. 84.
53.
Interview with Kaunda , 9 October 2017.
54.
Thomas Karis and Gwendolen M. Carter, eds, From Protest to Challenge: A Documentary History of African Politics in South Africa, 1882–1964, Vol. 3 (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1977), p. 320.
55.
Biney, “Ghana’s Contribution”, p. 80.
56.
Liberation Movements Archives, Fort Hare [henceforth LMA], PAC Tanzania Mission, box 24, “PAC Manifesto”, 1959.
57.
LMA, PAC Tanzania Mission, box 24, “PAC Disciplinary Code”, 1959; See also Izwe Lethu, 11–12. Nov.–Dec. 1965, p. 13 and The Africanist: News and Views, 5 September 1968.
58.
Callinicos, Oliver Tambo, p. 314. Karis and Carter, eds, From Protest to Challenge, p. 314; Interview with Peter Molotsi in South African Democracy Trust (SADET), The Road to Democracy: South Africans Telling their Stories, vol. 1, 1950–1970 (Pretoria: Mutloatse Arts Heritage Trust, 2008), p. 42.
59.
Bernard Leeman, “The Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania”, in Africa Today: A Multi-Disciplinary Snapshot of the Continent in 1995, eds, Peter F. Alexander, Ruth Hutchison and Deryck Schreuder (Canberra: Humanities Research Centre, 1996), p. 177.
60.
GPRL, uncatalogued/BK/closed, “Resolutions of the Pan-Africanist Congress conference held at Johannesburg the 19th to the 20th of December 1959.”
61.
PRAAD, RG/17/1/465 (ex SC/BAA/251), Minutes of the 5th meeting of the African Affairs Committee held on November 12th 1959, “South African National Congress”.
62.
Karis and Carter, eds, From Protest to Challenge, Vol. 3, pp. 542–548: Document 41, “The State of the Nation” Address by R.M. Sobukwe on “National Heroes’ Day”, 2 August 1959.
63.
See the next chapter.
64.
L.B.B.J. Machobane, Government and Change in Lesotho 1800–1966 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1990), pp. 253–258.
65.
Note 4 in Leeman, “The Pan-Africanist Congress”, p. 174.
66.
Machobane, Government and Change in Lesotho, pp. 253–254.
67.
Karis and Carter, eds, From Protest to Challenge, Vol. 3, p. 311.
68.
Cited In Leeman, “The Pan-Africanist Congress”, pp. 176–177.
69.
Ibid., p. 173.
70.
Nugent, Africa Since Independence, p. 54.
71.
Agyeman, Nkrumah’s Ghana and East Africa, p. 60.
72.
Joseph S. Nye Jr, Pan-Africanism and East African Integration (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1966), p. 105, also quoted in Agyeman, Nkrumah’s Ghana and East Africa, p. 60.
73.
Agyeman, Nkrumah’s Ghana and East Africa, p. 60.
74.
PRAAD, ADM 16/1/11, AAPC, “List of Official Delegates”.
75.
Hooker, Black Revolutionary, p. 108.
76.
Ibid., p. 118.
77.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/ BK-GCMEA, Telegram from Markham (from London) to Padmore, 24 March 1959.
78.
Interview with Bosumtwi-Sam , 24 July 2012.
79.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/ BK-GCMEA, Telegram from Markham (from London) to Padmore, 23 March 1959.
80.
Thompson, Ghana’s Foreign Policy, p. 29.
81.
Ibid., pp. 103–106.
82.
Quarm, Diplomatic Servant, p. 32.
83.
Ibid., p. 33.
84.
Thompson, Ghana’s Foreign Policy, pp. 19–20 and pp. 103–104. See also Dei-Anang , The Administration of Ghana’s Foreign Policy, p. 11, and Adamafio , By Nkrumah’s Side, p. 87.
85.
Quaison-Sackey, Africa Unbound, p. xi.
86.
Makonnen and King, Pan-Africanism from Within, p. 174.
87.
Ibid., p. 207.
88.
Ibid., p. 211.
89.
Ibid., p. 207.
90.
GPRL, BAA/RLAA/475, Receipt of “Larmie’s Studio of Painting” for painting works at the African Affairs Centre, 5 August 1959.
91.
Makonnen and King, Pan-Africanism from Within, p. 213.
92.
GPRL, BAA/RLAA/389, Letter from Barden to the Town Engineer, 16 September 1959.
93.
Makonnen and King, Pan-Africanism from Within, p. 217.
94.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/ BK-GCMEA, Letter from Padmore to Botsio, 27 February 1959.
95.
Ibid.
96.
Armah , Peace without Power, pp. 35–36; See also Adu , The Civil Service, p. 29.
97.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/BK-GCMEA, Letter from Padmore to Botsio, 27 February 1959.
98.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/BC-AAPC, Letter from Padmore to Adu, 19 May 1959.
99.
See PRAAD, ADM 13, Cabinet memorandum No. C.M. 731(59) by Nkrumah on “Travel documents for refugees” part of Cabinet Agenda, October 1959.
100.
On Roberto’s period in Ghana, see, for instance, John A. Marcum, The Angolan Revolution, the Anatomy of an Explosion (1950–1962), vol. 1 (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1969).
101.
Marcum, The Angolan Revolution, pp. 66–69; According to Makonnen, Padmore was introduced to Roberto by Avriel, the Israeli ambassador in Accra: Makonnen and King, Pan-Africanism from Within, p. 216.
102.
He was part of the first group of the political refugees quoted in GPRL, uncatalogued file/BC-AAPC, Letter, Padmore to Adu, 19 May 1959.
103.
Marcum, The Angolan Revolution, p. 68.
104.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/BK-GCMEA, Letter from Padmore to Adjei, 9 May 1959.
105.
Ibid.
106.
Marcum, The Angolan Revolution, p. 69; Thompson, Ghana’s Foreign Policy, p. 76. See also Makonnen and King, Pan-Africanism from Within, pp. 216–217.
107.
Makonnen and King, Pan-Africanism from Within, p. 154.
108.
Quarm, Diplomatic Offensive, p. 25.
109.
Dei-Anang , The Administration of Ghana’s Foreign Relations, p. 65.
110.
GPRL, BAA/RLAA/390, Letter from Padmore to Ag. Trade Counc. GDR, 9 July 1959 and GPRL, BAA/RLAA/390, Letter from Markham to Mwaungulu (one of the candidates), 6 August 1959.
111.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/BK-Scholarship Award To Independent And Dependent African States By Ghana Govt. [Henceforth Scholarship award], Draft, Cabinet Memorandum by the Ministry of Education – “Award of Scholarships to peoples of other African states and territories by the Government of Ghana”, 2 January 1959, and Annexure to Cabinet Memorandum by the Ministry of Education on the “Award of Scholarships to […],” 2 January 1959.
112.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/BK-Scholarship Award, Letter from Asaffa Ainalem to Padmore, 5 February 1959.
113.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/BK-Scholarship Award., Draft, Cabinet Memorandum by the Ministry of Education—“Award of Scholarships to peoples of other African states and territories by the Government of Ghana”, 2 January 1959.
114.
‘£G’ stands for “Ghanaian Pound”, the official currency of Ghana between 1958 and 1965.
115.
See GPRL, uncatalogued file/BK-Scholarship Award. Letter from Padmore to Sarpong (Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Education), 11 February 1959.
116.
Ibid.
117.
GPRL, BAA/RLAA/390, Letter from Markham to Martinson (Ministry of Education), 11 June 1959.
118.
Ibid.
119.
GPRL, BAA/RLAA/390, Letter from Bosele Mosiieman to Padmore, 2 January 1959. See also the reply GPRL, BAA/RLAA/390, Letter from Markham to Mosiieman, 26 June 1959.
120.
GPRL, BAA/RLAA/390, Letter from Markham to Nkomo, 25 June 1959.
121.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/BC-AAPC, Letter from Padmore to Adu, 19 May 1959.
122.
Meredith Terretta, “Cameroonian Nationalists Go Global: From Forest Maquis to a Pan-African Accra”, Journal of African History, 51, 2010, pp. 195–196.
123.
Terretta, Nation of Outlaws, p. 199.
124.
Ibid., p. 201.
125.
Ibid., p. 202.
126.
Terretta, “Cameroonian Nationalists”, p. 206.
127.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/ GPRL, uncatalogued file/BC-AAPC, “Resolution On Cameroon Adopted By The First Committee On Imperialism And Colonialism Of The All-African People’s Conference”, attached to “Report on African Affairs”, attached to letter from AAPC secretariat to Botsio and Padmore, 9 February 1959.
128.
Moumié’s address to the AAPC secretariat for organizing the rally can be found in GPRL, uncatalogued file/BC-AAPC, “Report on African Affairs” attached to letter from AAPC secretariat to Botsio and Padmore, 9 February 1959.
129.
Terretta, “Cameroonian Nationalists”, p. 205.
130.
TNA, Dominions Office [henceforth DO] 177/2, report: “Ghanaian Interference in Nigeria”, attached to Letter from Mr. Chadwick to B.J. Greenhill, 9 December 1960. ALNK is the acronym of Armée de Liberation Nationale du Kamerun, an organization established in 1959 to restructure UPC’s armed struggle. The document erroneously mentions the presence of ALNK in Ghana in 1958. See Terretta, Nation of Outlaws, pp. 201–210 and M. Terretta, ‘Cameroonian Nationalists Go Global: From Forest Maquis to a Pan-African Accra’, The Journal of African History, 51, 2, 2010, pp. 195–196.
131.
Terretta, “Cameroonian Nationalists”, p. 191.
132.
PRAAD, RG/17/1/130 (ex SC/BAA/142), “Declaration sur la Demand de Rattachment du Sanwi à l’Etat Independent du Ghana” submitted by Amand Kadio Attié (President of the “Comité de Défense du Sanwi Libre”) and addressed to Nkrumah, 7 July 1959.
133.
PRAAD, RG/17/1/130, Minute of a meeting between Adjei , Dzirasa , Padmore, Markham, Peterson and the Sanwi delegation on 29 June 1959—“The Sanwi Affair”.
134.
PRAAD, RG/17/1/130, “Declaration sur la Demand de Rattachment du Sanwi”.
135.
Ibid.
136.
Thompson, Ghana’s Foreign Policy, p. 88.
137.
PRAAD, RG/17/1/130, “The Sanwi Affair”, Letter from Padmore to Nkrumah, 23 June 1959.
138.
On the wager see Foster and Zolberg, eds, Ghana and the Ivory Coast; Woronoff, West African Wager; Nugent, Africa Since Independence, pp. 166–188.
139.
PRAAD, RG/17/1/130, “Minutes of a meeting between Adjei… and the Sanwi delegation on 29th June 1959—The Sanwi Affair”.
140.
NLC, Nkrumah’s Subversion, p. 4.
141.
See Van Walraven, The Yearning for Relief, and Ali Mazrui, Africa’s International Relations (London: Heinemann, 1977), p. 49.
142.
Thompson, Ghana’s Foreign Policy, p. 31.
143.
Finn Fuglestad, “Djibo Bakary , the French and the Referendum of 1958 in Niger”, The Journal of African History 14, no. 2, 1973, p. 320.
144.
The Sawaba gained its name (which was formerly only Mouvement Socialiste Africain) after the return of Djibo Bakary from Cotonou. Fuglestad, “Djibo Bakary”, p. 321.
145.
Fuglestad, “Djibo Bakary ”, p. 324.
146.
NLC, Nkrumah’s Subversion, p. 4.
147.
GPRL, BAA/RLAA/475/African Affairs Committee Accounts, Ghana, “Catering expenses for French Niger refugees”.
148.
GPRL, uncatalogued/BB-SPC, Letter (handwritten) from members of the Sawaba party to Padmore, 26 June 1959.
149.
GPRL, uncatalogued/BB-SPC, Letter (handwritten) from Members of the Sawaba party to Padmore, 26 June 1959.
150.
Thompson, Ghana’s Foreign Policy, pp. 375–376.
151.
See NLC, Nkrumah’s Subversion.
152.
TNA, FCO 141/13649, “Extract from H.E.’s discussion with the Premier on 25th November 1958”.
153.
See Thompson, Ghana’s Foreign Policy, p. 80, and Aluko, Ghana and Nigeria, p. 75.
154.
Ikoku , Le Ghana de Nkrumah.
155.
Interview with Mokitimi, 28 September 2017.
156.
Interview with Kaunda , 9 October 2017.
157.
Makonnen and King, Pan-Africanism from Within, p. 208.
158.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/BC-AAPC, Letter from Padmore to Nkrumah, 3 November 1958.
159.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/BC-AAPC, Letter from Padmore to Nkrumah, 21 January 1959; GPRL, uncatalogued file/“Gabon File”, Letter from Markham to Adu, 9 March 1959; GPRL, uncatalogued file/“Gabon File”, Letter from Adu to Padmore, 20 February 1959.
160.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/BC-AAPC, Letter from Padmore to Adu, 4 April 1959.
161.
Ibid.
162.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/BC-AAPC, Letter from Padmore to Nkrumah, 3 November 1958; GPRL, uncatalogued file/BC-AAPC, “Assistant to the Special Adviser on African Affairs – Qualification, Duties, Salary”, undated; GPRL, uncatalogued file/BC-AAPC, Letter from Padmore to Nkrumah, 18 December 1958.
163.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/BC-AAPC, Letter from Adu to Padmore, 18 June 1959.
164.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/“Gabon File”, Staff list, 1958–1959, typescript.
165.
GPRL, BAA/uncatalogued “Gabon File”, Letter from Afflah Addo (writing on behalf of Padmore) to Cummings, 15 March 1958 and Interview with Bosumtwi-Sam , 24 July 2012.
166.
Interviews with: Richter, 23 December 2011; Bosumtwi-Sam , 24 July 2012; Asante , 4 September 2011; See also Thompson, Ghana’s Foreign Policy, p. 107.
167.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/“Gabon File”, Letter, Director of Recruitment and Training of E.S.O. to Padmore, 20 August 1958.
168.
Interviews with Asante , 4 September 2011 and 6 September 2012 and Bosumtwi-Sam , 19 July 2012, Accra. See also Thompson, Ghana’s Foreign Policy, p. 107.
169.
Interview with Asante , 6 September 2012.
170.
Interview with Bosumtwi-Sam , 19 July 2012. See also Bosumtwi-Sam , Landmarks of Dr Kwame Nkrumah, pp. 138–139.
171.
GPRL, BAA/uncatalogued “Gabon File”, Letter from Newall to Barden, 27 November 1958.
172.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/BC-AAPC, Letter from Padmore to Nkrumah, 3 November 1958.
173.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/BC-AAPC, Letter from Padmore to Nkrumah, 21 January 1959.
174.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/BC-AAPC, Letter from Padmore to Adu, 7 February 1959.
175.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/“Gabon File”, Letter from Padmore to Adu, 13 February 1959.
176.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/“Gabon File”, Letter from Goble to Adu, 16 February 1959.
177.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/“Gabon File”, Letter from Padmore to Gardiner, 25 March 1959.
178.
GPRL, uncatalogued file/BC-AAPC, Letter from Padmore to Adu, 19 May 1959.
179.
Ibid.
180.
See GPRL, uncatalogued file/BC-AAPC, Letter from Padmore to Adu, 17 June 1959. GPRL, uncatalogued file/BC-AAPC, Letter from Adu to Padmore, 18 June 1959.
181.
Ikoku , Le Ghana de Nkrumah, p. 185.
182.
Ibid., p. 185.
183.
Makonnen and King, Pan-Africanism from Within, p. 208.
184.
Ibid., p. 260.
185.
Thompson, Ghana’s Foreign Policy, p. 29.
186.
Polsgrove, Ending British Rule in Africa, pp. 162–163.
187.
Hooker, Black Revolutionary, p. 139.
188.
GPRL, BAA/RLAA/388, Letter from Padmore to Darfoor (Secretary to the Prime Minister), 22 August 1959 and GPRL, BAA/RLAA/388, Letter from Darfoor to Padmore, 11 September 1959.
189.
Hooker, Black Revolutionary, p. 139.
190.
According to Hooker, Dr Clarke, who was taking care of Padmore in his last days, did not find any sign of poisoning. Hooker, Black Revolutionary, p. 139. Even among the Ghanaian intelligentsia the suspicions circulated for a while, but they were soon abandoned. Still, according to Bosumtwi-Sam the poisoning theory still seems plausible. Interview with Bosumtwi-Sam , 4 September 2012.
191.
For instance, just one year after Padmore’s death, Félix Moumié was poisoned in Geneva, most probably by the French Intelligence.
192.
Hooker, Black Revolutionary, pp. 139–140.
193.
Tawia Adamafio , ed., Hands off Africa: Some Famous Speeches by Dr. Kwame Nkrumah (Accra: Ministry of Local Government, 1960), pp. 45–47.
194.
MSRC, KNP, series J, b. 154-41, f.15, author unknown, “George Padmore, the Theoretician of Pan-Africanism”, 1959.
195.
Makonnen and King, Pan-Africanism from Within, p. 159.
196.
MSRC, KNP, series J, b. 154-41, f.15, “George Padmore, the Theoretician”.
197.
Hooker, Black Revolutionary, p. 137. These words were written by Hampstone in a letter to Hooker on 19 April 1964. The latter described Padmore as rough and arrogant. According to Hooker: “This version of Padmore is so badly in disagreement with everyone’s accounts of his London days that one can only suppose either that the tropics did not agree with him or that Hampstone did not”, in Hooker, Black Revolutionary, p. 138.
198.
Thompson, Ghana’s Foreign Policy, pp. 22–23 and pp. 106–107.
199.
Ibid., p. 23.
200.
Hooker, Black Revolutionary, pp. 128–129 and pp. 133–134.
201.
Thompson, Ghana’s Foreign Policy, p. 107.
202.
Murapa, “Padmore’s Role”, p. 318.
203.
Ibid., pp. 318–319.
204.
Milne, Kwame Nkrumah, p. 134.
205.
Tunteng, “George Padmore”, p. 41; Around the time of Padmore’s death the Americans were already worried about Nkrumah’s leanings towards communist China, the USSR and the GDR: “the possibility of a shift, at least in emphasis, of Ghana policy in relation to East and West must be contemplated”, in NARA, RG 59, CDF 1955–1959, Box 2612, Despatch from Flake (American Embassy, Ghana) to the Department of State, 2 October 1959.
206.
Paul Trewhela, “George Padmore, a Critique: Pan-Africanism or Marxism?”, Searchlight South Africa 1,1, 1988, p. 42.
207.
Dei-Anang , The Administration of Ghana’s Foreign Relations, p. 27.
208.
TNA, KV 2-3833, Extract from Fortnightly Summaries from British High Commissioner in Ghana, 16 November–1 December 1964), “Death of Mrs. Padmore”.

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Matteo Grilli

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Grilli, M. (2018). Translating Theory into Practice (1959). In: Nkrumaism and African Nationalism. African Histories and Modernities. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91325-4_3

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