Abstract
Jones examines voluntary association and, relatedly, levels of trust. The data reveal that American males average more total voluntary association hours than do American females, who are revealed to participate more in youth groups. While trust has declined in both sexes, females exhibit lower levels of trust generally. A similar trend is found when race is brought into the equation: black Americans participate in fewer voluntary associations, but more youth groups, and a marked decrease in trust can be found. College Americans average one full group membership more than non-college Americans and exhibit higher levels of trust. Overall, voluntary association has dropped a bit since the late 1970s, as has trust.
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- 1.
For the main effect of sex, F = 50.853, p < .001; for the main effect of decade, F = 6.184, p < .001.
- 2.
For the interaction effect, F = 2.216, p = .084.
- 3.
For the main effect of decade, F = 12.137, p < .001; for the main effect of sex, F = 112.062, p < .001.
- 4.
For the main effect of decade, F = 6.034, p < .001; for the main effect of sex, F = 225.554, p < .001; for the interaction effect, F = 5.802, p = .001.
- 5.
For the main effect of decade, F = 68.915, p < .001; for the main effect of sex, F = 76.039, p < .001; for the interaction effect, F = 0.881, p = n.s.
- 6.
For the main effect of decade, F = 6.010, p < .001; for the main effect of age, F = 46.492, p < .001; for the interaction effect, F = 3.087, p = .005.
- 7.
For the main effect of decade, F = 11.258, p < .001; for the main effect of age, F = 96.821, p < .001; for the interaction effect, F = 5.780, p < .001.
- 8.
For the main effect of decade, F = 4.853, p = .002; for the main effect of age, F = 17.377, p < .001; for the interaction effect, F = 1.835, p = n.s.
- 9.
In fact, for Nonyouth Groups the 50+ means are identical: 1.153 for the 1970s, 1.153 for the 2000s.
- 10.
For the main effect of decade, F = 83.762, p < .001; for the main effect of age, F = 171.098, p < .001; for the interaction effect, F = 10.104, p < .001. The mean scores for the 50+ers in the 1990s and 2000s are an identical .399.
- 11.
For the main effect of race, F = 30.280, p < .001; for the main effect of decade, F = 1.674, p = n.s. For the interaction effect, F = 2.039, p = n.s.
- 12.
For the main effect of race, F = 31.297, p < .001; for the main effect of decade, F = 8.037, p < .001.
- 13.
For the main effect of race, F = 103.322, p < .001; for the main effect of decade, F = 0.719, p = n.s.
- 14.
For whites down 16.1% to 9.3%, for blacks 17.5% to 10.6%.
- 15.
See Bruce Western, Between Class and Market: Postwar Unionization in the Capitalist Democracies (Princeton University Press, 1997).
- 16.
For the main effect of decade, F = 11.795, p < .001; for the main effect of race, F = 1242.966, p < .001; for the interaction effect, F = 4.051, p = .007.
- 17.
For the main effect of education, F = 1202.541, p < .001; for the main effect of decade, F = 33.594, p < .001; for the interaction effect, F = 1353, p = n.s.
- 18.
Youth Groups: for the main effect of education, F = 334.917, p < .001; for the main effect of decade, F = 21.267, p < .001; for the interaction effect, F = 0.855, p = n.s.
Nonyouth Groups: for the main effect of education, F = 1241.660, p < .001; for the main effect of decade, F = 28.877, p < .001, for the interaction effect, F = 3.326, p. = .019.
- 19.
For the main effect of decade, F = 147.683, p < .001; for the main effect of education, F = 1218.710, p < .001.
- 20.
Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, op. cit., 133.
References
Tocqueville, Alexis de, Democracy in America, Vol. 2 (New York, NY: Schocken Books, 1961).
Western, Bruce, Between Class and Market: Postwar Unionization in the Capitalist Democracies (Princeton, NY: Princeton University Press, 1997).
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Jones, B.J. (2019). Voluntary Association and Trust. In: Social Capital in American Life. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91180-9_5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91180-9_5
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