Skip to main content

South Asian Immigration to United States: A Brief History Within the Context of Race, Politics, and Identity

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Biopsychosocial Approaches to Understanding Health in South Asian Americans

Part of the book series: Cross-Cultural Research in Health, Illness and Well-Being ((CCRHIWB))

Abstract

In this chapter we focus on key themes that impact South Asian diasporic communities in general. First, we briefly chart the South Asian immigrant journeys to the U.S. from the late 1800s through the watershed mid-century immigration policies to contemporary times. Second, we examine the contradictions between the model minority discourses that are sustained within the South Asian diaspora and the racism and discrimination experienced by South Asian immigrants particularly in the context of post 9/11 America. Finally, we conclude by looking at some of the ways in which first, second, and subsequent generations in the South Asian diaspora have creatively and politically engaged with their identity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Sepoy or Sipahi was the rank given to native Indian soldiers who were recruited to fight for the British army in India. In 1857, the sepoys, who belonged to Hindu, Muslim and Sikh religion, initiated one of the first social uprising against the British colonial government.

References

  • Afzal, A. (2015). Lone star Muslims: Transnational lives and the south Asian experience in Texas. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahluwalia, M. K. (2011). Holding my breath: The experience of being Sikh after 9/11. Traumatology, 17(3), 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534765611421962.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bald, V. (2013). Bengali Harlem and the lost histories of South Asian Americans. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bald, V. (2015). American orientalism. Dissent, 62(2), 23–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhachu, P. (1985). Twice migrants: East African Sikh settlers in Britain. London/New York: Tavistock Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhatia, S. (2007). American karma: Race, culture, and identity in the Indian diaspora. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhatia, S. (2010). Interpreting the meanings of schooling, hybridity, and multicultural citizenship in diaspora communities. Yearbook of the National Society for the Student of Education, 109(1), 66–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhatia, S. (2011). Lost in translation: Cultural hybridity, acculturation, and human development. Human Development, 54(6), 400–407. https://doi.org/10.1159/000334730.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatia, S., & Ram, A. (2001). Rethinking “acculturation” in relation to diasporic cultures and postcolonial identities. Human Development, 44(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1159/000057036.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatia, S., & Ram, A. (2004). Culture, hybridity and the dialogical self: Cases from the south Asian-American diaspora. Mind, Culture, and Activity, 11, 224–240. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327884mca1103_4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharjee, A. (1992). The habit of ex-nomination: Nation, woman and the Indian immigrant bourgeoisie. Public Culture, 5(1), 19–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharya, G., & Tazuko, S. (2009). Experiences of aging among immigrants from India to the United States: Social work practice in a global context. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 52(5), 445–462. https://doi.org/10.1080/01634370902983112.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brah, A. (1996). Cartographies of diaspora: Contesting identities. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Chou, R. S., & Feagin, J. R. (2008). The myth of model minority: Asian Americans facing racism. Boulder: Paradigm Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Das Gupta, M. (2006). Unruly immigrants: Rights, activism, and transnational south Asian politics in the United States. Durham: Duke University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dutta, M. J., & Jamil, R. (2013). Health at the Margins of Migration: Culture-Centered Co-Constructions Among Bangladeshi Immigrants. Health Communication, 28(2), 170–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flores, W. V. (2003). New Citizens, New Rights. Latin American Perspectives, 30(2), 295–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • George, R. M. (1997). “From expatriate aristocrat to immigrant nobody”: South Asian racial strategies in the southern Californian context. Diaspora, 6(1), 27–59. https://doi.org/10.1353/dsp.1997.0017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hannun, J. (2013, May 30). Why Indian Americans d-o-m-i-n-a-t-e spelling bees. Foreign Policy. Retrieved from http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/05/30/why-indian-americans-d-o-m-i-n-a-t-e-spelling-bees/

  • Helm, J. (2015, May 25). Indian Americans dominate national spelling bees then slurred on internet. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https:// www.washingtonpost.com/local/indian-americans-dominate-national-spelling-bee-then-slurred-on-internet/2015/05/25/ 8ec01098-f414-11e4-bcc4-e8141e5eb0c9_story.html.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helweg, A. W., & Helweg, U. (1990). An immigrant success story: East Indians in America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isin, E. F., & Turner, B. S. (2007). Investigating citizenship: An agenda for citizenship studies. Citizenship Studies, 11, 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621020601099773.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, J. M. (1988). Passage from India: Asian Indian immigrants in North America. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khandelwal, M. S. (2002). Becoming American, being Indian: An immigrant community in. New York City/Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koshy, S. (1998). Category crisis: South Asian Americans and questions of race and ethnicity. Diaspora, 7(3), 285–319. https://doi.org/10.1353/dsp.1998.0013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. H. X. (2015). History of Asian Americans: Exploring diverse roots. Santa Barbara: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonard, K. I. (1992). Making ethnic choices: California’s Punjabi Mexican Americans. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahalingam, R. (2012). Misidentification, misembodiment and the paradox of being a model minority. Sikh Formations: Religion, Culture, Theory, 8(3), 299–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/17448727.2012.752679.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahalingam, R., Philip, C., & Balan, S. (2006). Cultural psychology of marginality: Exploring the immigrant psychology of Indian diaspora. In R. Mahalingam (Ed.), Cultural psychology of immigrants (pp. 151–168). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maira, S. M. (2002). Desis in the house: Indian American youth culture in. New York City/Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maira, S. (2004). Imperial feelings: Youth culture, citizenship, and globalization. In M. Suárez-Orozco & D. Qin-Hilliard (Eds.), Globalization: Culture and education in the new millennium (pp. 203–234). Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maira, S. (2009). Missing: Youth, citizenship, and empire after 9/11. Durham: Duke University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Maira, S. (2011). Islamophobia and the war on terror. Youth, citizenship, and dissent. In L. Esposito & I. Kalin (Eds.), Islamophobia: The challenge of pluralism in the 21st century (pp. 109–126). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathew, B. (2008). Taxi! Cabs and capitalism in. New York City/Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazumdar, S. (1989). Racist responses to racism: The Aryan myth and south Asians in the United States. South Asia Bulletin, 9(1), 47–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, T. (2001). Introducing cultural citizenship. Social Text, 19(4), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1215/01642472-19-4_69-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohanty, C. T. (1991). Cartographies of struggle. Third world women and the politics of feminism. In C. T. Mohanty, A. Russo, & L. Torres (Eds.), Third world women and the politics of feminism (pp. 2–47). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prashad, V. (2000). The karma of brown folk. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prashad, V. (2012). Uncle swami: South Asians in America today. New York: The New Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purkayastha, B. (2005). Negotiating ethnicity: Second-generation south Asian Americans Traverse a Transnational World. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raghuram, P., & Sahoo, A. J. (2008). Thinking “Indian diaspora” for our time. In P. Raghuram, A. K. Sahoo, B. Maharaj, & D. Sangha (Eds.), Tracing the Indian diaspora: Contexts, memories and representations (pp. 1–20). New Delhi: Sage Publications.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman, S. (2010). Imagining life under the long shadow of 9/11: Backlash, media discourse, identity and citizenship of the Bangladeshi diaspora in the United States. Cultural Dynamics, 22(1), 49–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0921374010366782.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ram, A. (2014). Consuming Bollywood: Gender, globalization and media in the Indian diaspora. New York: Peter Lang International Academic Publishers.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rangaswamy, P. (2000). Namaste America: Indian immigrants in an American metropolis. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romell, R. (2012, Auguest, 06). 7 killed, including shooter, at Sikh temple in Oak Creek. Milwaukee-Wisconsin Journal Sentinel. Retrieved from http://archive.jsonline.com/news/crime/reports-of-people-shot-at-sikh-temple-in-oak-creek-qc6cgc0-165059506.html.

  • Rosaldo, R. (1994). Cultural citizenship and educational democracy. Cultural Anthropology, 9(3), 402–411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rudurappa, S. (2004). Ethnic routes to becoming American: Indian immigrants and the culture of citizenship. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, K. J. (2015). An atlas and survey of south Asian history. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe Publishers.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla, S. R. (2003). India Abroad: Diasporic cultures of postwar America and England. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siu, L. (2001). Diasporic cultural citizenship: Chineseness and belonging in central America and Panama. Social Text, 19(4), 7–28. https://doi.org/10.1215/01642472-19-4_69-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sohi, S. (2014). Echoes of mutiny: Race, surveillance, and Indian anticolonialism in North America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tummala-Narra, P., Sathasivam-Rueckert, N., & Sundaram, S. (2013). Voices of older Asian Indian immigrants: Mewwntal health implications. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 44(1), 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verma, R. (2006). Trauma, cultural survival and identity politics in a post 9/11 era: Reflections by Sikh youth. Sikh Formations: Religion, Culture, Theory, 2(1), 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/17448720600779877.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Werbner, P. (2007). The place which is diaspora: Citizenship religion, and gender in the making of chaordic transnationalism. In A. K. Sahoo & B. Maharaj (Eds.), Sociology of diaspora: A reader (Vol. 2, pp. 643–662). Jaipur: Rawat Publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young Lee, P. (2015, December 18). Arman Singh Sarai. Salon. Retrieved from http://www.salon.com/topic/armaan_singh_sarai/.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sunil Bhatia .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Bhatia, S., Ram, A. (2018). South Asian Immigration to United States: A Brief History Within the Context of Race, Politics, and Identity. In: Perera, M., Chang, E. (eds) Biopsychosocial Approaches to Understanding Health in South Asian Americans. Cross-Cultural Research in Health, Illness and Well-Being. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91120-5_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics