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Sex-Specific Physiology and Cardiovascular Disease

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Sex-Specific Analysis of Cardiovascular Function

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1065))

Abstract

Sex differences in cardiovascular diseases can be classified as those which are specific to one sex and those that differ in incidence, prevalence, etiology, symptomatology, response to treatment, morbidity, and mortality in one sex compared to the other. All sex differences in cardiovascular conditions have their basis in the combined expression of genetic and hormonal differences between women and men. This chapter addresses how understanding basic mechanisms of hormone responses, imaging diagnostics, and integration of genomics and proteomics has advanced diagnosis and improved outcomes for cardiovascular conditions, apart from those related to pregnancy that are more prevalent in women. These conditions include obstructive coronary artery disease, coronary microvascular dysfunction, spontaneous coronary artery dissection, diseases of the cardiac muscle including heart failure and takotsubo cardiomyopathy, and conditions related to neurovascular dysregulation including hot flashes and night sweats associated with menopause and effects of exogenous hormones on vascular function. Improvement in technologies allowing for noninvasive assessment of neuronally mediated vascular reactivity will further improve our understanding of the basic etiology of the neurovascular disorders. Consideration of sex, hormonal status, and pregnancy history in diagnosis and treatment protocols will improve prevention and outcomes of cardiovascular disease in women as they age.

Cardiovascular risk factors and disease in women. Art work by Piet Michiels, Leuven, Belgium.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Smidt Heart Insititute, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Chrisandra L. Shufelt & Christine Pacheco

  2. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

    Marysia S. Tweet

  3. Surgery and Physiology, Women’s Health Research Center, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

    Virginia M. Miller

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  1. Chrisandra L. Shufelt
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  2. Christine Pacheco
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  4. Virginia M. Miller
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Correspondence to Chrisandra L. Shufelt .

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  1. Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Peter L. M. Kerkhof

  2. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

    Virginia M. Miller

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Shufelt, C.L., Pacheco, C., Tweet, M.S., Miller, V.M. (2018). Sex-Specific Physiology and Cardiovascular Disease. In: Kerkhof, P., Miller, V. (eds) Sex-Specific Analysis of Cardiovascular Function. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1065. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77932-4_27

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