Abstract
Spina bifida (myelodysplasia) is caused by incomplete closure of the fetal spinal cord and/or column during development. Severity can range greatly from isolated defect in the vertebral arch (spina bifida occulta) to complete neural element exposure (rachischisis). The characteristic deficits and associated treatment modalities vary largely based on the lowest functional level in each patient and spina bifida can result in orthopedic pathology throughout the body including the hip, ankle, foot, spine, and pelvis.
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Reid, D.B.C. (2018). Spinal Bifida. In: Eltorai, A., Eberson, C., Daniels, A. (eds) Essential Orthopedic Review. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78387-1_120
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78387-1_120
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