Skip to main content

Connectivity Conservation Management: Linking Private Protected Areas

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Strategies and Tools for a Sustainable Rural Rio de Janeiro

Abstract

Fragmentation has become one of the most pressing threats to Brazil’s Atlantic Forest causing habitat loss and the erosion of species diversity, thus compromising ecosystem functioning and the provision of crucial ecosystem services. Beyond the legal obligations of forest owners to protect their forest properties, the creation of private protected areas (Reservas Particulares do Patrimônio Natural, RPPNs) is an important strategy to counteract fragmentation. Such RPPNs allow maintaining or reestablishing connectivity, by acting as stepping stones or as local corridors. However, only few efforts have been carried out to systematically link RPPNs at local implementation level. Therefore, this study aims to explore possible connectivity paths between established and probable future RPPNs in two municipalities. Connectivity routes among RPPNs were identified by using two methods: the “least cost path” method that allowed finding the “cheapest” paths by assigning different weights to land use features and a second method which ranks the different land use features from suitable to non-suitable area for linking RPPNs. Incorporating the willingness of landowners to establish RPPNs into the latter method permitted the identification of suitable linkages between RPPNs and priority areas for future RPPN establishment.

Resumo (Português) Gestão da Conservação através da Conectividade: Ligando Áreas Protegidas Privadas

A fragmentação tornou-se uma das ameaças mais prementes para a Mata Atlântica Brasileira, causando perda de habitat e da diversidade de espécies, comprometendo assim o funcionamento do ecossistema e a provisão de serviços ambientais cruciais. Além das obrigações legais dos proprietários para proteger as suas propriedades florestais, a criação de áreas privadas protegidas (Reservas Particulares do Patrimônio Natural, RPPNs) é uma estratégia importante para enfrentar a fragmentação. Essas RPPNs permitem manter ou restabelecer a conectividade, atuando como “stepping stones” ou como corredores ecológicos locais. No entanto, apenas alguns esforços foram realizados para vincular sistematicamente RPPNs ao nível de implementação local. Portanto, este estudo pretende explorar ligações possíveis de conectividade entre as RPPNs existentes e potenciais futuras em dois municípios. As rotas de conectividade entre RPPNs foram identificadas usando dois métodos: o método de “rota do menor custo,” que permitiu encontrar os caminhos “mais viáveis economicamente,” atribuindo pesos diferentes às características de uso da terra e usando o declive e as distâncias entre as RPPNs existentes; e um segundo método que classificou as diferentes características de uso do solo em áreas adequadas e áreas não adequadas para conectar RPPNs. A incorporação da vontade dos proprietários no segundo método permitiu identificar relações entre RPPNs e áreas prioritárias, considerando sua criação futura.

Resumen (Español) Gestión de la Conservación a través de la Conectividad: Conectando Áreas Protegidas Privadas

La fragmentación se ha convertido en una de las amenazas que mayor presión ejerce sobre el bosque atlántico de Brasil, causando pérdida de hábitats y erosión de la diversidad de especies, comprometiendo así el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas y la provisión de servicios ecosistémicos cruciales. Más allá de las obligaciones legales de los terratenientes de proteger sus propiedades forestales, la creación de áreas protegidas privadas (RPPNs) puede ser considerada como una estrategia fundamental para contrarrestar la fragmentación. Tales RPPNs permiten mantener o restablecer la conectividad, actuando como trampolines ecológicos (stepping stones) o como corredores locales. Sin embargo, pocos esfuerzos han sido realizados para conectar sistemáticamente las RPPNs a nivel local. Por lo tanto, este estudio tiene como objetivo explorar posibles vías de conectividad entre RPPNs ya establecidas y probables futuras en dos municipios. Las rutas de conectividad entre RPPNs fueron identificadas usando dos métodos: el método de “costo mínimo” que permitió encontrar las rutas “más baratas” asignando diferentes pesos a las características del uso de tierra, usando además la pendiente y distancias entre RPPNs existentes; y un segundo método que clasificó las diferentes características del uso de suelo en áreas apropiadas y no apropiadas para unir RPPNs. La incorporación de la voluntad de los terratenientes para establecer RPPNs permitió identificar vínculos adecuados entre RPPNs y áreas prioritarias para su futuro establecimiento.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aguiar AP, Chiarello AG, Mendes SL, Matos SL (2005) Mata Atlântica: Biodiversidade, ameaças e perspectivas: Os corredores central e da Serra do Mar na Mata Atlântica brasileira. In: Galindo-Leal and Câmara (eds) Mata Atlântica Biodiversidade, Ameacas e Perspectivas, Fundacao SOS Mata Atlântica/Conservação Internacional, pp 119–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Aleixo A, Galetti M (2017) The conservation of the avifauna in a lowland Atlantic forest in south-East Brazil. Bird Conserv Int 7:235–261 

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aliança para a conservação da Mata Atlântica (2009) Corredores de biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica. Retrieved from http://www.corredores.org.br/?area=ma (2010). Accessed 14 Mar 2015

  • Alves DLA, Fonseca BM (2012) Análise espacial para delimitação de áreas potenciais para corredor ecológico na bacia do Rio Santa Bárbara MG 2014 (Apresentação de Trabalho/Congresso)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayres JM, Da Fonseca G, Rylands A et al (2005) Os corredores ecológicos das florestas tropicais do Brasil. Sociedade Civil Mamirauá Belém p 256

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball A, Gouzerh A, Brancalion P (2014) Multi-scalar governance for restoring the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: a case study on small landholdings in protected areas of sustainable development. Forests 5:599–619

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barbosa KVC, Knogge C, Develey PF et al (2017) Use of small Atlantic Forest fragments by birds in Southeast Brazil. Perspect Ecol Conserv 15:42–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barros H, Cenamo M (2016) ICMS verde: Incentivo para produção sustentável e redução do desmatamento nos municípios do Amazonas, pp 8–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Barthlott W, Mutke J, Rafiqpoor D et al (2005) Geographic patterns of vascular plant diversity. Nova Acta Leopoldina 92:61–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Baum K, Haynes K, Dillemuth F, Cronin J (2004) The matrix enhances the effectiveness of corridors and stepping stones. Ecology 85:671–2676

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beier P, Majka D, Newell S, Garding E (2008) Best management practices for wildlife corridors. America:1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett AF (2003) Linkages in the landscape: the role of corridors and connectivity in wildlife conservation. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, p 254

    Google Scholar 

  • Broering A, Junior Sandeville E (2010) Mecanismos de envolvimento comunitário na gestão da paisagem de entorno de Reserva Particular Do Patrimônio Natural – RPPN, um estudo de caso, pp 1–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Calabrese JM, Fagan WF (2004) A comparison-shopper’s guide to connectivity metrics. Front Ecol Environ 2:529–536

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castelo TB (2006) Legislação Florestal Brasileira e políticas do governo de combate ao desmatamento na Amazônia Legal. Ambiente e Sociedade 18:221–242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chetkiewicz CLB, Clair CCS, Boyce MS (2006) Corridors for conservation: integrating pattern and process. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 37(1):317–342

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiavari J, Leme CL (2015) Policy brief Brazil’s new forest code part I: how to navigate the complexity. Climate Policy Initiative and Núcleo de Avaliação de Políticas Climáticas da PUC-Rio de Janeiro, pp 1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Christie MR, Knowles LL (2015) Habitat corridors facilitate genetic resilience irrespective of species dispersal abilities or population sizes. Evol Appl 8:454–463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costa LP, Leite YLR, da Fonseca GAB, da Fonseca MT (2010) Biogeography of south American Forest mammals: endemism and diversity in the Atlantic Forest. Biotropica 32:872–881

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crooks KR, Sanjayan M (2006) Connectivity conservation: maintaining connections for nature. In: Crooks KR, Sanjayan M (eds) Connectivity conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 1–20

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • da Silva LAE, Fraga CN, de Almeida TMH et al (2017) Jabot – Sistema de Gerenciamento de Coleções Botânicas: a experiência de uma década de desenvolvimento e avanços. Rodriguésia 68:391–410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Damschen EI, Haddad NM, Orrock JL et al (2006) Corridors increase plant species richness at large scales. Science 313:1284–1286

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Martino MS (2010) Inventário do Patrimônio Ambiental e Urbano do Núcleo Histórico de Varre-Sai. p 396

    Google Scholar 

  • Fahrig L (2010) Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 34:487–515

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galindo-Leal C, Câmara I (2003) The Atlantic Forest of South America: biodiversity status, threats and outlook. Center for Applied Biodiversity Science at Conservation International and Island Press, Washington, DC. p 488

    Google Scholar 

  • Goulart FF, Takahashi FSC, Rodrigues M et al (2015) Where matrix quality most matters? Using connectivity models to assess effectiveness of matrix conversion in the Atlantic Forest. Natureza & Conservação 13:47–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haddad NM, Brudvig LA, Damschen EI et al (2014) Potential negative ecological effects of corridors. Conserv Biol 28:1178–1187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heller NE, Zavaleta ES (2009) Biodiversity management in the face of climate change: a review of 22 years of recommendations. Biol Conserv 142:14–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kotsakis A (2009) Community participation in biodiversity conservation emerging localities of tension. In: Kessaris AP (ed) Law in the pursuit of development: principles into practice? Routledge, New York, pp 131–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamas IR, Pinto L (2011) CEPF in Atlantic Forest. Final report, Conservation International, Belo Horizonte, p 74

    Google Scholar 

  • Lino C, Albuquerque J (2007). Mosaicos de Unidades de Conservação no Corredor da Serra do Mar. Conselho Nacional Da Reserva Da Biosfera Da Mata Atlântica, p 97

    Google Scholar 

  • Machado F, Anderson K (2016) Brazil’s new Forest Code: a guide for decision-makers in supply chains and governments. Brasilia, WWF-Brazil

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackey B, Watson J, Worboys GL (2010) Connectivity conservation and the Great Eastern Ranges corridor, an independent report to the Interstate Agency Working Group (Alps to Atherton Connectivity Conservation Working Group) convened under the Environment Heritage and Protection Council/Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council

    Google Scholar 

  • Majka D, Beier P, Newell S et al (2008): Best Management Practices for Wildlife Corridors, Northern Arizona University, pp. 1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • May PH, Bernasconi P, Wunder S, Lubowski R (2015) Environmental reserve quotas in Brazil’s new forest legislation: an ex ante appraisal. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor

    Google Scholar 

  • Meiklejohn K, Ament R, Tabor G (2009) Habitat corridors & landscape connectivity: clarifying the terminology. Center for Large Landscape Conservation, Bozeman, pp 1–5

    Google Scholar 

  • MMA – Ministério do Meio Ambiente (2010) Mata Atlântica: Patrimônio Nacional dos Brasileiros. MMA, Brasília, p 408

    Google Scholar 

  • Morawetz W, Raedig C (2007) Angiosperm biodiversity endemism and conservation in the Neotropics. Taxon 56:1245–1254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myers N, Mittermeler RA, Mittermeler CG et al (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853–858

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nehren U, Raedig C, Sattler D (2017) Der Atlantische Regenwald von Rio de Janeiro: Nutzungsperspektiven im Spannungsfeld von globalen Herausforderungen und lokalen Bedürfnissen. In: Anhuf D (ed) Brasilien – Herausforderungen der neuen Supermacht des Südens. Passauer Kontaktstudium Geographie 14, Selbstverlag Fach Geographie, Universität Passau, pp 51–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Parks SA, McKelvey KS, Schwartz MK (2013) Effects of weighting schemes on the identification of wildlife corridors generated with least-cost methods. Conserv Biol 27:145–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira LC, Neto FL (2004) Avaliação da aptidão agrícola das terras: proposta metodológica. Embrapa Meio Ambiente. Documentos 43

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinto N, Keitt TH (2009) Beyond the least-cost path: evaluating corridor redundancy using a graph-theoretic approach. Landsc Ecol 24:253–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pinto SR, Melo F, Tabarelli M, Padovesi A et al (2014) Governing and delivering a biome-wide restoration initiative: the case of Atlantic Forest restoration pact in Brazil. Forests 5(9):2212–2229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piratelli AJ, Marquez Piña-Rodrigues FC, Raedig C (2018) Integrating biodiversity conservation into agroecosystem management: using birds to bring conservation and agricultural production together. In: Nehren U, Schlüter S, Raedig C, Sattler D, Hissa H (eds) Strategies and tools for a sustainable rural. Cham. Springer International Publishing

    Google Scholar 

  • Prado FB, Vasconcelos FCW, Chiodi CK (2013) Regime jurídico da Mata Atlântica e o risco à sobrevivência in situ de espécies ameaçadas. Ambiente & Sociedade 17:1–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raedig C, Lautenbach S (2009) Broad-scale angiosperm diversity in Brazil’s Mata Atlântica: using monographic data to assess prospects for conservation. In: Gaese H, Torrico JC, Wesenberg J, Schlüter S (eds) Biodiversity and land use systems in the fragmented Mata Atlântica of Rio de Janeiro. Cuvillier -Verlag, Göttingen, pp 217–243

    Google Scholar 

  • Raedig C, Dormann CF, Hildebrandt A, Lautenbach S (2010) Reassessing Neotropical angiosperm distribution patterns based on monographic data: a geometric interpolation approach. Biodivers Conserv 19:1523–1546

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Resasco J, Haddad NM, Orrock JL et al (2014) Landscape corridors can increase invasion by an exotic species and reduce diversity of native species. Ecology 95:2033–2039

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro MC, Metzger JP, Martensen AC et al (2009) The Brazilian Atlantic Forest: how much is left, and how is the remaining forest distributed? Implications for conservation. Biol Conserv 142:1141–1153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro MC, Martensen AC, Metzger JP et al (2010) Brazilian Atlantic Forest: a shrinking biodiversity hotspot, In: Biodiversity hotspots, pp 405–343

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanderson, J, Da Fonseca GAB, Galindo-Leal C et al (2006): Escaping the Minimalist Trap: Design and Implementation of Large-Scale Biodiversity Corridors. In: Crooks K.R. & Sanjayan M. (eds.): Connectivity Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 14:620–648

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheer MCB, Blum CT (2011) Arboreal diversity of the Atlantic Forest of Southern Brazil: from the beach ridges to the Paraná river, The dynamical processes of biodiversity – Case studies of evolution and spatial distribution. In: Grillo O (ed) The dynamical processes of biodiversity – Case studies of evolution and spatial distribution, Sociedade Chauá Brazil, Paraná, pp 109–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlüter S, Nehren U, Sattler D, Raedig C (2018) The INTECRAL project. In: Nehren U, Schlüter S, Raedig C, Sattler D, Hissa H (eds) Strategies and tools for a sustainable rural Rio de Janeiro. Springer International Publishing

    Google Scholar 

  • Secretaria do Meio Ambiente (2011) Agenda 21 Nova Friburgo, 122. http://www.agenda21comperj.com.br/sites/localhost/files/NovaFriburgo.pdf. Accessed 20 May 2015

  • Seoane SCE, Sandri DV, Longhi ST, Maranhão FLC (2010) Corredores ecológicos como ferramenta para a desfragmentação de florestas tropicais. EMBRAPA 30:207–216

    Google Scholar 

  • SNUC – Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação da Natureza (2000) Lei no 9.985, de 18 de julho de 2000; decreto no 4.340, de 22 de agosto de 2002

    Google Scholar 

  • Soares-Filho B, Rajão R, Macedo M et al (2014) Cracking Brazil’s Forest code. Science 344:363–364

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SOS Mata Atlântica (2013) XII Edital do programa de incentivo às RPPNs da Mata Atlântcia, p 35

    Google Scholar 

  • Souza PM, Ponciano NJ, Mata HTC (2007) Strutura fundiária das regiões Norte e Noroeste do Estado do Rio de Janeiro: 1972 a 1998. Rev Econ Sociol Rural 45:71–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stotz DF, Fitzpatrick JW, Parker III TA, Moskovits DK (1996) Neotropical birds: ecology and conservation. p 502

    Google Scholar 

  • Suleiman S, Agarwal VC, Lal D, Sunusi A (2015) Optimal route location by least cost path (LCP) analysis using (GIS) a case study. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research 4:9621–9626

    Google Scholar 

  • Tabarelli M, Aguiar AV, Ribeiro MC et al (2010) Prospects for biodiversity conservation in the Atlantic Forest: lessons from aging human-modified landscapes. Biol Conserv 143:2328–2340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tewksbury JJ, Levey DJ, Haddad NM (2002) Corridors affect plants, animals, and their interactions in fragmented landscapes. Proc Natl Acad Sci 99(20):12923–12926

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Theobald DM (2006) Exploring the functional connectivity of landscapes using landscape networks. In: Crooks KR, Sanjayan M (eds) Connectivity conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 416–444

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wiens JA (2006) Introduction: connectivity research – what are the issues? In: Crooks KR, Sanjayan M (eds) Connectivity conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 23–27

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Worboys GL, Lockwood M, Francis WL (2010) Challenges and opportunities for connectivity conservation. Connectivity Conservation Management. Earthscan London, London, pp 342–346

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank (2014) Project performance assessment report, Brazil. Rio de Janeiro sustainable integrated ecosystem management in production landscapes of North Northwestern fluminese project, p 74

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the Rio Rural Project, INEA, EMATER Varre-Sai, and EMATER Nova Friburgo for their support on-field and data provision. Special thanks to Rafael Mussi, Jose Luis Monsores, Manoel Duarte, Deise Morais, Binha, Jonas Daniel, Roberta Guagliardi, Mariana Machado, Aldah de Oliveira, and Rosane Grazioli for their help, their time, and their cooperation. Finally, we would like to give our particular thanks to the landowners, the RPPN owners, and their families in Varre-Sai and Nova Friburgo for their collaboration, interest, enthusiasm, and hospitality.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Guzmán Wolfhard, L.V., Raedig, C. (2019). Connectivity Conservation Management: Linking Private Protected Areas. In: Nehren, U., Schlϋter, S., Raedig, C., Sattler, D., Hissa, H. (eds) Strategies and Tools for a Sustainable Rural Rio de Janeiro. Springer Series on Environmental Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89644-1_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics