Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Quality of Health Care

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Diabetic Foot

Part of the book series: Contemporary Diabetes ((CDI))

  • 2628 Accesses

Abstract

Delivering the highest quality health care to patients with diabetes requires overcoming complex and multifaceted challenges. However, one area that can contribute to improving health care delivery involves adopting accurate and reliable approaches to performance measurement. The goal of this chapter is to provide the reader with a working knowledge of the conceptual framework of health care quality and performance measurement as applied in the treatment and management of diabetic foot care. A general understanding of the existing systems that monitor diabetes-related quality indicators and outcomes is summarized. Additional information is provided on the promotion of preventive services, reduction of quality gaps, and advancement of scientific knowledge through comparative effectiveness research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Change history

  • 15 May 2019

    Now this has been included in the references list and the citation and the references were renumbered consecutively and also moved reference Lorig (2001) from 74 to 86 in the references list

References

  1. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. NCQA’s the essential guide to healthcare quality, Chapter 1. p. 8. https://www.ncqa.org/Portals/0/Publications/Resource%20Library/NCQA_Primer_web.pdf. Accessed 1 Apr 2017.

  2. Wallace G. Are you providing quality healthcare? Podiatry Today. 29(4). http://www.podiatrytoday.com/are-you-providing-quality-healthcare. Accessed 1 Apr 2017.

  3. Haynes B. Can it work? Does it work? Is it worth it? The testing of healthcare interventions is evolving. BMJ. 1999;319:652–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Committee on Quality Healthcare in America. Crossing the quality chasm: a new health system for the 21st century. Institute of Medicine Web site. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10027.html. Accessed 1 Apr 2017.

  5. Frank L, Basch E, Selby JV, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute. The PCORI perspective on patient-centered outcomes research. JAMA. 2014;312(15):1513–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). FastStats: Deaths and mortality. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/deaths.htm Accessed 1 Apr 2017.

  7. Herman WH. The global agenda for the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Nutr Rev. 2017;75(Suppl 1):13–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Rates of Diagnosed Diabetes per 100 Civilian, Non-Institutionalized Population, by Age, United States, 1980–2014, https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/prev/national/figbyage.htm. Accessed 1 May 2017.

  9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Early release of selected estimates based on data from the January–September 2016 National Health Interview Survey https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/releases.htm and https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhis/earlyrelease/earlyrelease201702_14.pdf. Accessed 1 May 2017.

  10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Early release of selected estimates based on data from the January–September 2016 National Health Interview Survey. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/releases.htm and https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhis/earlyrelease/earlyrelease201702_06.pdf. Accessed 1 May 2017.

  11. Crews RT, Schneider KL, Yalla SV, Reeves ND, Vileikyte L. Physiological and psychological challenges of increasing physical activity and exercise in patients at risk of diabetic foot ulcers: a critical review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2016;32(8):791–804.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Boyko EJ, Ahroni JH, Stensel V, Forsberg RC, Davignon DR, Smith DG. A prospective study of risk factors for diabetic foot ulcer. The Seattle diabetic foot study. Diabetes Care. 1999 Jul;22(7):1036–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Up to 40 percent of annual deaths from each of five leading US causes are preventable. 2014. https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2014/p0501-preventable-deaths.html. Accessed 1 Apr 2017.

  14. Donabedian A. Evaluating the quality of medical care. Milbank Mem Fund Q. 1966;44(3 Suppl):166–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Rodkey GV, Itani KM. Evaluation of healthcare quality: a tale of three giants. Am J Surg. 2009;198(5 Suppl):S3–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Neuhauser D. Ernest Amory Codman, M.D., and end results of medical care. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 1990;6(2):307–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. The Joint Commission website. https://www.jointcommission.org/. Accessed 1 May 2017.

  18. The Joint Commission. National health care award for performance measurement: facts about the Ernest Amory Codman Award. http://www.jointcommissioncodman.org/facts/default.aspx. Accessed 1 Apr 2017.

  19. The Joint Commission website. Pioneers in Quality (PIQ). https://www.jointcommission.org/topics/pioneers_in_quality.aspx. Accessed 1 May 2017.

  20. American College of Surgeons. National Surgical Quality Improvement Program® (ACS NSQIP®). https://www.facs.org/quality-programs/acs-nsqip. Accessed 1 May 2017.

  21. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. About HHS. http://www.hhs.gov/about/. Accessed 1 April 2017.

  22. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Overview of healthcare cost and utilization project. https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/overview.jsp. Accessed 1 Apr 2017.

  23. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Ambulatory Care Sensitive Condition (ACSC) and care coordination outcome measures for the 2011 Medical group practice quality and resource use reports. 2012. https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare-Fee-for-Service-Payment/PhysicianFeedbackProgram/Downloads/2011-ACSC-Outcomes-Measurespdf. Accessed 1 Apr 2017.

  24. Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research. Healthcare cost and utilization project https://hcupnet.ahrq.gov/#setup. Accessed 1 May 2017.

  25. Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research. Medical expenditure panel survey. https://meps.ahrq.gov/mepsweb/. Accessed 1 May 2017.

  26. Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research. 2015 National Healthcare Quality and disparities report and 5th anniversary update on the National Quality Strategy. https://www.ahrq.gov/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhqdr15/index.html. Accessed 1 Apr 2017.

  27. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Chartbook on effective treatment. https://www.ahrq.gov/research/findings/nhqrdr/2014chartbooks/effectivetx/eff-diabetes.html. Accessed 1 Apr 2017.

  28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Behavioral risk factor surveillance system. https://www.cdc.gov/brfss/index.html. Accessed 1 Apr 2017.

  29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Questionnaire. Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm. Accessed 1 Apr 2017

  30. HealthPeople.gov. https://www.healthypeople.gov. Accessed 1 Apr 2017.

  31. National Center for Health Statistics. Chapter 8: Diabetes. In: Healthy people 2020 midcourse review. Hyattsville, MD; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Statistics Report: Estimates of diabetes and its burden in the United States, 2014. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  33. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2017. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(Suppl 1):S1–S138.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Garber AJ, Abrahamson MJ, Barzilay JI, Blonde L, Bloomgarden ZT, Bush MA, Dagogo-Jack A, DeFronzo RA, Einhorn D, Fonseca VA, Garber JR, Garvey WT, Grunberger G, Handelsman Y, Hirsch IB, Jellinger PS, McGill JBL, Mechanick JI, Rosenblit PD, Umpierrez GE. Consensus statement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of endocrinology on the comprehensive type 2 diabetes management algorithm – 2017 executive summary. Endocr Pract. 2017;23(2):207–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. National quality measures clearing house. https://www.qualitymeasures.ahrq.gov/. Accessed 1 May 2017.

  36. National Committee on Quality Assurance. HEDIS® and performance measurement. http://www.ncqa.org/hedis-quality-measurement. Accessed 1 May 2017.

  37. National Committee on Quality Assurance. Diabetes recognition programs. http://www.ncqa.org/tabid/139/Default.aspx. Accessed 1 May 2017.

  38. Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services. Quality payment program. https://qpp.cms.gov/. Accessed 1 May 2017.

  39. Rosenthal MB, Dudley A. Pay for performance: will the latest trend improve care? J Am Med Assoc. 2007;305(11):1061–154.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Chen JY, Tian H, Juarez DT, Hodges KA, Brand JC, Chung RS, Legorreta AP. The effect of a PPO pay for performance program on patients with diabetes. Am J Manag Care. 2010;16(1):11–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Wagner EH, Austin BT, Von Korff M. Improving outcomes in chronic illness. Manag Care Q. 1996;4(2):12–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. McCulloch DK, Price MJ, Hindmarsh M, Wagner EH. A population-based approach to diabetes management in a primary care setting: early results and lessons learned. Eff Clin Pract. 1998:12–22.

    Google Scholar 

  43. MacColl Institute, improving chronic illness care. The Chronic care model. http://www.improvingchroniccare.org/index.php?p=The_Chronic_Care_Model&s=2. Accessed 1 May 2017.

  44. Reiber GE, Raugi GJ. Preventing foot ulcers and amputations in diabetes. Lancet. 2005;366(9498):1676–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Safety Net Institute of California Website https://safetynetinstitute.org/. Accessed 1 May 2017.

  46. Joslin Diabetes Center. Clinical Guidelines https://www.joslin.org/info/joslin-clinical-guidelines.html Accessed May/1 2017. Accessed 1 May 2017.

  47. Executive Office of Health and Human Services (EOHHS) Health and Human Services, Departments & Divisions Diabetes Prevention and Control. http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/gov/departments/dph/programs/community-health/diabetes/ Accessed 1 May 2017.

  48. Boulton AJ, Armstrong DG, Albert SF, et al. Comprehensive foot examination and risk assessment: a report of the task force of the foot care interest group of the American Diabetes Association, with endorsement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(8):1679–85.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Stone MA, et al. Quality of Care of People with type 2 diabetes in eight European countries: findings from the guidelines adherence to enhance care (GUIDANCE) study. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:2628–38.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Education Program. Working together to manage diabetes: a toolkit for Pharmacy, Podiatry, Optometry, and Dentistry (PPOD). https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/ndep/toolkits/ppod.html. Accessed 1 May 2017.

  51. Schaper NC, Van Netten JJ, Apelqvist J, Lipsky BA, Bakker K, International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF). Prevention and management of foot problems in diabetes: a summary guidance for daily practice 2015, based on the IWGDF guidance documents. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017;124:84–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Costa RHR, Cardoso NA, Procópio RJ, Navarro TP, Dardik A, de Loiola Cisneros L. Diabetic foot ulcer carries high amputation and mortality rates, particularly in the presence of advanced age, peripheral artery disease and anemia. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2017;11(Suppl 2):S583–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Liu S, He CZ, Cai YT, Xing QP, Guo YZ, Chen ZL, Su JL, Yang LP. Evaluation of negative-pressure wound therapy for patients with diabetic foot ulcers: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2017;13:533–44.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Driver VR, Reyzelman A, Kawalec J, French M. A prospective, randomized, blinded, controlled trial comparing transdermal continuous oxygen delivery to moist wound therapy for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2017;63(4):12–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Singh N, Armstrong DG, Lipsky BA. Preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. JAMA. 2005;293(2):217–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Linzer M, Manwell LB, Williams ES, et al. Working conditions in primary care: physician reactions and care quality. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(1):28–36. W6-9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Abbo ED, Zhang Q, Zelder M, Huang ES. The increasing number of clinical items addressed during the time of adult primary care visits. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(12):2058–65.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Healthy People 2020. Reduce the rate of lower extremity amputations in persons with diagnosed diabetes: data charts. https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/Diabetes/objectives#4120. Accessed 1 May 2017.

  59. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, National Institutes of Health. Recovery Act Grant Information, Supported by the American Recovery & Reinvestment Act of 2009. http://grants.nih.gov/recovery/. Accessed 1 May 2017.

  60. Volpp KG, Das A. Comparative effectiveness--thinking beyond medication a versus medication B. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(4):331–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Testa MA, Simonson DC. Assessment of quality-of-life outcomes. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(13):835–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Testa MA, Simonson DC. Health economic benefits and quality of life during improved glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, controlled, double-blind trial. JAMA. 1998;280(17):1490–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Testa MA, Simonson DC, Turner RR. Valuing quality of life and improvements in glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1998;21(Suppl 3):C44–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Phelps CE. The methodologic foundations of studies of the appropriateness of medical care. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(17):1241–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Margolis DJ, Kantor J, Berlin JA. Healing of diabetic neuropathic foot ulcers receiving standard treatment. A meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 1999;22(5):692–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH Health Care Systems Research Collaboratory website. https://www.nihcollaboratory.org/Pages/default.aspx. Accessed 1 May 2017.

  67. La Fontaine J, Lavery LA, Hunt NA, Murdoch DP. The role of surgical off-loading to prevent recurrent ulcerations. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2014 Dec;13(4):320–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Mohammedi K, Potier L, François M, Dardari D, Feron M, Nobecourt-Dupuy E, Dolz M, Ducloux R, Chibani A, Eveno DF, Crea Avila T, Sultan A, Baillet-Blanco L, Rigalleau V, Velho G, Tubach F, Roussel R, Dupré JC, Malgrange D, Marre M. The evaluation of off-loading using a new removable oRTHOsis in DIABetic foot (ORTHODIAB) randomized controlled trial: study design and rational. J Foot Ankle Res. 2016;9(1):34.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Mantey I, Foster AV, Spencer S, Edmonds ME. Why do foot ulcers recur in diabetic patients? Diabet Med. 1999;16(3):245–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Chantelau E. Therapeutic footwear in patients with diabetes. JAMA. 2002;288(10):1231–2. author reply 1323-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Chantelau E, Kushner T, Spraul M. How effective is cushioned therapeutic footwear in protecting diabetic feet? A clinical study. Diabet Med. 1990;7(4):355–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Coles S. Footwear and offloading for patients with diabetes. Nurs Times. 2008;104(3):40. 42-3

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Levin ME. Management of the diabetic foot: preventing amputation. South Med J. 2002;95(1):10–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Edmonds ME, Blundell MP, Morris ME, Thomas EM, Cotton LT, Watkins PJ. Improved survival of the diabetic foot: the role of a specialized foot clinic. Q J Med. 1986;60(232):763–71.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Cavanagh PR, Lipsky BA, Bradbury AW, Botek G. Treatment for diabetic foot ulcers. Lancet. 2005;366(9498):1725–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Maciejewski ML, Reiber GE, Smith DG, Wallace C, Hayes S, Boyko EJ. Effectiveness of diabetic therapeutic footwear in preventing reulceration. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(7):1774–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Cavanagh PR, Bus SA. Off-loading the diabetic foot for ulcer prevention and healing. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;127(Suppl 1):248S–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Sayner LR, Rosenblum BI, Giurini JM. Elective surgery of the diabetic foot. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2003;20(4):783–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Armstrong DG, Frykberg RG. Classifying diabetic foot surgery: toward a rational definition. Diabet Med. 2003;20(4):329–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Catanzariti AR. Prophylactic foot surgery in the diabetic patient. Adv Wound Care. 1999;12(6):312–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Nishimoto GS, Attinger CE, Cooper PS. Lengthening the Achilles tendon for the treatment of diabetic plantar forefoot ulceration. Surg Clin North Am. 2003;83(3):707–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Driver VR, Goodman RA, Fabbi M, French MA, Andersen CA. The impact of a podiatric lead limb preservation team on disease outcomes and risk prediction in the diabetic lower extremity: a retrospective cohort study. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2010;100(4):235–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Wrobel JS, Robbins JM, Charns MP, Bonacker KM, Reiber GE, Pogach L. Diabetes-related foot care at 10 veterans affairs medical centers: must do’s associated with successful microsystems. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2006;32(4):206–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. van Netten JJ, Price PE, Lavery LA, Monteiro-Soares M, Rasmussen A, Jubiz Y, Bus SA, International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot. Prevention of foot ulcers in the at-risk patient with diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2016;32(Suppl 1):84–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Anichini R, Zecchini F, Cerretini I, et al. Improvement of diabetic foot care after the implementation of the international consensus on the diabetic foot (ICDF): results of a 5-year prospective study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;75(2):153–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Lorig KR, Sobel DS, Ritter PL, Laurent D, Hobbs M. Effect of a self-management program on patients with chronic disease. Eff Clin Pract. 2001;4(6):256–62.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Norris SL, Engelgau MM, Narayan KM. Effectiveness of self-management training in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(3):561–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Norris SL, Nichols PJ, Caspersen CJ, et al. Increasing diabetes self-management education in community settings. A systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2002;22(4 Suppl):39–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Armstrong DG, Peters EJ, Athanasiou KA, Lavery LA. Is there a critical level of plantar foot pressure to identify patients at risk for neuropathic foot ulceration? J Foot Ankle Surg. 1998;37(4):303–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Barn R, Waaijman R, Nollet F, Woodburn J, Bus SA. Predictors of barefoot plantar pressure during walking in patients with diabetes, peripheral neuropathy and a history of ulceration. PLoS One. 2015;10(2):e0117443. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117443.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  91. Mason J, O’Keeffe C, Hutchinson A, McIntosh A, Young R, Booth A. A systematic review of foot ulcer in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. II: treatment. Diabet Med. 1999;16(11):889–909.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Mason J, O’Keeffe C, McIntosh A, Hutchinson A, Booth A, Young RJ. A systematic review of foot ulcer in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. I: prevention. Diabet Med. 1999;16(10):801–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Valk GD, Kriegsman DM, Assendelft WJ. Patient education for preventing diabetic foot ulceration. A systematic review. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2002;31(3):633–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Mayfield JA, Reiber GE, Sanders LJ, Janisse D, Pogach LM, American Diabetes Association. Preventive foot care in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(Suppl 1):S63–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Lavery LA, Higgins KR, Lanctot DR, et al. Preventing diabetic foot ulcer recurrence in high-risk patients: use of temperature monitoring as a self-assessment tool. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(1):14–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Lavery LA, Higgins KR, Lanctot DR, et al. Home monitoring of foot skin temperatures to prevent ulceration. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(11):2642–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Bruckner M, Mangan M, Godin S, Pogach L. Project LEAP of New Jersey: lower extremity amputation prevention in persons with type 2 diabetes. Am J Manag Care. 1999;5(5):609–16.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Health Resources and Services Administration. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Lower Extremity Amputation Prevention (LEAP). https://www.hrsa.gov/hansensdisease/leap/. Accessed 1 May 2017.

  99. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(6):393–403.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group, Knowler WC, Fowler SE, et al. 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the diabetes prevention program outcomes study. Lancet. 2009;374(9702):1677–86.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  101. Rogers LC, Lavery LA, Armstrong DG. The right to bear legs—an amendment to healthcare: how preventing amputations can save billions for the US health-care system. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2008;98(2):166–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Iversen MM, Espehaug B, Hausken MF, Graue M, Ostbye T, Skeie S, Cooper JG, Tell GS, Gunther BE, Dale H, Smith-Strom H, Kolltveit BC, Kirkevold M, Rokne B. Telemedicine versus standard follow-up care for Diabetes-Related Foot Ulcers: protocol for a cluster randomized controlled noninferiority trial (DiaFOTo). JMIR Res Protoc. 2016;5(3):e148.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biostatistics and Division of Policy Translation and Leadership Development, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

    Marcia A. Testa MPH, PhD

Authors
  1. Marcia A. Testa MPH, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marcia A. Testa MPH, PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Rongxiang Xu, MD, Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School Director, The Rongxiang Xu, MD, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics Research Director, Joslin-Beth Israel Deaconess Foot Center Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA

    Aristidis Veves

  2. Chief, Division of Podiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Associate Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Co-director, Joslin-Bl Deaconess Diabetic Foot Center Consultant, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA

    John M. Giurini

  3. Associate Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA

    Raul J. Guzman

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Testa, M.A. (2018). Quality of Health Care. In: Veves, A., Giurini, J., Guzman, R. (eds) The Diabetic Foot. Contemporary Diabetes. Humana, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89869-8_25

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89869-8_25

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-89868-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-89869-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation