Abstract
Fragmentation has become one of the most pressing threats to Brazil’s Atlantic Forest causing habitat loss and the erosion of species diversity, thus compromising ecosystem functioning and the provision of crucial ecosystem services. Beyond the legal obligations of forest owners to protect their forest properties, the creation of private protected areas (Reservas Particulares do Patrimônio Natural, RPPNs) is an important strategy to counteract fragmentation. Such RPPNs allow maintaining or reestablishing connectivity, by acting as stepping stones or as local corridors. However, only few efforts have been carried out to systematically link RPPNs at local implementation level. Therefore, this study aims to explore possible connectivity paths between established and probable future RPPNs in two municipalities. Connectivity routes among RPPNs were identified by using two methods: the “least cost path” method that allowed finding the “cheapest” paths by assigning different weights to land use features and a second method which ranks the different land use features from suitable to non-suitable area for linking RPPNs. Incorporating the willingness of landowners to establish RPPNs into the latter method permitted the identification of suitable linkages between RPPNs and priority areas for future RPPN establishment.
Resumo (Português) Gestão da Conservação através da Conectividade: Ligando Áreas Protegidas Privadas
A fragmentação tornou-se uma das ameaças mais prementes para a Mata Atlântica Brasileira, causando perda de habitat e da diversidade de espécies, comprometendo assim o funcionamento do ecossistema e a provisão de serviços ambientais cruciais. Além das obrigações legais dos proprietários para proteger as suas propriedades florestais, a criação de áreas privadas protegidas (Reservas Particulares do Patrimônio Natural, RPPNs) é uma estratégia importante para enfrentar a fragmentação. Essas RPPNs permitem manter ou restabelecer a conectividade, atuando como “stepping stones” ou como corredores ecológicos locais. No entanto, apenas alguns esforços foram realizados para vincular sistematicamente RPPNs ao nível de implementação local. Portanto, este estudo pretende explorar ligações possíveis de conectividade entre as RPPNs existentes e potenciais futuras em dois municípios. As rotas de conectividade entre RPPNs foram identificadas usando dois métodos: o método de “rota do menor custo,” que permitiu encontrar os caminhos “mais viáveis economicamente,” atribuindo pesos diferentes às características de uso da terra e usando o declive e as distâncias entre as RPPNs existentes; e um segundo método que classificou as diferentes características de uso do solo em áreas adequadas e áreas não adequadas para conectar RPPNs. A incorporação da vontade dos proprietários no segundo método permitiu identificar relações entre RPPNs e áreas prioritárias, considerando sua criação futura.
Resumen (Español) Gestión de la Conservación a través de la Conectividad: Conectando Áreas Protegidas Privadas
La fragmentación se ha convertido en una de las amenazas que mayor presión ejerce sobre el bosque atlántico de Brasil, causando pérdida de hábitats y erosión de la diversidad de especies, comprometiendo así el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas y la provisión de servicios ecosistémicos cruciales. Más allá de las obligaciones legales de los terratenientes de proteger sus propiedades forestales, la creación de áreas protegidas privadas (RPPNs) puede ser considerada como una estrategia fundamental para contrarrestar la fragmentación. Tales RPPNs permiten mantener o restablecer la conectividad, actuando como trampolines ecológicos (stepping stones) o como corredores locales. Sin embargo, pocos esfuerzos han sido realizados para conectar sistemáticamente las RPPNs a nivel local. Por lo tanto, este estudio tiene como objetivo explorar posibles vías de conectividad entre RPPNs ya establecidas y probables futuras en dos municipios. Las rutas de conectividad entre RPPNs fueron identificadas usando dos métodos: el método de “costo mínimo” que permitió encontrar las rutas “más baratas” asignando diferentes pesos a las características del uso de tierra, usando además la pendiente y distancias entre RPPNs existentes; y un segundo método que clasificó las diferentes características del uso de suelo en áreas apropiadas y no apropiadas para unir RPPNs. La incorporación de la voluntad de los terratenientes para establecer RPPNs permitió identificar vínculos adecuados entre RPPNs y áreas prioritarias para su futuro establecimiento.
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Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the Rio Rural Project, INEA, EMATER Varre-Sai, and EMATER Nova Friburgo for their support on-field and data provision. Special thanks to Rafael Mussi, Jose Luis Monsores, Manoel Duarte, Deise Morais, Binha, Jonas Daniel, Roberta Guagliardi, Mariana Machado, Aldah de Oliveira, and Rosane Grazioli for their help, their time, and their cooperation. Finally, we would like to give our particular thanks to the landowners, the RPPN owners, and their families in Varre-Sai and Nova Friburgo for their collaboration, interest, enthusiasm, and hospitality.
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Guzmán Wolfhard, L.V., Raedig, C. (2019). Connectivity Conservation Management: Linking Private Protected Areas. In: Nehren, U., Schlϋter, S., Raedig, C., Sattler, D., Hissa, H. (eds) Strategies and Tools for a Sustainable Rural Rio de Janeiro. Springer Series on Environmental Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89644-1_11
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