Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Geriatric Psychiatry Study Guide pp 243–268Cite as

Other Major and Mild Neurocognitive Disorders: Parkinson Disease, Atypical Parkinsonism, and Traumatic Brain Injury Types

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 959 Accesses

Abstract

Although Parkinson disease has long been considered predominantly a motor disease, it is often associated with cognitive and other neuropsychiatric symptoms, which contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality of patients with this condition. Major or mild neurocognitive disorder due to Parkinson disease has a unique clinical profile and neuropathology, distinct from the neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer disease. However, a variety of neurological disorders can present with atypical parkinsonism, in which symptoms are caused not only by cell loss in the substantia nigra (the brain area most affected in Parkinson disease) but also by degeneration of cells in other brain regions that normally contain dopamine receptors (e.g., striatum). They can present with symptoms and signs similar to Parkinson disease, including resting tremor, slowed movement, rigidity, gait difficulty, and postural instability, but in addition have symptoms and signs that are not typically present in Parkinson disease. Forms of atypical parkinsonism that have been associated with neurocognitive disorder include progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, multiple system atrophy, and vascular parkinsonism. Neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies is often included in this group of atypical parkinsonian syndromes (discussed elsewhere in more detail). Another etiology presented in this section is traumatic brain injury, in which the brain injury is associated with cognitive impairment occurring within the appropriate time period. This review outlines the clinical diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, and management for these types of neurocognitive disorders.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Tysnes OB, Storstein A. Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2017;124(8):901–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Rizek P, Kumar N, Jog MS. An update on the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson disease. CMAJ. 2016;188(16):1157–65.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Levin J, Kurz A, Arzberger T, Giese A, Höglinger GU. The differential diagnosis and treatment of atypical parkinsonism. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2016;113(5):61–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Klockgether T. Parkinson’s disease: clinical aspects. Cell Tissue Res. 2004;318:115–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Helmich RC, Hallett M, Deuschl G, Toni I, Bloem BR. Cerebral causes and consequences of parkinsonian resting tremor: a tale of two circuits? Brain. 2012;135(11):3206–26.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Pellicano C, Benincasa D, Pisani V, Buttarelli FR, Giovannelli M, Pontieri FE. Prodromal non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2007;3(1):145–52.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Tosto G, Monsell SE, Hawes SE, Mayeux R. Pattern of extrapyramidal signs in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol. 2015;262(11):2548–56.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. McKeith IG, Dickson DW, Lowe J, et al. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: third report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology. 2005;65(12):1863–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Bhatia KP, Stamelou M. Nonmotor features in atypical parkinsonism. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2017;134:1285–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Bayulkem K, Lopez G. Clinical approach to nonmotor sensory fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Sci. 2011;310(1–2):82–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Simuni T, Sethi K. Nonmotor manifestations of Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol. 2008;64(Suppl 2):S65–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Aarsland D, Kramberger MG. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. J Parkinsons Dis. 2015;5(3):659–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Lemke MR, Fuchs G, Gemende I, et al. Depression and Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol. 2004;251(Suppl 6):VI/24–7.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Jacob E, Gatto N, Thompson A, Bordelon Y, Ritz B. Occurrence of depression and anxiety prior to Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2010;16(9):576–81.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Chaudhuri KR. Nocturnal symptom complex in PD and its management. Neurology. 2003;61(Suppl 3):S17–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Roychowdhury S, Forsyth DR. Sleep disturbance in Parkinson disease. J Clin Gerontol Geriatr. 2012;3(2):53–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Olson EJ, Boeve BF, Silber MH. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: demographic, clinical and laboratory findings in 93 cases. Brain. 2000;123:388–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Zhang J, Xu C-Y, Liu J. Meta-analysis on the prevalence of REM sleep behavior disorder symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. BMC Neurol. 2017;17:23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883–017–0795–4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Miyasaki JM, Shannon K, Voon V, Ravina B, Kleiner-Fisman G, Anderson K, et al. Practice Parameter: evaluation and treatment of depression, psychosis, and dementia in Parkinson disease (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2006;66(7):996–1002.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Zesiewicz TA, Sullivan KL, Arnulf I, et al. Practice Parameter: treatment of nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson disease: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2010;74(11):924–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Marsh L. Depression and Parkinson’s disease: current knowledge. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2013;13(12):409.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Richard IH, McDermott MP, Kurlan R, et al. SAD-PD Study Group. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of antidepressants in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2012;78(16):1229–36.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Combs BL, Cox AG. Update on the treatment of Parkinson’s disease psychosis: role of pimavanserin. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017;13:737–44.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Hughes AJ, Daniel SE, Kilford L, et al. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease: a clinico-pathological study of 100 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992;55:181–4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Marek K, Innis R, Van Dyck C, et al. [123I]-beta-CIT-SPECT imaging assessment of the rate of Parkinson’s disease progression. Neurology. 2001;57:2089–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Tong J, Wong H, Guttman M, et al. Brain alpha-synuclein accumulation in multiple system atrophy, Parkinson’s disease and progressive supranuclear palsy: a comparative investigation. Brain. 2010;133(Pt 1):172–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Houlden H, Baker M, Morris HR, et al. Corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy share a common tau haplotype. Neurology. 2001;56(12):1702–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. McFarland NR. Diagnostic approach to atypical parkinsonian syndromes. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2016;22(4 Movement Disorders):1117–42.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Grosset D, Taurah L, Burn DJ, MacMahon D, Forbes A, Turner K, et al. A multicentre longitudinal observational study of changes in self reported health status in people with Parkinson’s disease left untreated at diagnosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78(5):465–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Lamb R, Rohrer JD, Lees AJ, Morris HR. Progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration: pathophysiology and treatment options. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2016;18(9):42.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Caslake R, Macleod A, Ives N, Stowe R, Counsell C. Monoamine oxidase B inhibitors versus other dopaminergic agents in early Parkinson’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD006661.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Antonini A, Cilia R. Behavioural adverse effects of dopaminergic treatments in Parkinson’s disease: incidence, neurobiological basis, management and prevention. Drug Saf. 2009;32(6):475–88.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Seeberger LC, Hauser RA. Carbidopa levodopa enteral suspension. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2015;16(18):2807–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Glasmacher SA, Leigh PN, Saha RA. Predictors of survival in progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017;88(5):402–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Höglinger GU, Respondek G, Stamelou M, et al. Clinical diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy: the movement disorder society criteria. Mov Disord. 2017;32(6):853–64.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Stamelou M, de Silva R, Arias-Carrión O, et al. Rational therapeutic approaches to progressive supranuclear palsy. Brain. 2010;133(Pt 6):1578–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Wenning GK, Litvan I, Jankovic J, et al. Natural history and survival of 14 patients with corticobasal degeneration confirmed at postmortem examination. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;64(2):184–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Gerstenecker A, Duff K, Mast B, Litvan I. ENGENE-PSP Study Group. Behavioral abnormalities in progressive supranuclear palsy. Psychiatry Res. 2013;210(3):1205–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Mahapatra RK, Edwards MJ, Schott JM, Bhatia KP. Corticobasal degeneration. Lancet Neurol. 2004;3:736–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Cassidy JD, Carroll LJ, Peloso PM, et al. Incidence, risk factors and prevention of mild traumatic brain injury: results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Rehabil Med. 2004;(43 Suppl):28–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. McInnes K, Friesen CL, MacKenzie DE, Westwood DA, Boe SG. Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and chronic cognitive impairment: a scoping review. PLoS One. 2017;12(4):e0174847.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Starkstein SE, Jorge R. Dementia after traumatic brain injury. Int Psychogeriatr. 2005;17(Suppl 1):S93–107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Bazarian JJ, Atabaki S. Predicting postconcussion syndrome after minor traumatic brain injury. Acad Emerg Med. 2001;8(8):788–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Rutherford WH, Merrett JD, McDonald JR. Symptoms at one year following concussion from minor head injuries. Injury. 1979;10(3):225–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Mendez MF. What is the relationship of traumatic brain injury to dementia? J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;57(3):667–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Frankel J, Marwitz J, Cifu D, Kreutzer J, Englander J, Rosenthal M. A follow-up study of older adults with traumatic brain injury: taking into account decreasing length of stay. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;87(1):57–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Filer W, Harris M. Falls and traumatic brain injury among older adults. N C Med J. 2015;76(2):111–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Faul M, Xu L, Wald MM, Coronado VG, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, editors. Traumatic brain injury in the United States: emergency department visits, hospitalizations and deaths 2002–2006. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; 2010. https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/pdf/blue_book.pdf. Accessed 11 Sept 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  49. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  50. Teasdale G, Jennet B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet. 1974;2:81–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. King N. A systematic review of age and gender factors in prolonged post-concussion symptoms after mild head injury. Brain Inj. 2014;28(13–14):1639–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Hawley C, Sakr M, Scapinello S, et al. Traumatic brain injuries in older adults—6 years of data for one UK trauma centre: retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. Emerg Med J. 2017;34:509–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Malec JF, Brown AW, Leibson CL, et al. The Mayo classification system for traumatic brain injury severity. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24(9):1417–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Menzel JC. Depression in the elderly after traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. Brain Inj. 2008;22(5):375–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Bombardier CH, Fann JR, Temkin NR, Esselman PC, Barber J, Dikmen SS. Rates of major depressive disorder and clinical outcomes following traumatic brain injury. JAMA. 2010;303(19):1938–45.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

    Ana Hategan

  2. Department of Psychiatry, Baylor Scott and White Health Central Texas Division, Dallas, TX, USA

    James A. Bourgeois

  3. Department of Psychiatry, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, Canada

    James A. Bourgeois

  4. St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, USA

    Tracy Cheng

  5. Mercy San Juan Medical Center, Farmington, NM, USA

    Julie Young

Authors
  1. Ana Hategan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. James A. Bourgeois
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Tracy Cheng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Julie Young
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Hategan, A., Bourgeois, J.A., Cheng, T., Young, J. (2018). Other Major and Mild Neurocognitive Disorders: Parkinson Disease, Atypical Parkinsonism, and Traumatic Brain Injury Types. In: Geriatric Psychiatry Study Guide. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77128-1_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77128-1_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-77127-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-77128-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation