Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Management of Fecal Incontinence for the Advanced Practice Nurse pp 93–126Cite as

Management of Fecal Incontinence in Community-Living Adults

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

This chapter focuses on mainly independent, community-dwelling adults who have fecal incontinence. Included in this chapter is a review of factors associated with fecal incontinence, considerations for assessment in this population, and recommendation for management. Management may involve lifestyle changes including diet modifications; behavioral interventions such as pelvic floor exercises, biofeedback therapy, and electrical stimulation; and extracorporeal magnetic innervation. The chapter also addresses using medications and containment with devices and absorbent products.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   44.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Bliss DZ, Rolnick C, Jackson J, Arntson C, Mullins J, Hepburn K. Health literacy needs related to incontinence and skin damage among family and friend caregivers of individuals with dementia. J Wound Ostomy Cont Nurs. 2013;40(5):515–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Garcia JA, Crocker J, Wyman JF, Krissovich M. Breaking the cycle of stigmatization: managing the stigma of incontinence in social interactions. J Wound Ostomy Cont Nurs. 2005;32(1):38–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Chelvanayagam S, Norton C. Quality of life with faecal continence problems. Nurs Times. 2000;96(31 Suppl):15–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Peden-McAlpine C, Bliss DZ, Hill J. The experience of community-living women managing fecal incontinence. West J Nurs Res. 2008;30(7):817–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Milsom I, Altman D, Cartwright R, Lapitan MC, Nelson R, Sjostrom S, et al. Epidemiology of urinary incontinence (UI) and other lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and anal incontinence (AI) adults. In: Abrams P, Cardozo L, Wagg A, Wein A, editors. Incontinence. 6th ed. Bristol: International Continence Society; 2017. p. 1–142.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bliss DZ, Mimura T, Berghmans B, Bharucha A, Chiarioni G, Emmanuel A, et al. Assessment and conservative management of faecal incontinence and quality of life in adults. In: Abrams P, Cardozo L, Wagg A, Wein A, editors. Incontinence. 6th ed. Bristol: International Continence Society; 2017. p. 1993–2085.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Johanson JF, Lafferty J. Epidemiology of fecal incontinence: the silent affliction. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;91(1):33–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Norton C, Dibley L. Help-seeking for fecal incontinence in people with inflammatory bowel disease. J Wound Ostomy Cont Nurs. 2013;40(6):631–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Peden-McAlpine C, Bliss DZ, Becker B, Sherman S. The experience of community-living men managing fecal incontinence. Rehabil Nurs. 2012;37(6):298–306.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Klingele CJ, Pettit PD. Mayo clinic on managing incontinence. Mayo Found Med Educ Res. 2014;2(9):2074.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Wishin J, Gallagher TJ, McCann E. Emerging options for the management of fecal incontinence in hospitalized patients. J Wound Ostomy Cont Nurs. 2008;35(1):104–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Hansen JL, Bliss DZ, Peden-McAlpine C. Diet strategies used by women to manage fecal incontinence. J Wound Ostomy Cont Nurs. 2006;33(1):52–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Kılıç SP, Sevinç S. The relationship between cultural sensitivity and assertiveness in nursing students from Turkey. J Transcult Nurs. 2017; https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659617716518.

  14. Mullins J, Bliss DZ, Rolnick S, Henre CA, Jackson J. Barriers to communication with a healthcare provider and health literacy about incontinence among informal caregivers of individuals with dementia. J Wound Ostomy Cont Nurs. 2016;43(5):539–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Rolnick SJ, Bliss DZ, Jackson JM. Healthcare providers’ perspectives for promoting communication with family caregivers and patients with dementia about incontinence and skin damage. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2013;59(4):62–7.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Jorge JMN, Wexner SD. Etiology and management of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 1993;36(1):77–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Vaizey CJ, Carapeti E, Cahill JA, Kamm MA. Prospective comparison of faecal incontinence grading systems. Gut. 1999;44(1):77–80.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Manthey A, Bliss DZ, Savik K, Lowry A, Whitebird R. Goals of fecal incontinence management identified by community-living incontinent adults. West J Nurs Res. 2010;32(5):644–61.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Reed KK, Wickham R. Review of the gastrointestinal tract: from macro to micro. Semin Oncol Nurs. 2009;25(1):3–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Park SE, Elliott S, Noonan VK, Thorogood NP, Fallah N, Aludino A, et al. Impact of bladder, bowel and sexual dysfunction on health status of people with thoracolumbar spinal cord injuries living in the community. J Spinal Cord Med. 2017;40(5):548–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Shamliyan T, Wyman J, Bliss DZ, Kane RL, Wilt TJ. Prevention of urinary and fecal incontinence in adults. Evid Rep Technol Assess. 2007;161:1–379.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Norton C, Whitehead WE, Bliss DZ. Management of fecal incontinence in adults: reports from the 4th international consultation on incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 2010;29(1):199–206.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Drennan VM, Greenwood N, Cole L, Fader M, Grant R, Rait G, et al. Conservative interventions for incontinence in people with dementia or cognitive impairment, living at home: a systematic review. BMC Geriatr. 2012;12(1):77.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Harari D, Igbedioh C. Restoring continence in frail older people living in the community: what factors influence successful treatment outcomes? Age Ageing. 2008;38(2):228–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Ayers T, Wells M. Incontinence after stroke: guidance to overcome shortcomings in management. Br J Neurosci Nurs. 2007;3(10):468–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Faecal incontinence (bowel control problems). London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists Press; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Jelovsek JE, Barber MD. Women seeking treatment for advanced pelvic organ prolapse have decreased body image and quality of life. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;194(5):1455–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Memon HU, Handa VL. Vaginal childbirth and pelvic floor disorders. Womens Health. 2013;9(3):265–77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Carter D. Conservative treatment for anal incontinence. Gastroenterol Rep. 2014;2(2):85–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Croswell E, Bliss DZ, Savik K. Diet and eating pattern modifications used by community-living adults to manage their fecal incontinence. J Wound Ostomy Cont Nurs. 2010;37(6):677–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Dancey CP, Backhouse S. Towards a better understanding of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. J Adv Nurs. 1993;18(9):1443–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Martini MC, Kukielka D, Savaiano DA. Lactose digestion from yogurt: influence of a meal and additional lactose. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;53(5):1253–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. WebMD. Gas (Flatus). https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/tc/gas-flatus-topic-overview.

  34. Bliss DZ, Fischer LR, Savik K. Self-care practices of the elderly to manage fecal incontinence. J Gerontol Nurs. 2005;31(7):35–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Bliss DZ, Jung HJ, Savik K, Lowry A, LeMoine M, Jensen L, et al. Supplementation with dietary fiber improves fecal incontinence. Nurs Res. 2001;50(4):203–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Bliss DZ, Savik K, Jung HJG, Whitebird R, Lowry A, Sheng X. Dietary fiber supplementation for fecal incontinence: a randomized clinical trial. Res Nurs Health. 2014;37(5):367–78.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Markland AD, Burgio KL, Whitehead WE, Richter HE, Wilcox CM, Redden DT, et al. Loperamide versus psyllium fiber for treatment of fecal incontinence: the fecal incontinence prescription (Rx) management (FIRM) randomized clinical trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 2015;58(10):983–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. van der Hagen SJ, Soeters PB, Baeten CG, van Gemert WG. Conservative treatment of patients with faecal soiling. Tech Coloproctol. 2011;15(3):291–5.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Lauti M, Scott D, Thompson-Fawcett MW. Fibre supplementation in addition to loperamide for faecal incontinence in adults: a randomized trial. Colorectal Dis. 2008;10(6):553–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Lorback S. Naturopathic treatment for bowel incontinence in a patient with multiple sclerosis: a case study. Aus J Herbal Med. 2015;27(2):62–6.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Cottenden A, Bliss DZ, Buckley B, Fader M, Getliffe K, Paterson J, et al. Management using continence products. In: Abrams P, Cardozo L, Khoury S, Wein A, editors. Incontinence. 4th ed. Paris: Health Publication Ltd; 2009. p. 1519–642.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Cottenden A, Fader M, Beeckman D, Buckley B, Kitson-Reynolds E, Moore K, et al. Management using continence products. In: Abrams P, Cardozo L, Wagg A, Wein A, editors. Incontinence. 6th ed. Bristol: International Continence Society; 2017. p. 2303–426.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Doughty D. A physiologic approach to bowel training. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 1996;23(1):46–56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Heaton K, Lewis S. Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1997;32(9):920–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Bliss DZ, Larson SJ, Burr JK, Savik K. Reliability of a stool consistency classification system. J Wound Ostomy Cont Nurs. 2001;28(6):305–13.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Holdstock DJ, Misiewicz JJ, Smith T, Rowlands EN. Propulsion (mass movements) in the human colon and its relationship to meals and somatic activity. Gut. 1970;11(2):91–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Collins E, Hibberts F, Lyons M, Williams AB, Schizas AM. Outcomes in non-surgical management for bowel dysfunction. Br J Nurs. 2014;23(14):776–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Collins B, Norton C. Managing passive incontinence and incomplete evacuation. Br J Nurs. 2013;22(10):575–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Rosen H, Robert-Yap J, Tentschert G, Lechner M, Roche B. Transanal irrigation improves quality of life in patients with low anterior resection syndrome. Colorectal Dis. 2011;13(10):e335–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. McWilliams D. Rectal irrigation for patients with functional bowel disorders. Nurs Stand. 2010;24(26):42–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Wilson M. Living with faecal incontinence: a 10-year follow-up study. Br J Nurs. 2015;24(5):268–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Wilson M, McColl E. The experience of living with faecal incontinence. Nurs Times. 2007;103(14):46–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Duelund-Jakobsen J, Worsoe J, Lundby L, Christensen P, Krogh K. Management of patients with faecal incontinence. Ther Adv Gastroenterol. 2016;9(1):86–97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Halverson AL. Nonoperative management of fecal incontinence. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2005;18(1):17–21.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Omar MI, Alexander CE. Drug treatment for faecal incontinence in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;6:CD002116. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002116.pub2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Ooms LA, Degryse AD, Janssen PA. Mechanisms of action of loperamide. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1984;96:145–55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Prichard D, Norton C, Bharucha AE. Management of opioid-induced constipation. Br J Nurs. 2016;25(10):S4–5. S8–11

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Ramkumar D, Rao SSC. Efficacy and safety of traditional medical therapies for chronic constipation: systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100(4):936–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Lee-Robichaud H, Thomas K, Morgan J, Nelson RL. Lactulose versus polyethylene glycol for chronic constipation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;7:CD007570. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007570.pub2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Wang H-J, Liang X-M, Yu Z-L, Zhou L-Y, Lin S-R, Geraint M. A randomised, controlled comparison of low-dose polyethylene glycol 3350 plus electrolytes with ispaghula husk in the treatment of adults with chronic functional constipation. Clin Drug Investig. 2004;24(10):569–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Larkin P, Sykes N, Centeno C, Ellershaw J, Elsner F, Eugene B, et al. The management of constipation in palliative care: clinical practice recommendations. Palliat Med. 2008;22(7):796–807.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Gilpin SA, Gosling JA, Smith AR, Warrell DW. The pathogenesis of genitourinary prolapse and stress incontinence of urine. A histological and histochemical study. BJOG. 1989;96(1):15–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Bø K. Pelvic floor muscle training is effective in treatment of female stress urinary incontinence, but how does it work? Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2004;15(2):76–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Bartlett L, Sloots K, Nowak M, Ho Y-H. Biofeedback for fecal incontinence: a randomized study comparing exercise regimens. Dis Colon Rectum. 2011;54(7):846–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Durand VM, Barlow D. Abnormal psychology: an integrative approach. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Young CJ, Zahid A, Koh CE, Young JM, Byrne C, Solomon MJ, et al. A randomised control trial of four different regimes of biofeedback program in the treatment of faecal incontinence. Colorectal Dis. 2017;20(4):312–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/codi.13932

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Vivas CG, Moya JM, Roldán PS, Granero CR, Vinuesa SJ, López AM. Home training as a treatment of faecal incontinence and sphincter dyssynergia. Cir Pediatr. 2017;30(1):28–32.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Bharucha AE, Rao SS, Shin AS. Surgical interventions and the use of device-aided therapy for the treatment of fecal incontinence and defecatory disorders. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15(12):1844–54.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Bliss DZ, Mellgren A, Whitehead W, Chiarioni G, Emmanuel A, Santoro G, et al. Assessment and conservative management of faecal incontinence and quality of life in adults. In: Abrams P, Cardozo L, Khoury S, Wein A, editors. Incontinence. 5th ed. Arnhem: ICUD-EAU; 2013. p. 1444–85.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Heymen S, Scarlett Y, Jones K, Ringel Y, Drossman D, Whitehead WE. Randomized controlled trial shows biofeedback to be superior to pelvic floor exercises for fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2009;52(10):1730–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Norton C, Cody JD. Biofeedback and/or sphincter exercises for the treatment of faecal incontinence in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;7:CD002111. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002111.pub3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Enck P, Van der Voort IR, Klosterhalfen S. Biofeedback therapy in fecal incontinence and constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2009;21(11):1133–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Chiarioni G, Whitehead WE. The role of biofeedback in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;5(7):371–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Shamliyan TA, Kane RL, Wyman J, Wilt TJ. Systematic review: randomized, controlled trials of nonsurgical treatments for urinary incontinence in women. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148(6):459–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Heldin CH, Miyazono K, ten Dijke P. TGF-beta signalling from cell membrane to nucleus through SMAD proteins. Nature. 1997;390(6659):465–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Wang H, Liu J, Zeng J, Zeng C, Zhou Y. Expression of TβR-2, Smad3 and Smad7 in the vaginal anterior wall of postpartum rats with stress urinary incontinence. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2015;291(4):869–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Min J, Li B, Liu C, Hong S, Tang J, Hu M, et al. Therapeutic effect and mechanism of electrical stimulation in female stress urinary incontinence. Urology. 2017;104(Suppl C):45–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Norton C, Chelvanayagam S, Wilson-Barnett J, Redfern S, Kamm MA. Randomized controlled trial of biofeedback for fecal incontinence. Gastroenterology. 2003;125(5):1320–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Salmons S, Vrbová G. The influence of activity on some contractile characteristics of mammalian fast and slow muscles. J Physiol. 1969;201(3):535–49.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Hudlická O, Dodd L, Renkin EM, Gray SD. Early changes in fiber profile and capillary density in long-term stimulated muscles. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 1982;243(4):H528–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Healy CF, Brannigan AE, Connolly EM, Eng M, O’Sullivan MJ, McNamara DA, et al. The effects of low-frequency endo-anal electrical stimulation on faecal incontinence: a prospective study. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2006;21(8):802–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Schwandner T, Konig IR, Heimerl T, Kierer W, Roblick M, Bouchard R, et al. Triple target treatment (3T) is more effective than biofeedback alone for anal incontinence: the 3T-AI study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2010;53:1007–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Yeung W. Evaluation of treatment outcomes in pelvic floor muscle training with biofeedback versus intra-vaginal electrical stimulation in women with urinary incontinence in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Abstract presented at Hospital Authority Convention; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Galloway NT, El-Galley R, Sand PK, Appell RA, Russell H, Carlin S. Update on extra corporeal magnetic innervation (EXMI) therapy for stress urinary incontinence. Urology. 2000;56(6:82–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Yeung W. The most updated treatment in urinary incontinence. China: Abstract presented at CUAN Conference; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Deutekom M, Dobben AC. Plugs for containing faecal incontinence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;7:CD005086. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005086.pub4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Lukacz ES, Segall MM, Wexner SD. Evaluation of an anal insert device for the conservative management of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2015;58(9):892–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Fox A, Tietze PH, Ramakrishnan K. Anorectal conditions: Fecal incontinence. FP Essent. 2014;419:35–47.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Continence Products Advisor. International Continence Society, International Consultation on Incontinence, University College London, University of Southampton. https://www.continen-ceproductadvisor.org/.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Richter HE, Matthews CA, Muir T, MM TS, Hale DS, Van Drie D, Varma MG. A vaginal bowel-control system for the treatment of fecal incontinence. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;125(3):540–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Canadian Nurse Continence Advisors. http://www.cnca.ca.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Cottenden A, Bliss DZ, Buckley B, Fader M, Gartley C, Hayder D, et al. Management using continence products. In: Abrams P, Cardozo L, Khoury S, Wein A, editors. Incontinence. 5th ed. Arnhem: ICUD-EAU; 2013. p. 1651–786.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Bliss DZ, Savik K. Use of an absorbent dressing specifically for fecal incontinence. J Wound Ostomy Cont Nurs. 2008;35(2):221–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Bliss DZ, Lewis J, Hasselman K, Savik K, Lowry A, Whitebird R. Use and evaluation of disposable absorbent products for managing fecal incontinence by community-living people. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2011;38(3):289–97. https://doi.org/10.1097/WON.0b013e31821530ca.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Urology Wellness Clinic, St. Joseph’s Hospital, Saint John, NB, Canada

    Frankie Bates

  2. University of Minnesota School of Nursing, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Donna Z. Bliss

  3. School of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK

    Alison Bardsely

  4. Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Chai Wan, Hong Kong, China

    Winnie Ka Wai Yeung

Authors
  1. Frankie Bates
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Donna Z. Bliss
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Alison Bardsely
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Winnie Ka Wai Yeung
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Frankie Bates .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Nursing, University of Minnesota School of Nursing, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

    Donna Z. Bliss

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Bates, F., Bliss, D.Z., Bardsely, A., Yeung, W.K.W. (2018). Management of Fecal Incontinence in Community-Living Adults. In: Bliss, D. (eds) Management of Fecal Incontinence for the Advanced Practice Nurse. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90704-8_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90704-8_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-90703-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-90704-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation