Abstract
As a rule, severe combined skull base and facial injuries are high-velocity traumas, which often result in multifragmental fractures of the skull base with intracranial dislocation of bone fragments, dural tears with subsequent liquorrhea, and brain tissue herniation. Extensive intracranial injuries and disfiguring facial fractures often lead to severe functional deficiencies.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ayliffe P, Ward-Booth P. Nasoethmoid fractures. In: Ward-Booth P, Eppley BL, Schmelzeisen R, editors. Maxillofacial trauma and aesthetic facial reconstruction. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2003. p. 215–28.
Baker NJ, Evans BT, Neil-Dwyer G, Lang DA. The surgical managment of craniofacial trauma. In: Ward-Booth P, Schendel SA, Hausamen J, editors. Maxillofacial surgery. London: Harcourt Brace; 1999.
Baker NJ, Evans BT, Neil-Dwyer G, Lang DA. Frontal sinus fractures. In: Ward-Booth P, Eppley BL, Schmelzeisen R, editors. Maxillofacial trauma and aesthetic facial reconstruction. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2003. p. 63–74.
Bowles AP, Anand VK. Cranioorbital approach. In: Donald PJ, editor. Surgery of the skull base. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1998. p. 263–86.
Chuong R, Kaban LB. Fractures of the zygomatic complex. J Oral Maxillofac Sur. 1986;44(4):283–8.
Deinsberger W, Juedicke A, Boeker DK. Rekonstruktion der vorderen Schädelbasis mit einem Titanmikrogitter. In: Schmelzle R, editor. Schädelbasischirurgie. Damaskus: Al-Budoor; 1998. p. 92–5.
Dempf R, Schierle HP, Schliephake H, Gockeln R, Thiele J. Autogene Knochentransplantate zur Versorgung traumatischer frontoorbitaler Defekte Funktionelle und ästhetische Ergebnisse in 42 Fällen. In: Schmelzle R, editor. Schädelbasischirurgie. Damaskus: Al-Budoor; 1998. p. 192–5.
Donald PJ. Frontal sinus fracture. In: Cummings CW, Fedrickson JM, Harker LA, Krause CJ, Schuller DE, editors. Otolaryngology – head and neck surgery. St. Louis: Mosby; 1986. p. 901–21.
Donald PJ. Frontobasal approach for trauma and tumor. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 1994;37(2):37–41.
Donald PJ. Surgery of the skull base. 1st ed. Lippincott-Raven: Philadelphia; 1998a.
Donald PJ. Transfacial approach. In: Donald PJ, editor. Surgery of the skull base. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1998b. p. 165–94.
Donald PJ, Bernstein L. Compound frontal sinus injuries with intracranial penetration. Laryngoscope. 1978;88(2):225–32.
Donald PJ, Ettin M. The safety of frontal sinus obliteration when sinus walls are missing. Laryngoscope. 1986;96:190–3.
Duvall AJ, Foster CA, Lyons DP, Letson RD. Medial canthoplasty: early and delayed repair. Laryngoscope. 1981;91(2):173–83.
Duvall AJ, Porto DP, Lyons D, Boies LR. Frontal sinus fractures. Analysis of treatment results. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1987;113(9):933–5.
Ehrenfeld M, Mast G, Keiner S, Heiss E. Frakturen der Stirnhöhlenwände und der Frontobasis Drainage, Obliteration Kranialisation oder abwartendes Verhalten. In: Hausamen JE, Schmelzeisen R, editors. Traumatologie der Schädelbasis. Reinbeck: Einhorn; 1996. p. 98–102.
Elies W. Zum gegenwärtigen Stand der Rhinobasischirurgie. Laryngol Rhinol Otol. 1982;61:42–7.
Ellis E. Sequencing treatment for naso-orbito-ethmoid fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1993;51(5):543–58.
Ernst A, Herzog M, Saidl RO. Traumatologie des Kopf-Hals-Bereiches. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2004.
Evans BT, Lang DA, Neil-Dwyer G. Current management of craniofacial trauma. In: Palmer JD, editor. Neurosurgery. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1996.
Ewers R, Wild K, Wild M, Ensilidis G. Traumatologie. In: Hausamen JE, Machtens E, Reuther J, editors. Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie. Berlin: Springer; 1995. p. 211–98.
Fonseca RJ. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea and otorrhea. In: Fonseca RJ, editor. Oral and maxillofacial surgery, Vol. 3. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2000. p. 187–8.
Fonseca RJ, Walker RV. Oral and maxillofacial trauma (vol 1). Philadelphia: Saunders; 1991.
Gellrich NC, Schramm A, Schmelzeisen R. Clinical application of computer-assisted reconstruction in complex posttraumatic deformities. In: Ward-Booth P, Eppley BL, Schmelzeisen R, editors. Maxillofacial trauma and aesthetic facial reconstruction. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2003. p. 215–28.
Giuliani G, Anile C, Massarelli M, Maira G. Management of complex craniofacial traumas. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofacial. 1997;98(1):100–2.
Godbersen GS, Kügelgen C. Operative Versorgung von Duraverletzungen nach Stirnhöhlenwandfraktur. In: Schmelzle R, editor. Schädelbasischirurgie. Damaskus: Al-Budoor; 1998. p. 187–91.
Greenberg AM, Prein J. Craniomaxillofacial reconstructive and corrective bone surgery. New York: Springer; 2002.
Gruss JS. Fronto-naso-orbital trauma. Clin Plast Surg. 1982;9(4):577–89.
Gruss JS. Complex nasoethmoid-orbital and midfacial fractures: role of craniofacial surgical techniques and immediate bone grafting. Ann Plast Surg. 1986;17(5):377–90.
Gruss JS. Complex craniomaxillofacial trauma: evolving concepts in management. A trauma unit’s experience. J Trauma. 1990;30(4):377–83.
Gruss JS. Rigid fixation of nasoethmoid-orbital fractures. In: Yaremchuk M, Gruss JS, Manson PN, editors. Rigid fixation of the craniomaxillofacial skeleton. London: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992. p. 283–301.
Gruss JS, McKinnon SE. Complex maxillary fractures: role of buttress reconstruction and immediate bone grafts. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1986;78(1):9–22.
Gruss JS, Phillips JH. Complex facial trauma: the evolving role of rigid fixation and immediate bone graft reconstruction. Clin Plast Surg. 1989;16(1):93–104.
Gruss JS, Phillips JH. Rigid fixation of le Fort maxillary fractures in rigid fixation of the craniomaxillofacial skeleton. London: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992.
Gruss JS, Hurwitz JJ, Nik NA, Kassel EE. The pattern and incidence of nasolacrimal injury in naso-orbital-ethmoid fractures : the role of delayed assessment and dacryocystorhinostomy. Br J Plast Surg. 1985;38(1):116–21.
Gruss JS, Pollock RA, Phillips JH, Antonyshyn O. Combined injuries of the cranium and face. Br J Plast Surg. 1989;42(4):385–98.
Gruss JS, Van Wyck L, Phillips JH, Astonishing O. The importance of the zygomatic arch in complex midfacial fracture repair and correction of posttraumatic orbitozygomatic deformities. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1990;85(6):878–90.
Gruss JS, Bubak PJ, Egbert M. Craniofacial fractures: an algorithm to optimize results. Clin Plast Surg. 1992;19:195–206.
Gruss JS, Whelan MF, Rand RP, Ellenbogen RG. Lessons learnt from the management of 1500 complex facial fractures. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1999;28(5):677–86.
Haerle F, Champy M, Terry BC. Atlas of craniomaxillofacial osteosynthesis. Stuttgart: Thieme; 1999.
Hammer B. Orbital fractures. Diagnosis, operative treatment, secondary corrections. Bern: Hogreve and Huber; 1995.
Hammer B. Secondary corrections of posttraumatic deformities after naso-orbital-ethmoidal fractures : An invited technique. J Cranio-Maxillofacial Trauma. 2001;7(1):44–51.
Hammer B, Prein J. Naso-orbital-ethmoid fractures. In: Prein J, editor. Manual of internal fixation in the cranio-facial skeleton. Berlin: Springer; 1998. p. 127–32.
Hardt N, Kuttenberger J. Craniofacial trauma – diagnosis and management. Berlin: Springer; 2010.
Hardt N, Sgier F, Gottsauner A. Techniken der Rekonstruktion kraniofazialer Frakturen und Defekte. In: Sailer HF, Hardt N, editors. Swiss Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie, Vol. 13, No. 12. Küsnacht: F.Wüst; 1992. p. 7–16.
Hardt N, Gottsauner A, Sgier F. Results of various reconstructive procedures in defects of the fronto-facial area. Fortschr Kiefer Gesichtschir. 1994;39:47–50.
Hausamen JE, Schierle HP. Gesichtsschädelverletzungen. In: Trentz O, editor. Tscherne - Unfallchirurgie (vol 1) Kopf und Körperhöhlen. Berlin: Springer; 2000. p. 126–57.
Hayward JR, Scott RF. Fractures of the mandibular condyle. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1993;51(1):57–61.
Hoffman HT, Krause CJ. Traumatic injuries to the frontal sinus. In: Fonseca RJ, Walker RV, editors. Oral and maxillofacial trauma, Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1991. p. 576–99.
Hybels RL. Posterior table fractures: clinical aspects. Laryngoscope. 1977;87:1740–5.
Imhof HG. Das Schädel-Hirn-Trauma. In: Trentz O, editor. Tscherne – Unfallchirurgie, Vol. 1 Kopf und Körperhöhlen. Berlin: Springer; 2000.
Ioannides C, Treffers W, Rutten M, Noverraz P. Ocular injuries associated with fractures involving the orbit. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1988;16(4):157–9.
Ioannides C, Freihofer HP, Vries J, Friens J. Fractures of the frontal sinus : a rationale of treatment. Br J Plast Surg. 1993;46(3):208–14.
Jackson IT. Classification and treatment of orbitozygomatic and orbitoethmoid fractures. The place of bone grafting and plate fixation. Clin Plast Surg. 1989;16(1):77–91.
Jackson IT, Helden G, Marx R. SkuIl bone graft in maxillofacial and craniofacial surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1986;44:949.
Jensen J, Sindet-Pedersen S, Christensen L. Rigid fixation in reconstruction of craniofacial fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1992;50(6):550–4.
Joos U, Gilsbach J. Therapie von Liquorfisteln bei Mittelgesichtsfrakturen. In: Fortschr Kiefer-Gesichtschir, Vol. 36. Stuttgart: Thieme; 1991. p. 136–8.
Joos U, Gilsbach J, Otten JE. Thirteen years’ experience with stable osteosynthesis of craniofacial fractures. Neurosurg Rev. 1989;12:88–90.
Joss U, Piffko J, Meyer U. Behandlung von frontobasalen Traumen und Polytraumen. Mund Kiefer Gesichts Chir. 2001;5:86–93.
Kelly KJ, Manson PN, Vander Kolk CA, Markowitz BL, Dunham CM, Rumley TO, et al. Sequencing le Fort fracture treatment (organization of treatment for a panfacial fracture). J Craniofac Surg. 1990;1(4):168–78.
Kessel FK, Guttmann L, Maurer G. Neurotraumatologie mit Einschluss der Grenzgebiete, Vol. I. Urban und Schwarzenberg: München; 1971.
Krafft T, Spitzer WJ, Farmand M, Laumer R, Seyer H. Results of combination neurosurgical and orofacial surgery of fronto-maxillary fractures. Fortschr Kiefer Gesichtschir. 1991;36:54–6.
Kuttenberger JJ, Hardt N. Long-term results following reconstruction of cranio facial defects with titanium micromesh systems. Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2001;29:75–81.
Laedrach K, Raveh J, Iizuka T. Reconstruction of the midface and fronto-orbital region following tumor resection and trauma. In: Maniglia AJ, Stucker FJ, Stepnick DW, editors. Surgical reconstruction of the face and the anterior skull base. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1999. p. 113–40.
Lange M, Oeckler R, Wustrow TP. Der transfrontale Zugang zur Versorgung frontobasaler Schädel-Hirn-Verletzungen. In: Steudel WI, editor. Transfaziale Zugänge zur Schädelbasis. Reinbek: Einhorn; 1995. p. 160–4.
Lappert PW, Lee JW. Treatment of an isolated outer table frontal sinus fracture using endoscopic reduction and fixation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;102:1642–5.
Leipziger LS, Manson PN. Nasoethmoid orbital fractures Current concepts and management principles. Clin Plast Surg. 1992;19(1):167–93.
Levine SB, Rowe LD, Keane WM, Atkins JP. Evaluation and treatment of frontal sinus fractures. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1986;95(1):19–22.
Luce EA. Frontal sinus fractures: guidelines to management. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1987;80(4):500–10.
Machtens E. Diagnostik und Behandlungsablauf aus Sicht der Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgen. Fortschr Kiefer Gesichtschir. 1987;32:221–3.
Maniglia AJ, Stucker FJ, Stepnick DW. Surgical reconstruction of the face and the anterior skull base. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1999.
Manson PN. Craniofacial fractures. In: Prein J, editor. Manual of internal fixation in the cranio-facial skeleton. Berlin: Springer; 1998. p. 95–126.
Manson PN, Glassman D, Vanderkolk C, Petty P, Crawley WA. Rigid stabilization of sagittal fractures of the maxilla and palate. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1990;85(5):711–7.
Manson PN, Clark N, Robertson B, Crawley WA. Comprehensive management of pan-facial fractures. J Craniomaxillofac Trauma. 1995;1(1):43–56.
Manson PN, Clark N, Robertson B, Slezak S, Wheatly M, Van der Kolk C, et al. Subunit principles in midface fractures: the importance of sagittal buttresses, soft-tissue reductions and sequencing treatment of segmental fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;103(4):1287–306.
Marchena JM, Johnson JV. Le Fort and palatal fractures. In: Stewart GS, editor. Head, face, and neck trauma. New York: Thieme; 2005. p. 77–85.
Markowitz BL, Manson PN. Panfacial fractures: organization of treatment. Clin Plast Surg. 1989;16(1):105–14.
Markowitz B, Manson PN. Zygomatic complex fractures. In: Prein J, editor. Manual of internal fixation in the craniofacial skeleton. Berlin: Springer; 1998. p. 127–32.
Markowitz BL, Manson PN, Sargent L, Vander Kolk CA, Yaremchuk M, Glassman D, et al. Management of the medial canthal tendon in nasoethmoid orbital fractures: the importance of the central fragment in classification and treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1991;87(5):843–53.
Mathog RH. Frontoethmoid fractures. In: Gates G, editor. Current therapy in otolaryngology – head and neck surgery. Philadelphia: Decker; 1984. p. 100–4.
Mathog RH. Atlas of craniofacial trauma. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1992.
Mathog RH, Arden RL, Marks SC. Trauma of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Stuttgart: Thieme; 1995.
May M, Ogura JH, Schramm V. Nasofrontal duct in frontal sinus fractures. Arch Otolaryngol. 1970;92(6):534–8.
McGraw-Wall B. Sequencing in facial fracture repair. In: Stewart GS, editor. Head, face and neck trauma. New York: Thieme; 2005. p. 142–9.
McMahon JD, Koppel DA, Devlin M, Moos KF. Maxillary and panfacial fractures. In: Ward-Booth P, Eppley BL, Schmelzeisen R, editors. Maxillofacial trauma and esthetic facial reconstruction. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2003. p. 215–28.
Merville L. Post-traumatic residual nasal deformities. In: Rowe NL, Williams JL, editors. Maxillofacial injuries, Vol. II. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1985. p. 785–822.
Merville LC, Derome D, de Saint-Jorre G. Fronto-orbitonasal dislocations. J Maxillofac Surg. 1983;11:71–82.
Moskopp D, Horch C. Simultane Therapie von schweren Mittelgesichtsfrakturen und Frontobasisfrakturen. In: Hausamen JE, Schmelzeisen R, editors. Traumatologie der Schädelbasis. Hamburg: Einhorn; 1996. p. 132–4.
Neidhardt O. Kraniofaziale und frontobasale Schädelverletzungen Retrospektive Nachuntersuchung MKG-Klinik - Kantonspital Luzern Dissertation, Universität Basel; 2002.
Oeltjen JC, Hollier L. Nasal and naso-orbital ethmoid fractures. In: Stewart GS, editor. Head, face and neck trauma. New York: Thieme; 2005.
Prein J. Manual of internal fixation in the craniofacial skeleton. Berlin: Springer; 1998.
Prein J, Hammer B. Stable internal fixation of midfacial fractures. Facial Plast Surg. 1988;5(3):221–30.
Prein J, Lüscher N. Anatomic approaches. In: Prein J, editor. Manual of internal fixation in the craniofacial skeleton, Vol. 2. Berlin: Springer; 1998. p. 51–6.
Probst C, Tomaschett C. The neurosurgical treatment of traumatic frontobasal spinal fluid fistulas (1982-1986). Akt Traumatol. 1990;20(5):217–25.
Raveh J, Vuillemin T. The surgical one-stage management of combined cranio-maxillo-facial and frontobasal fractures. Advantages of the subcranial approach in 374 cases. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1988;16(4):160–72.
Raveh J, Laedrach K, Vuillemin T, Zingg M. Management of combined frontonaso-orbital/skull base fractures and telecanthus in 355 cases. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1992;118(6):605–14.
Rohrich RJ, Shewmake KB. Evolving concepts of craniomaxillofacial fracture management. Clin Plast Surg. 1992;19(1):1–10.
Rowe NL, Williams JL. Maxillofacial injuries, Vol. I–II. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1985.
Sailer HF, Grätz KW. Treatment concept of severe midfacial fractures in dentulous and edentulous patients. Fortschr Kiefer Gesichtschir. 1991;36:52–4.
Sailer HF, Grätz KW, Kalavrezos ND. Frontal sinus fractures: principles of treatment and long-term results after sinus obliteration with the use of lyophilized cartilage. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1998;26(4):235–42.
Samii M, Draf W. Surgery of the skull base. An interdisciplinary approach. Berlin: Springer; 1989.
Schierle HP, Hausamen JE. Modern principles in treatment of complex injuries of the facial bones. Unfallchirurg. 1997;100(5):330–7.
Schilli W, Joos U. Behandlung panfazialer Frakturen. Fortschr Kiefer Gesichtschir. 1991;36:36–8.
Schmidek HH, Sweet WH. Operative neurosurgical techniques, Indications, methods and results, Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1988.
Seidl R, Wilhelm T, Ernst A, Prochno T, Herzog M. Rekonstruktion der Schädelbasis im Rahmen komplexer Mittelgesichtstraumen Ein modifiziertes Stufenkonzept der osteosynthetisch-rekonstruktiven Versorgung. In: Schmelzle R, editor. Schädelbasischirurgie. Damaskus: Al Budoor; 1998. p. 59–63.
Stanley RB. Fractures of the frontal sinus. Clin Plast Surg. 1989;16(1):115–23.
Stanley RB, Becker TS. Injuries of the nasofrontal orifices in frontal sinus fractures. Laryngoscope. 1987;97(6):728–31.
Stewart GS. Head, face and neck trauma. New York: Thieme; 2005.
Stoll W. Operative Versorgung frontobasaler Verletzungen (inklusive Orbita) durch den HNO-Chirurgen. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol Suppl. 1993;1:287–307.
Sullivan P, Manson PN. Cranial vault. In: Prein J, editor. Manual of internal fixation in the craniofacial skeleton. Berlin: Springer; 1998. p. 148–54.
Theissing J. HNO-Operationslehre, Vol. 3. Stuttgart: Thieme; 1996.
Vesper M, Werner HO, Birkenhagen N, Puchner M, Lohmann F, Friedrich R, et al. Versorgung von Defekten nach frontoorbitalem Trauma. In: Schmelzle R, editor. Schädelbasischirurgie. Damaskus: Al-Budoor; 1998. p. 205–8.
Vuillemin T, Lädrach K, Raveh J. Craniofacial surgery. Advantages of subcranial procedures in craniofacial surgery. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 1988;98(8):859–69.
Wallis A, Donald PJ. Frontal sinus fractures: a review of 72 cases. Laryngoscope. 1988;98(6):593–8.
Ward-Booth P, Eppley BL, Schmelzeisen R. Maxillofacial trauma and aesthetic facial reconstruction. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2003.
Weerda H. Traumatologie der Frontobasis und Umgebung, einschliesslich der endokraniellen Komplikationen. In: Naumann HH, editor. Kopf- und Halschirurgie, Vol. 1: Gesicht, Nase und Gesichtsschädel. Stuttgart: Thieme; 1995.
Weingart D, Joos U, Moskopp D, Horch S. Simultane Therapie von schweren Mittelgesichtsfrakturen und Frontobasisfrakturen. In: Hausamen JE, Schmelzeisen R, editors. Traumatologie der Schädelbasis. Reinbeck: Einhorn; 1996. p. 132–4.
Wilson BC, Davidson B, Corey JP, Haydon RC. Comparison of complications following frontal sinus fractures managed with exploration with or without obliteration over 10 years. Laryngoscope. 1988;98(5):516–20.
Wolfe S, Berkowitz S. Plastic surgery of the facial skeleton. In: Little. Boston: Brown; 1989.
Wolfe SA, Johnson P. Frontal sinus injuries: primary care and management of late complications. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1988;82(5):781–91.
Yaremchuk MJ, Gruss JS, Manson PN. Rigid fixation of the cranio-maxillo-facial skeleton. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992.
Zide MF, Kent JN. Indications for open reduction of mandibular condyle fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1983;41(2):89–98.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hardt, N., Kessler, P. (2019). Surgical Strategy in Complex Craniofacial Trauma Care: The Expert’s Experience and Suggestions. In: Hardt, N., Kessler, P., Kuttenberger, J. (eds) Craniofacial Trauma. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77210-3_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77210-3_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-77209-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-77210-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)