Skip to main content

Lying Cheating Robots – Robots and Infidelity

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNAI,volume 10715))

Abstract

Love has been described as unpredictable, immeasurable and non-purchasable and as such, poses challenges for anyone in a relationship to both stay in love, and to not fall in love with someone else. Scientists are still discovering whether or not love follows any specific recipe. Outlooks, personality, sense of humor and talent may not perfectly guarantee an individual falls in love with another, and more importantly is able to sustain that relationship. This article portrays a futuristic scenario in which truly intelligent and emotional robots already exist. Here, the bi-directional love discussed in Lovotics is not simulated through engineering, but rather is genuine from the perspectives of both machine and human. This is a theoretical piece that draws on psychological theories of love, sex, attraction, associated emotions and behavior. The method involves reviewing previous literature on human-robot bi-directional love, and combines it with current discussions and theories of the realistic future potential of love relationships between humans and robots with full artificial intelligence and emotional capabilities. The result of the investigation is a multifaceted projection of the complexity humans will experience in love relationships with robots. Due to the incalculable nature of love, affection and sexual attraction, the development of robots with genuine capacity for emotions may not have the best outcome for a future of love and sex with robots.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   44.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   60.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Bellman, R.: An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence: Can Computers Think?. Thomson Course Technology, Boston (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Russell, S., Norvig, P.: Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1995)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  3. Cheok, A.D., Levy, D., Karunanayaka, K.: Lovotics: love and sex with robots. In: Karpouzis, K., Yannakakis, Georgios N. (eds.) Emotion in Games. SC, vol. 4, pp. 303–328. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41316-7_18

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  4. Samani, H.A., Cheok, A.D., Tharakan, M.J., Koh, J., Fernando, N.: A design process for lovotics. In: Lamers, M.H., Verbeek, F.J. (eds.) HRPR 2010. LNICST, vol. 59, pp. 118–125. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19385-9_15

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  5. Hatfield, E., Rapson, R.L.: Love, Sex, and Intimacy: Their Psychology, Biology, and History. HarperCollins College Publishers, New York (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Joachim, H., Rees, D.: Aristotle: The Nicomachean Ethics. Clarendon Press, Oxford (1951)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Lewis, C.: The Four Loves. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Soble, A.: Eros, Agape, and Philia: Readings in the Philosophy of Love. Paragon House Publishers, New York (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Love. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/love. Accessed 24 May 2016

  10. Sternberg, R.J.: Triangulating love. In: Oord, T.J. (ed.) The Altruism Reader: Selections from Writings on Love, Religion, and Science. Templeton Foundation, West Conshohocken (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Sternberg, R.J.: A triangular theory of love. In: Reis, H.T., Rusbult, C.E. (eds.) Close Relationships. Psychology Press, New York (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Sternberg, R.J.: Construct validation of a triangular love scale. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 27(3), 313–335 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Diessner, R., Frost, N., Smith, T.: Describing the neoclassical psyche embedded in Sternberg’s triangular theory of love. Soc. Behav. Pers. Int. J. 32(7), 683–690 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Frijda, N.H.: The place of appraisal in emotion. Cogn. Emot. 7(3–4), 357–387 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Frijda, N.H., Zeelenberg, M.: Appraisal: what is the dependent? In: Scherer, K.R., Schorr, A., Johnstone, T. (eds.) Series in Affective Science. Appraisal Processes in Emotion: Theory, Methods, Research, pp. 141–155. Oxford University Press, New York (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Lazarus, R.S.: Relational meaning and discrete emotions. In: Scherer, K.R., Schorr, A., Johnstone, T. (eds.) Series in Affective Science. Appraisal Processes in Emotion: Theory, Methods, Research, pp. 37–67. Oxford University Press, New York (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Clore, G.L., Ortony, A.: Appraisal theories: how cognition shapes affect into emotion. In: Lewis, M., Haviland-Jones, J.M., Barrett, L.F. (eds.) Handbook of Emotions, pp. 628–642. Guilford Press, New York (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Yilmaz, V.: Consumer behavior in shopping center choice. Soc. Behav. Pers. Int. J. 32(8), 783–790 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Fournier, S.: Consumers and their brands: developing relationship theory in consumer research. J. Consum. Res. 24(4), 343–373 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Rousi, R.: From Cute to Content: User Experience From a Cognitive Semiotic Perspective. Jyväskylä Studies in Computing, vol. 171. University of Jyväskylä Press, Jyväskylä (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Watson, L., Spence, M.T.: Causes and consequences of emotions on consumer behaviour: a review and integrative cognitive appraisal theory. Eur. J. Mark. 41(5/6), 487–511 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Kelley, H.H., Berscheid, E., Christensen, A., Harvey, J.H., Huston, T.L., et al.: Close Relationships. Freeman, New York (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Finkel, E.J., Simpson, J.A., Eastwick, P.W.: The psychology of close relationships: fourteen core principles. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 68, 383–411 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Rusbult, C.E.: A longitudinal test of the investment model: the development (and deterioration) of satisfaction and commitment in heterosexual involvements. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 45, 101–117 (1983)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Salman, A.: Comprehensive Dictionary of Psychoanalysis, p. 89. Karnac Books, London (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Maslow, A.H.: A theory of human motivation. Psycholo. Rev. 50(4), 360–396 (1943)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Oxford English Dictionary: Fidelity. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/fidelity

  28. Fletcher, G.P.: Loyalty: An Essay on the Morality of Relationships. Oxford University Press, New York (1995)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  29. Mattingly, B.A., Wilson, K., Clark, E.M., Bequette, A.W., Weidler, D.J.: Foggy faithfulness: relationship quality, religiosity, and the perceptions of dating infidelity scale in an adult sample. J. Fam. Issues 31(11), 1465–1480 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Stafford, L., Canary, D.J.: Maintenance strategies and romantic relationship type, gender and relational characteristics. J. Soc. Pers. Relat. 8(2), 217–242 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Drigotas, S.M., Barta, W.: The cheating heart: scientific explorations of infidelity. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 10(5), 177–180 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Daly, M., Wilson, M.: Homicide. Aldine de Gruyter, Hawthorne (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Rusbult, C.E., Drigotas, S.M., Verette, J.: The investment model: an interdependence analysis of commitment processes and relationship maintenance phenomena. In: Canary, D., Stafford, L. (eds.) Communication and Relational Maintenance, pp. 115–139. Academic Press, San Diego (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Buss, D.: Evolutionary Psychology. Allyn & Bacon, Needham Heights (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Levy, D.: Love and Sex with Robots: The Evolution of Human-Robot Relationships. Harper Collins, New York (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Sullins, J.: Robots, love, and sex: the ethics of building a love machine. IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput. 3(4), 398–409 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Meston, C.M., Buss, D.M.: Why humans have sex. Arch. Sex. Behav. 36(4), 477–507 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Fehr, B., Russell, J.A.: The concept of love viewed from a prototype perspective. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 60(3), 425 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Russell, J.A., Fehr, B.: Fuzzy concepts in a fuzzy hierarchy: varieties of anger. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 67(2), 186 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Lin, P., Adney, K., Bekey, G.A.: Robot Ethics: The Ethical and Social Implications of Robotics. MIT Press, Cambridge (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Sparrow, R.: Robots, rape, and representation. Int. J. Soc. Robot. 9, 1–13 (2017)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  42. Richardson, K.: The asymmetrical ‘relationship’: parallels between prostitution and the development of sex robots. ACM SIGCAS Comput. Soc. 45(3), 290–293 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Mackenzie, R.: Sexbots: replacements for sex workers? Ethical constraints on the design of sentient beings for utilitarian purposes. In: Proceedings of the 2014 Workshops on Advances in Computer Entertainment Conference, p. 8. ACM (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Adams, A.A.: Virtual sex with child avatars. In: Wankel, C., Malleck, S. (eds.) Emerging Ethical Issues of Life in Virtual Worlds, pp. 55–72. Information Age Publishing, Charlotte (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  45. Snell, J.: Sexbots: an editorial. Psychol. Educ. Interdisc. J. 42(1), 49–50 (2005)

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  46. Turkle, S.: Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other. Basic Books, New York (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  47. Ashrafian, H.: AlonAI: a humanitarian law of artificial intelligence and robotics. Sci. Eng. Ethics 21(1), 29–40 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Ashrafian, H.: Artificial intelligence and robot responsibilities: innovating beyond rights. Sci. Eng. Ethics 21(2), 317–326 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Madden, J.: Should having sex with a robot count as cheating? BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/item/0c4f5093-ed7d-4fad-97cf-b93b9afb1679. Accessed 02 June 2017

  50. Rawlinson, K.: Microsoft’s Bill Gates insists AI is a threat. NNB News. http://www.bbc.com/news/31047780. Accessed 02 June 2017

  51. Lewis, T.: Stephen Hawking: artificial intelligence could end human race. Live Science, https://www.livescience.com/48972-stephen-hawking-artificial-intelligence-threat.html. Accessed 02 June 2017

  52. Mackenzie Wright, D.W.: Hunting humans: a future for tourism in 2200. Futures 78–79, 34–46 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Fox, S.: Evolving robots learn to lie to each other. Popular Science. http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2009-08/evolving-robots-learn-lie-hide-resources-each-other. Accessed 07 July 2017

  54. Litiou, A., Ullman, D., Kim, J., Scassellati, B.: Evidence that robots trigger a cheating detector in humans. In: Proceedings of the Tenth Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, pp. 165–172. ACM (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  55. Short, E., Hart, J., Vu, M., Scassellati, B.: No fair!! an interaction with a cheating robot. In: The Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, pp. 219–226 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  56. Ullman, D., Leite, I., Phillips, J., Kim-Cohen, J., Scassellati, B.: Smart human, smarter robot: how cheating affects perceptions of social agency. In: Proceedings of the 36th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  57. Cosmides, L.: The logic of social exchange: has natural selection shaped how humans reason? Studies with the Wason selection task. Cogn. 31(3), 187–276 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Cosmides, L., Tooby, J.: Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. In: Barkow, J.H., Cosmides, L., Tooby, J. (eds.) The Adapted Mind – Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture, pp. 163–228. Oxford University Press, New York (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  59. Verplatse, J., Vanneste, S., Braekman, J.: You can judge a book by its cover: the sequel: a kernel of truth in predictive cheating detection. Evol. Hum. Behav. 28(4), 260–271 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Hutson, M.: The 7 laws of magical thinking: how irrational beliefs keep us happy, healthy, and sane, pp. 165–171. Hudson Street Press, New York (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  61. Mori, M., MacDorman, K.F., Kageki, N.: The uncanny valley [from the field]. IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag. 19(2), 98–100 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Hanson, D., Olney, A., Prilliman, S., Mathews, E., Zielke, M., Hammons, D., Fernandez, R., Stephanou, H.: Upending the uncanny valley. In: Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, vol. 20(4), pp. 1728–1729. MIT Press, Cambridge (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  63. Barber, T.: Kinky Borgs and sexy robots: the fetish, fashion and discipline of seven of nine. In: Channeling the Future: Essays on Science Fiction and Fantasy Television, pp. 133–148. Scarecrow Publishing, Metuchen (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  64. Kaplan, F.: Who is afraid of the humanoid? Investigating cultural differences in the acceptance of robots. Int. J. Humanoid Robot. 1(03), 465–480 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Suzuki, T.: Word in Context: A Japanese Perspective on Language and Culture. Kodansha International, Tokyo (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  66. Staszak, J.F.: Other/otherness. In: Kitchin, R., Thrift, N. (eds.) International Encyclopaedia of Human Geography, vol. 8, pp. 43–47. Elsevier, Oxford (2009)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  67. Berque, A., Schwartz, R.: Japan Nature, Artifice and Japanese Culture. Pilkington, Yelvertoft Manor (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  68. Fontichiaro, K.: Taming the technology leadership dragon. In: Coatney, S., Harada, V.H. (eds.) The Many Faces of School Library Leadership, pp. 119–132. Libraries Unlimited, Denver (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  69. Mori, M.: The Buddha in the Robot. Kosei Publishing Company, Tokyo (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  70. Starobinski, J.: Jean-Jacques Rousseau, transparency and obstruction. Goldhammer, A. [Trans.]. University of Chicago Press, IL (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  71. Syrdal, D.S., Nomura, T., Hirai, H., Dautenhahn, K.: Examining the frankenstein syndrome. In: Mutlu, B., Bartneck, C., Ham, J., Evers, V., Kanda, T. (eds.) ICSR 2011. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 7072, pp. 125–134. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25504-5_13

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  72. Li, D., Rau, P.P., Li, Y.: A cross-cultural study: effect of robot appearance and task. Int. J. Soc. Robot. 2(2), 175–186 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. ATR Home: Hiroshi Ishiguro Laboratories. http://www.geminoid.jp/en/index.html

  74. Guizzo, E.: Hiroshi Ishiguro: The Man Who Made a Copy of Himself. IEEE Spectrum (2010). https://spectrum.ieee.org/robotics/humanoids/hiroshi-ishiguro-the-man-who-made-a-copy-of-himself

  75. Minsky, M.L.: Will robots inherit the earth. Scientific American 271(4), 108–113 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rebekah Rousi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Rousi, R. (2018). Lying Cheating Robots – Robots and Infidelity. In: Cheok, A., Levy, D. (eds) Love and Sex with Robots. LSR 2017. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10715. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76369-9_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76369-9_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-76368-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-76369-9

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics