Abstract
Worldwide, farmers are called upon to abandon harmful pesticides and adopt conservation agriculture for improving environmental sustainability, soil fertility, pest management and farm profits, among other benefits. Whereas the positive environmental benefits of conservation agriculture are non-questionable, pest management benefits are still a subject of debate. Abandonment of the plough and harmful pesticides towards conservation agriculture presented new challenges to farmers in terms of pest management. Pest problems are frequently reported as the main yield limiting factor for conservation agriculture in many production systems of the world, especially among the resource poor farmers. Here we first review the pest management benefits of conservation agriculture principles, with special focus on weeds and animal pests. In conservation agriculture, emphasis should be placed on use of different multiple and varied tactics incorporated into the cropping system design to avoid damaging levels of pests, thus minimizing the need for curative solutions. Conservation agriculture embraces integrated pest management, as it aims to incorporate reduced pesticide applications with cover crops, conservation tillage and crop rotation to strengthen natural pest control. We show that effective long term weed management in conservation agriculture systems is based on an integration of measures for limiting competitiveness of the weeds that are already in the field and growing with the crop, preventing the introduction of new weeds, and preventing the multiplication of the weeds that are already there. Although the abandonment of tillage towards no-till requires an initial investment on herbicides for weed control, herbicide requirement tends to decline over time with proper application of conservation agriculture. Proper selection of planting date, density and spatial arrangement of a crop can maximize the space it occupies early in the season and put competitive pressure on weeds. Crops can be rotated in sequences that are not only profitable, but highly effective at breaking animal pest cycles. Mixed cropping reduces pest populations by increasing environmental diversity and lowering the overall attractiveness of the environment. We then highlight some possible solutions to the major challenges for pest management through conservation agriculture practice. Promotion of integration of conservation agriculture principles with cultural measures is essential for pest management in conservation agriculture systems. In conservation agriculture, it is important for farmers to employ several strategies simultaneously so that if one strategy fails, then the other ones operate to prevent yield loss. The focus should not be just on how to fit various pest management tactics into the conservation agriculture production system, but also on how the system can be modified to accommodate various pest control tactics. We demonstrate that farmers practicing conservation agriculture have several cultural methods that they can put together to build up a good pest management strategy. Although cover crops and mulches are generally viewed as the first line of defense against weeds, the reduction in weeds is not enough to eliminate the need for chemical control. Cover crops can be used to reduce animal pest dispersal, colonization and reproduction on crops through maintenance of the cover crop as a sink for various pests, confusing the pests visually and by causing microclimate changes that reduce pest success. Fertilizer timing and placement strongly influences crop competition; and deep banding of fertilizer has the potential to enhance not only fertilizer use efficiency, but also crop resistance to animal pests and competitive ability against weeds. Proper selection of planting date, density and spatial arrangement of a crop can put competitive pressure on weeds and break animal pest cycles. Sanitation practices are important tools in conservation agriculture because of their ability to eliminate necessities that are important to the pests’ survival. The development of pest resistance will likely be minimal if host plant resistance is integrated with other control measures through conservation agriculture practice. A more holistic, integration approach of control tactics in conservation agriculture , which goes beyond the three principles, is essential for effective pest management.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Altieri MA, Nicholls CI (2004) Biodiversity and pest management in agroecosystems. Food Products Press. An imprint of Haworth Press Inc., Binghamton, NY
Altieri MA, Nicholls CI (2003) Soil fertility management and insect pests: harmonizing soil and plant health in agroecosystems. Soil Till Res 72(2):203–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(03)00089-8
Altieri MA, Schmidt LL (1985) Cover crop manipulation in northern California orchards and vineyards: effects on arthropod communities. Biol Agric Hortic 3:1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.1985.9754453
Badenes-Perez FR, Shelton AM, Nault BA (2004) Evaluating trap crops for diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). J Econ Entomol 97:1365–1372. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/97.4.1365
Badenes-Perez FR, Shelton AM, Nault BA (2005) Using yellow rocket as a trap crop for the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). J Econ Entomol 98:884–890. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-98.3.884
Bajwa AA, Walsh M, Chauhan BS (2017) Weed management using crop competition in Australia. Crop Prot 95:8–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2016.08.021
Bastiaans L, Paolini R, Baumann DT (2008) Focus on ecological weed management: what is hindering adoption? Weed Res 48(6):481–491. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2008.00662.x
Berkowitz GA, Rabin J (1988) Antitranspirant associated abscisic acid effects on the water relations and yield of transplanted bell peppers. Plant Physiol 86:329–331. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.86.2.329
Blackshaw RE, Anderson RL, Lemerle D (2007) Cultural weed management. In: Upadhyaya MK, Blackshaw RE (Eds) Non-chemical weed management. principles, concepts and technology. CABI, Wallingford, UK, pp 35–47
Blackshaw RE, Semach G, O’Donovan JT (2000) Utilization of wheat seed rate to manage redstem filaree (Erodium cicutarium) in a zero tillage cropping system. Weed Technol 14:389–396. https://doi.org/10.1614/0890-037X(2000)014[0389:UOWSRT]2.0.CO;2
Bottenberg H, Masiunas J, Eastman C, Eastburn D (1997) Yield and quality constraints of cabbage planted in rye mulch. Biol Agric Hortic 14:323–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.1997.9755168
Boucher TJ, Ashley R, Durgy R, Sciabarrasi M, Calderwood W (2003) Managing the pepper maggot (Diptera: Tephritidae) using perimeter trap cropping. J Econ Entomol 96:420–432. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-96.2.420
Brainard DC, Bryant A, Noyesa DC, Haramoto ER, Szendrei Z (2016) Evaluating pest-regulating services under conservation agriculture: a case study in snap beans. Agric Ecosyst Environ 235:142–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.09.032
Bugg RL (1992) Using cover crops to manage anthropods on truck farms. HortScience 27:741–745
Caldwell BA, Sideman E, Seaman A, Brown Rosen E, Shelton AM, Smart CD (2005) Resource guide to organic insect and disease management. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station. http://web.pppmb.cals.cornell.edu/resourceguide/pdf/resource-guide-for-organic-insect-and-disease-management.pdf. Accessed 28 December 2016
Chauhan BS, Florentine SK, Ferguson JC, Chechetto RG (2017) Implications of narrow crop row spacing in managing weeds in mungbean (Vigna radiata). Crop Prot 95:116–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2016.07.004
Chiduza C, Dube E (2013) Maize production challenges in high biomass input smallholder farmer conservation agriculture systems: a practical research experience from South Africa. African Crop Sci Conf Proc 11:23–27
Clark A (2007) Managing cover crops profitably, 3rd edn. Sustainable Agriculture Network. United Book Press, Inc., p 247. http://www.sare.org/publications/covercrops/covercrops.pdf. Accessed 24 Feb 2016
Cochran VL, Morrow LA, Schirman RD (1990) The effect of N placement on grass weeds and winter wheat in three tillage systems. Soil Till Res 18:347–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-1987(90)90119-X
Conway GR, Pretty J (1991) Unwelcome harvest: agriculture and pollution. Earthscan, London
Douglas MR, Tooker JF (2012) Slug (Mollusca: Agriolimacidae, Arionidae) ecology and management in no-till field crops, with an emphasis on the mid-Atlantic region. J Integr Pest Manag 3(1):C1–C9. https://doi.org/10.1603/IPM11023
Drews S, Neuhoff D, Köpke U (2009) Weed suppression ability of three winter wheat varieties at different row spacing under organic farming conditions. Weed Res 49(5):526–533. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2009.00720.x
Dube E, Chiduza C, Muchaonyerwa P, Fanadzo M, Mthoko TS (2012) Winter cover crops and fertiliser effects on the weed seed bank in a low-input maize-based conservation agriculture system. S Afr J Plant Soil 29(3–4):195–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2012.730637
Dumanski J, Peiretti R, Benetis J, McGarry D, Pieri C (2006) The paradigm of conservation tillage. In: Proceedings of world association of soil and water conservation, FAO, Rome, pp 58–64
Eskenazi B, Marks AR, Bradman A, Harley K, Barr DB, Johnson C, Morga N, Jewell NP (2007) Organophosphate pesticide exposure and neurodevelopment in young Mexican-American children. Environ Health Perspect 115(5):792–798. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9828
Fahad S, Hussain S, Chauhan BS, Saud S, Wu C, Hassan S, Huang J (2015) Weed growth and crop yield loss in wheat as influenced by row spacing and weed emergence times. Crop Prot 71:101–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2015.02.005
Fahad S, Hussain S, Saud S, Hassan S, Muhammad H, Shan D, Chen C, Wu C, Xiong D, Khan SB, Jan A, Cui K, Huang J, Zwerger P (2014) Consequences of narrow crop row spacing and delayed Echinochloa colona and Trianthema portulacastrum emergence for weed growth and crop yield loss in maize. Weed Res 54:475–483. https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12104
FAO (2008) Investing in Sustainable Agricultural Intensification: The role of conservation agriculture. A Framework for Action. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome
Finney DM, Creamer NG (2008) Weed management on organic farms. The Organic Production Publication Series, CEFS, p 1–34
Flint ML, Van den Bosch R (1981) Introduction to Integrated Pest Management. Springer, New York Inc. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9212-9
Forcella F, Westgate ME, Warnes DD (1992) Effect of row width on herbicide and cultivation requirements in row crops. Am J Alt Agric 7:161–167. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0889189300004756
Gaylor JG, Fleischer SJ, Muehleisen DP, Edelson JV (1984) Insect populations in cotton produced under conservation tillage. J Soil Water Conserv 39:61–64
Giller KE, Witter E, Corbeels M, Tittonell P (2009) Conservation agriculture and smallholder farming in Africa: the heretics’ view. Field Crop Res 114:23–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2009.06.017
Glen DM, Symondson WOC (2003) Influence of soil tillage on slugs and their natural enemies. In: El Titi A (ed) The role of soil tillage in agroecosystems. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA, pp 207–227
Godfrey LD, Leigh TF (1994) Alfalfa harvest strategy effect on Lygus bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) and insect predator population density: implications for use as trap crop in cotton. Environ Entomol 23:1106–1118. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/23.5.1106
Gregory WW, Musick GJ (1976) Insect management in reduced tillage systems. Bull Entomol Soc Am 22:302–304. https://doi.org/10.1093/besa/22.3.302
Gunsolus J, Wyse D, Moncada K, Fernholz C (2010) Weed management. In: Moncada KM (ed)
Guyton KZ, Loomis DY, El Ghissassi F, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Guha N, Scoccianti C, Mattock H, Straif K, International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group, IARC, Lyon, France (2015) Carcinogenicity of tetrachlorvinphos, parathion, malathion, diazinon, and glyphosate. Lancet Oncol 16(5):490–491
Hauser EW, Buchanan GA (1982) Production of peanuts as affected by weed competition and row spacing. Alabama Agric Exp Stn Bull 538:35
Heap I (2014) Global perspective of herbicide-resistant weeds. Pest Manag Sci 70(9):1306–1315. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3696
Henderson DR, Riga E, Ramirez RA, Wilson J, Snyder WE (2009) Mustard biofumigation disrupts biological control by Steinernema spp. nematodes in the soil. J Nematol 41(4):337–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.12.004
Hill DS (1983) Agricultural insect pests of the tropics and their control. Cambridge University Press, London
Hill DS (2008) Pests of crops in warmer climates and their control. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Hokkanen HMT (1989) Biological and agrotechnical control of the rape blossom beetle Meligethes aeneus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Acta Entomol Fenn 53:25–30
Hoy CW, Vaughn TT, East DA (2000) Increasing the effectiveness of spring trap crops for Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Entomol Exp Appl 96:193–204. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1570-7458.2000.00697.x
Jabran K, Mahajan G, Sardana V, Chauhan BS (2015) Allelopathy for weed control in agricultural systems. Crop Prot 72:57–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2015.03.004
Jackai LEN, Adalla CB (1997) Pest management practices in cowpea: a review. In: Singh BB, Mohan Raj DR, Dashiell KE, Jackai LEN (eds) Advances in cowpea research. Copublication of International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), pp 240–257
Jackai LEN, Singh SR (1983) Suitability of selected leguminous plants for development of Maruca testulalis larvae. Entomol Exp Appl 34:174–178. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1983.tb03314.x
Johnson TB, Turpin FT, Schreiber MM, Griffith DR (1984) Effects of crop rotation, tillage, and weed management systems on black cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) infestations in corn. J Econ Entomol 77(4):919–921. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/77.4.919
Khan ZR, Pickett JA (2004) The ‘push–pull’ strategy for stemborer management: a case study in exploiting biodiversity and chemical ecology. In: Gurr GM, Wratten SD, Altieri MA (eds) Ecological engineering for pest management: advances in habitat manipulation for arthropods. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxon, UK
Khan ZR, Pickett JA, Van den Berg J, Wadhams LJ, Woodcock CM (2000) Exploiting chemical ecology and species diversity: stem borer and striga control for maize and sorghum in Africa. Pest Manag Sci 56:957–962. https://doi.org/10.1002/1526%2D4998%28200011%2956%3A11%26lt%3B957%3AAID%2DPS236%26gt%3B3%2E0%2ECO%3B2%2DT
Khan ZR, Pickett JA, Wadhams L, Muyekho F (2001) Habitat management strategies for the control of cereal stemborers and striga in maize in Kenya. Insect Sci Appl 21:375–380. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758400008481
Kogan M (1998) Integrated pest management: historical perspectives and contemporary developments. Annu Rev Entomol 43(1):243–270. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.243
Koul O, Cuperus GW (2007) Ecologically based integrated pest management. CABI Publishing, Wallingford
Kruger M, Van JBJ, Van den Berg J (2009) Perspective on the development of stem borer resistance to Bt maize and refuge compliance at the Vaalharts irrigation scheme in South Africa. Crop Prot 28:684–689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2009.04.001
Lemerle D, Cousens RD, Gill GS, Peltzer SJ, Moerkerk M, Murphy CE, Collins D, Cullis BR (2004) Reliability of higher seeding rates of wheat for increased competitiveness with weeds in low rainfall environments. J Agric Sci 142:395–409. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002185960400454X
Lemerle D, Gill GS, Murphy CE, Walker SR, Cousens RD, Mokhtari S, Peltzer SJ, Coleman R, Luckett DJ (2001) Genetic improvement and agronomy for enhanced wheat competitiveness with weeds. Crop Past Sci 52:527–548. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR00056
Lemerle D, Verbeek B, Diffey S (2006) Influences of field pea (Pisum sativum) density on grain yield and competitiveness with annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in south-eastern Australia. Aust J Exp Agric 46:1465–1472. https://doi.org/10.1071/EA04233
Levine E, Oloumi-Sadeghi H (1991) Management of diabroticite rootworms in corn. Annu Rev Entomol 36:229–255. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.36.010191.001305
Lichtfouse E, Navarrete M, Debaeke P, Souchere V, Alberola C, Menassieu J (2009) Agronomy for sustainable agriculture: a review. Agron Sustain Dev 29:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1051/agro:2008054
Liebman M, Dyck E (1993) Crop rotation and intercropping strategies for weed management. Ecol Appl 3(1):92–122. https://doi.org/10.2307/1941795
Linker HM, Orr DB, Barbercheck ME (2009) Insect Management on Organic Farms. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. https://cefs.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/insectmgmtfinaljan09.pdf?x47549. Accessed 27 December 2016
Lu J, Liu YB, Shelton AM (2004) Laboratory evaluations of a wild crucifer Barbarea vulgaris as a management tool for diamondback moth. Bull Entomol Res 94:509–516. https://doi.org/10.1079/BER2004328
Magdoff F, Van Es H (2000) Building soils for better crops. SARE, Washington, DC
Marks CF, Townshend JL (1973) Multiplication of the root lesion nematode Pratylynchus penetrans under orchard cover crops. Can J Plant Sci 53:187–188. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps73-034
Matsuo N, Yamada T, Hajika M, Fukami K, Tsuchiya S (2015) Planting date and row width effects on soybean production in Southwestern Japan. Agron J 107:415–424. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj14.0268
McCarty LB, Murphy TR (1994) Control of turfgrass weeds. In: Turgeon AJ, Kral DM, Viney MK (eds) Turfgrass weeds and their control. ASA and CSSA, Madison, Wisconsin
McGuiness H (1993) Living soils: sustainable alternatives to chemical fertilizers or developing countries. Consumers Policy Institute, New York
Menalled F (2008) Weed seedbank dynamics and integrated management of agricultural weeds. Bozeman: Extension Publication, Montana State University. http://www.msuextension.org/publications/AgandNaturalResources/MT200808AG.pdf. Accessed 9 Jan 2017
Minotti PL, Sweet RD (1981) Role of crop competition in limiting losses from weeds. In: Pimentel D (ed) CRC Handbook of pest management in agriculture, vol 2. CRC Press Inc, Boca Raton, Florida
Mohler CL (2001) Enhancing the competitive ability of crops. In: Liebman M, Mohler CL, Staver CP (eds) Ecological management of agricultural weeds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
Mohler CL, Callaway MB (1995) Effects of tillage and mulch on weed seed production and seed banks in sweet corn. J Appl Ecol 32:627–639. https://doi.org/10.2307/2404658
Moody K (1981) Weed-fertilizer interactions in rice. IRRI research paper series, No, p 68
Morrill WL (1977) Red imported fire ant control with diazinon and chlorpyrifos drenches. J Georgia Entomol Soc 12:96–100
Munsif F, Ali K, Khalid S, Ali A, Ali M, Ahmad M, Ahmad W, Ahmad I, Basir A (2015) Influence of row spacing on weed density, biomass and yield of chip bud settling of sugarcane. Pak. J Weed Sci Res 21:137–144
Muthiah C (2003) Integrated management of leafminer (Aproaerema modicella) in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea). Ind J Agric Sci 73:466–468
Oerke EC, Dehne HW (2004) Safeguarding production: Losses in major crops and the role of crop protection. Crop Prot 23:275–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2003.10.001
Oliveira CM, Auad AM, Mendes SM, Frizzas MR (2014) Crop losses and the economic impact of insect pests on Brazilian agriculture. Crop Prot 56:50–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2013.10.022
Osten V, Wu H, Walker S, Wright G, Shields A (2006) Weeds and summer crop row spacing studies in Queensland. In: Preston C, Watts JH, Crossman ND (eds) Proceedings of the 15th Australian weeds conference, 24–28 Sep 2006. Adelaide, South Australia, pp 347–350
Otabbong E, Izquierdo MML, Talavera SFT, Geber UH, Ohlander LJR (1991) Response to P fertilizer of Phaseolus vulgaris L. growing with or without weeds in a highly P-fixing mollic Andosol. Trop Agric 68:339–343
Pair SD (1997) Evaluation of systemically treated squash trap plants and attracticidal baits for early-season control of striped and spotted cucumber beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and squash bug (Hemiptera: Coreidae) in cucurbit crops. J Econ Entomol 90:1307–1314. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/90.5.1307
Pimentel D (1995) Amounts of pesticides reaching target pests: environmental impacts and ethics. J Agric Environ Ethics 8(1):17–29
Pingali PL (1993) Pesticides, rice productivity, and farmers’ health: an economic assessment. Plant Dis 70:906–911
Power JF, Wilhelm WW, Doran JW (1986) Crop residue effects on soil environment and dryland maize and soya bean production. Soil Till Res 8:101–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-1987(86)90326-0
Rashid A, Nawaz S, Barker H, Ahmad I, Ashraf M (2010) Development of a simple extraction and clean-up procedure for determination of organochlorine pesticides in soil using gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1217:2933–2939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2010.02.060
Rasmussen IA (2004) The effect of sowing date, stale seedbed, row width and mechanical weed control on weeds and yields of organic winter wheat. Weed Res 44:12–20. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3180.2003.00367.x
Rebek EJ, Frank SD, Royer TA, Bográn CE (2012) Alternatives to chemical control of insect pests. Insecticides–basic and other applications, pp 171–196. http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/27804.pdf. Accessed 27 Dec 2016
Sankula S, VanGessel MJ, Kee WE, Beste CE, Everts KL (2001) Narrow row spacing does not affect lima bean yield or management of weeds and other pests. HortScience 36:884–888
Sarwar M (2015) Mechanical Control Prospectus to Aid in Management of Fruit Flies and Correlated Tephritid (Diptera: Tephritidae) Pests. Int J Anim Biol 1(5):190–195
Sattell R, Dick R, Mcgrath D (1998) Faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Oregon State University Extension Service, P 2
Seal DR, Chalfant RB, Hall MR (1992) Effects of cultural practices and rotational crops on abundance of wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) affecting sweet potato in Georgia. Environ Entomol 21:969–974. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/21.5.969
Shelton AM, Badenes-Perez FR (2006) Concepts and applications of trap cropping in pest management. Annu Rev Entomol 51:285–308. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.150959
Shelton AM, Nault BA (2004) Dead-end trap cropping: a technique to improve management of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Crop Prot 23(6):497–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2003.10.005
Sipes BS, Arakaki AS (1997) Root-knot nematode management in dryland taro with tropical cover crops. Suppl J Nematol 29:721–724
Smith B (2006) The farming handbook. University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, South Africa, p 431
Spencer JL, Hibbard BE, Moeser J, Onstad DW (2009) Behaviour and ecology of the Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera LeConte). Agr Forest Meteorol 11(1):9–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-9563.2008.00399.x
Srinivasan K, Krishna Moorthy PN (1991) Indian mustard as a trap crop for management of major lepidopterous pests on cabbage. Trop Pest Manag 37:26–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670879109371532
Stehle S, Schulz R (2015) Agricultural insecticides threaten surface waters at the global scale. PNAS 112:5750–5755
Stephenson DO, Brecke BJ (2010) Weed management in single- versus twin-row cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Weed Technol 24:275–280. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-D-09-00056.1
Strand JF (2000) Some agrometeorological aspects of pest and disease management for the 21st century. Agr Forest Meteorol 103(1):73–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00119-2
Sturz AV, Carter MR, Johnston HW (1997) A review of plant disease, pathogen interactions and microbial antagonism under conservation tillage in temperate humid agriculture. Soil Till Res 41(3):169–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(96)01095-1
Svotwa E, Jiyane J, Ndangana F (2006) Integrated weed management: a possible solution to weed problems in Zimbabwe. In: Muchabayiwa B, Trimble J, Dube S (eds.) Proceedings from the 2nd international conference on appropriate technology. National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, July 12–15, 2006
Swanton CJ, Weise SF (1991) Integrated weed management: the rationale and approach. Weed Technol:657–663. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0890037X00027512
Swanton CJ, Shrestha A, Knezevic SZ, Roy RC, Ball-Coelho BR (2000) Influence of tillage type on vertical seed bank distribution in a sandy soil. Can J Plant Sci 80:455–457. https://doi.org/10.4141/P99-020
Talekar NS, Shelton AM (1993) Biology, ecology, and management of the diamondback moth. Annu Rev Entomol 38:275–301. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.38.010193.001423
Teasdale JR (1996) Contribution of cover crops to weed management in sustainable agricultural systems. J Prod Agric 9:475–479. https://doi.org/10.2134/jpa1996.0475
Teasdale JR, Frank JR (1983) Effect of row spacing on weed competition with snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). Weed Sci 31:81–85. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043174500068582
Teasdale J (1998) Influence of corn (Zea mays) population and row spacing on corn and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) yield. Weed Sci 46:447–453
Teasdale J (1995) Influence of narrow row/high population corn on weed control and light transmittance. Weed Technol 9:113–118
Tharp BE, Kells JJ (2001) Effect of glufosinate-resistant corn (Zea mays) population and row spacing on light interception, corn yield, and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) growth. Weed Technol 15:413–418. https://doi.org/10.1614/0890-037X(2001)015[0413:EOGRCZ]2.0.CO;2
US Congress (1979) Pest Management Strategies in Crop Production. Office of Technology Assessment, October 1979
Van der Werf HMG (1996) Assessing the impact of pesticides on the environment. Agric Ecosyst Environ 60:81–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(96)01096-1
Vanlauwe B, Wendt J, Giller KE, Corbeels M, Gerard B, Nolte C (2014) A fourth principle is required to define conservation agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa: the appropriate use of fertiliser to enhance crop productivity. Field Crops Res 155:10–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2013.10.002
Verhulst N, Govaerts B, Verachtert E, Castellanos-Navarrete A, Mezzalama M, Wall P, Deckers J, Sayre KD (2010) Conservation agriculture, improving soil quality for sustainable production systems? In: Lal R, Stewart BA (eds) Advances in soil science: food security and soil quality. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 137–208
Vincelli PC (1994) Fundamental principles of plant pathology for agricultural producers. Agriculture and Natural Resources Publications. Paper 77. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/anr_reports/77. Accessed 27 Dec 2016
Walker SR, Medd RW, Robinson GR, Cullis BR (2002) Improved management of Avena ludoviciana and Phalaris paradoxa with more densely sown wheat and less herbicide. Weed Res 42:257–270. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3180.2002.00283.x
Watson W, Orr D and Bambara S (2015) NC cooperative extension, North Carolina cooperative extension
Williams MM II, Boydston RA (2013) Crop seeding level: implications for weed management in sweet corn. Weed Sci 61:437–442. https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-D-12-00205.1
Wu H, Walker SR, Osten VA, Robinson G (2010) Competition of sorghum cultivars and densities with Japanese millet (Echinochloa esculenta). Weed Biol Manage 10:185–193. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-6664.2010.00383.x
Xu QC, Fujiyama S, Xu HL (2011) Biological pest control by enhancing populations of natural enemies in organic farming systems. J Food Agric Environ 9:455–463
Yenish JP, Worsham AD, York AC (1996) Cover crops for herbicide replacement in no-tillage corn (Zea mays). Weed Technol 10:815–821. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0890037X00040859
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fanadzo, M., Dalicuba, M., Dube, E. (2018). Application of Conservation Agriculture Principles for the Management of Field Crops Pests. In: Gaba, S., Smith, B., Lichtfouse, E. (eds) Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 28. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, vol 28. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90309-5_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90309-5_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-90308-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-90309-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)