Skip to main content

Gendered Migratory Pathways: Exploring the Work Trajectories of Long-Term Romanian Migrants

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Gender, Family, and Adaptation of Migrants in Europe

Abstract

This chapter analyzes the work trajectories of Romanian returnees who lived and worked for a long period of time in other EU countries. To understand the evolution of the work dimension of migrants’ lives, the chapter is built on subjective evaluations of their work experiences before migration, during their stay abroad, and upon return. The qualitative methodology and homogenous sample allow us to employ a gendered perspective on the relationship between international migration and individuals’ work trajectories. Employing a classical sociological distinction between agency and structure, the chapter illustrates four contrasting patterns of work trajectories. Agentic models are differently oriented, depending on gender—men toward entrepreneurship and women toward furthering their education. The chapter points out certain features of the migration experience which can increase women’ dependency on their partners and negatively affect their professional careers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Anderson, Bridget. 2010. Migration, Immigration Controls, and the Fashioning of Precarious Workers. Work, Employment and Society 24 (2): 300–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anghel, G. Remus. 2008. Changing Statuses: Freedom of Movement, Locality, and Transnationality of Irregular Romanian Migrants in Milan. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 34 (5): 787–802.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bettio, Francesca, and Alina Verashchagina. 2009. Gender Segregation in the Labor Market. Root Causes, Implications, and Policy Responses in the EU. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borjas, J. George. 1999. Heaven’s Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charles, Maria. 2011. A World of Difference: International Trends in Women’s Economic Status. Annual Review of Sociology 37: 355–371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Constantinescu, Monica. 2004. The Importance of Weak Links in Migration. Sociologie Românească II (4): 169–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diaconu, Laura. 2014. Education and Labor Market Outcomes in Romania. Eastern Journal of European Studies 5 (1): 99–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, Simon, and Birgit Pfau-Effinger. 2002. Gender, Economy, and Culture in the European Union. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dustmann, Christian. 1999. Temporary Migration, Human Capital and Language Fluency of Migrants. Scandinavian Journal of Economics 101 (2): 297–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dustmann, Christian, and Oliver Kirchkamp. 2002. The Optimal Migration Duration and Activity Choice After Re-migration. Journal of Development Economics 67: 351–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, Karen. 2002. The Challenges of Making Learning Visible: Problems and Issues in Recognizing Tacit Skills and Key Competences. In Working to Learn: Transforming Learning in the Workplace, ed. Karen Evans, Phil Hodkinson, and Lorna Unwin. London: Kogan Page Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, Melvyn, Stephlen Syrett, and Colin Williams. 2006. Informal Economic Activities and Deprived Neighborhoods. London: Department for Communities and Local Government.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurak, T. Douglas, and F.E. Caces. 1992. Migration Networks and the Shaping of Migration Systems. In International Migration Systems. A Global Approach, ed. Mary M. Kritz, Lin Lean Lim, and Hania Zlotnik. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, Eleanor. 2013. The Discourse of Entrepreneurial Masculinities (and Feminities). Entrepreneurship & Regional Development: An International Journal 25 (1–2): 90–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hennebry, L. Jenna. 2014. Transnational Precarity: Women’s Migration Work and Mexican Seasonal Agricultural Migration. International Journal of Sociology 44 (3): 42–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lutz, Helma. 2008. When Home Becomes a Workplace: Domestic Work as an Ordinary Job in Germany? In Migration and Domestic Work: A European Perspective on a Global Theme, ed. Helma Lutz. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malyutina, Darya. 2015. Migrant Friendships in a Super-Diverse City: Russian-Speakers and Their Social Relationships in London in the 21st Century. Stuttgart: Ibidem-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mureșan, Cornelia, and Paul-Teodor Hărăguș. 2015. Norms of Filial Obligation and Actual Support to Parents in Central and Eastern Europe. Romanian Journal of Population Studies IX (2): 49–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osella, Caroline, and Filippo Osella. 2006. Once Upon a Time in the West? Stories of Migration and Modernity from Kerala, South India. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 12 (3): 569–588.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perrons, Diane. 2007. Gender Divisions and Working Time in the New Economy: Changing Patterns of Work. Edward Elgar Publishing: Care and Public Policy in Europe and North America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfau-Effinger, Birgit. 1998. Gender Cultures and the Gender Arrangement—A Theoretical Framework for Cross-National Gender Research. Innovations 11 (2): 147–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Qureshi, Kaveri. 2012. Pakistani Labor Migration and Masculinity: Industrial Working Life, the Body and Transnationalism. Global Networks 12 (4): 485–504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruhs, Martin, and Bridget Anderson. 2010. Semi-Compliance and Illegality in Migrant Labour Markets: An Analysis of Migrants, Employers and the State in the UK. Population, Space and Place 16: 195–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, Louise. 2011. Migrants’ Social Networks and Weak Ties: Accessing Resources and Constructing Relationships Post-Migration. The Sociological Review 59 (4): 707–724.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sandu, Dumitru. 2006. Living Abroad on a Temporary Basis. The Economic Migration of Romanians: 1990–2006. Bucharest.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2010. Lumile sociale ale migrației internaționale. Iași: Polirom.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schierup, Carl-Ulrik, Aleksandra Alund, and Branka Likic-Brboric. 2015. Migration, Precarization, and the Democratic Deficit in Global Governance. International Migration 53 (3): 50–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scrinzi, Francesca. 2008. Migrations and the Restructuring of the Welfare State in Italy: Change and Continuity in the Domestic Work Sector. In Migration and Domestic Work: A European Perspective on a Global Theme, ed. Helma Lutz. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Șerban, Monica, and Bogdan Voicu. 2010. Romanian Migrants to Spain: In—Or Outside the Migration Networks a Matter of Time? Revue D’études Comparatives Est-Ouest 41 (4): 97–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shelley, Toby. 2007. Exploited: Migrant Labour in the New World Economy. London: Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundström, Eva. 2003. Gender Regimes, Family Policies and Attitudes to Female Employment: A Comparison of Germany, Italy and Sweden. Doctoral dissertation in Sociology at the Faculty of Social Sciences, Umeå University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornton, H. Patricia. 1999. The Sociology of Entrepreneurship. Annual Review of Sociology 25: 19–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tudor, Elena. 2017. Return Migration in a Csángós Village in Romania. In Religions and Migrations in the Black Sea Region, ed. Eleni Sideri and Lydia Efthymia Roupakia. Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vianello, Francesca Alice. 2016. International Migrations and Care Provisions for Elderly People Left Behind. The cases of the Republic of Moldova and Romania. European Journal of Social Work 19 (5): 779–794.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vianello, Francesca Alice, and Devi Saccheto. 2016. Migrant Workers’ Routes to the Informal Economy During the Economic Crisis: Structural Constraints and Subjective Motivations. Prakseologia 158: 299–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vlase, Ionela. 2013a. My Husband is a Patriot! Gender and Romanian Family Return Migration from Italy. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 39 (5): 741–758.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2013b. Women’s Social Remittances and Their Implications at Household Level: A Case Study of Romanian Migration to Italy. Migration Letters 10 (1): 81–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voicu, Malina. 2004. Work and Family Life in Europe: Value Patterns and Policy Making. In European Values at the Turn of the Millennium, ed. Wil Arts and Loek Halman. Leiden and Boston: Brill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, M. Allan. 2007. International Labor Migration and Tacit Knowledge Transactions: A Multi-Level Perspective. Global Networks 7 (1): 29–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, M. Allan, and Vladimir Baláž. 2005. What Human Capital, Which Migrants? Returned Skilled Migration to Slovakia from the UK. International Migration Review 39 (2): 439–468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, C. Colin. 2009a. Formal and Informal Employment in Europe: Beyond Dualistic Representations. European Urban and Regional Studies 16 (2): 147–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2009b. The Motives of Off-the-Books Entrepreneurs: Necessity—Or Opportunity Driven? International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 5 (2): 203–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, Fiona. 2012. Converging Variations in Migrant Care Work in Europe. Journal of European Social Policy 22 (4): 363–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Croitoru, A. (2018). Gendered Migratory Pathways: Exploring the Work Trajectories of Long-Term Romanian Migrants. In: Vlase, I., Voicu, B. (eds) Gender, Family, and Adaptation of Migrants in Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76657-7_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics