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Benthic Estuarine Assemblages of the Brazilian North Coast (Amazonia Ecoregion)

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Brazilian Estuaries

Part of the book series: Brazilian Marine Biodiversity ((BMB))

Abstract

Despite its ecological and economical importance, the Brazilian North Coast (BNC) or Amazonia Ecoregion sensu Spalding et al. (Bioscience 57:573–583, 2007), was poorly studied until the 1980s, when major interdisciplinary coastal research programs began. The Amazon and other major rivers strongly influence the BNC, causing seasonally reduced surface salinity and significant sediment deposition. From February to March, monthly accumulated rainfall is 400 mm or more and estuarine salinity varies between 0 and 10, but reaches over 40 in the dry season. Mangrove vegetation, with narrow seaward fringes of salt marsh, dominates the BNC. Macrotides between 4 and 7 m expose large areas of muddy to sandy sediments at low tide. Tidal amplitude is twice as large during spring tides, inundating large areas of mangrove. Tidal export, as well as riverine discharge, determines BNC dissolved nutrient profiles. Despite high turbidity, BNC estuaries have high phytoplankton biomasses and washout of benthic microalgae may also contribute to high chlorophyll-a concentrations. Though benthic diversity is low, secondary productivity in sediments is high, and important for nutrient cycling, especially in mangrove forest. The uçá-crab (Ucides cordatus) is economically important in the region. Strong gradients in salinity, along both the coast and individual estuaries, determine the relative abundance of freshwater and marine benthic taxa but abundance and diversity are lower in the wet season. Although relatively conserved, there is increasing pressure on the BNC through urban expansion, organic pollution, mangrove logging, and over-harvesting of coastal resources. With only 17 protected and especially managed areas along the BNC, the implementation of conservation policies is, so far, unsatisfactory.

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Acknowledgements

Thanks to the Conselho Nacional para Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico of Brazil for the grants to Nils E. Asp (CNPq—309845/2015-7), Luci C.C. Pereira (310909/2014-7 and 200629/2014-0), and Rauquírio A.M. Costa (309527/2014-7 and 200622/2014-5).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratório de Bentos, Departamento de Oceanografia, Centro de Tecnologia e Geociências – Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil

    José Souto Rosa Filho

  2. Laboratório de Oceanografia Costeira e Estuarina – Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, Pará, Brazil

    Luci Cajueiro Carneiro Pereira & Marcela Carneiro Monteiro

  3. Laboratório de Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil

    Daiane Aviz

  4. Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação Ambiental, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Capitão Poço, PA, Brazil

    César França Braga

  5. Laboratório de Plâncton e Cultivo de Microalgas, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, Pará, Brazil

    Rauquírio Albuquerque Marinho da Costa

  6. Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, Pará, Brazil

    Nils Edvin Asp

  7. Laboratório de Conservação da Biodiversidade e das Águas, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros – Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, PA, Brazil

    Colin Robert Beasley

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  1. José Souto Rosa Filho
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  3. Daiane Aviz
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  4. César França Braga
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  5. Marcela Carneiro Monteiro
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  7. Nils Edvin Asp
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  8. Colin Robert Beasley
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to José Souto Rosa Filho .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Pontal do Sul, Paraná, Brazil

    Paulo da Cunha Lana

  2. Departamento de Oceanografia e Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil

    Angelo Fraga Bernardino

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Rosa Filho, J.S. et al. (2018). Benthic Estuarine Assemblages of the Brazilian North Coast (Amazonia Ecoregion). In: Lana, P., Bernardino, A. (eds) Brazilian Estuaries. Brazilian Marine Biodiversity . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77779-5_2

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