Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Lasers in Dermatology and Medicine pp 115–134Cite as

Light/Laser Applications in Gynecology

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 687 Accesses

Abstract

The use of CO2 laser in the treatment of uterine cervical intraepithelial lesions is well established and indications, as well as techniques, have changed very little for over 30 years. The Cochrane Systematic Review from 2000 suggests no obviously superior technique. CO2 laser ablation of the vagina is also established as a safe treatment modality for VAIN (Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia), and has been used extensively in the treatment of VIN (Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia) and lower genital tract condylomata acuminata. CO2 laser permits treatment of lesions with excellent cosmetic and functional results. The treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding by destruction of the endometrial lining using various techniques, including Nd:YAG laser ablation, has been the subject of a 2002 Cochran Database Review. Among the compared treatment modalities are modified laser techniques. The conclusion by reviewers is that outcomes and complication profiles of newer techniques compare favorably with the gold standard of endometrial resection. Myoma coagulation or myolysis with Nd:YAG laser through the laparoscope or hysteroscope is a conservative treatment option for women who wish to preserve their child bearing potential.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   159.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   159.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Martin-Hirsch PPL, et al. Surgery for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;12:CD010409.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Lethaby A, et al. Endometrial resection and ablation techniques for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;8:CD001501.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Yandell RB et al. Evaluation of the KTP-532 nm laser for excisional cone biopsy of the cervix. Abstract presented at the Proceedings of the Combined Clinical Meeting of the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology, and Gynecology Laser Society; April l998.

    Google Scholar 

  4. http://belllabs.com/history/laser/contrib.html.

  5. Schawlow AL. Advances in Optical Masers. Sci Am. 1963;209:36.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Schawlow AL, Townes CH. Infrared and Optical Masers. Physiol Rev. 1985;112:1940.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Patel CKN. High-power carbon dioxide lasers. Sci Am. 1968;219:23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Dorsey J. Application of laser in gynecology. In: TeLinde’s operative gynecology. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1992:499.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Kaplan I, et al. The treatment of erosions of the uterine cervix by means of the CO2 laser. Obstet Gynecol. 1973;41(5):795–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Bellina JH. Gynecology and the laser. Contrib Gynecol Obstet. 1974;5

    Google Scholar 

  11. Bruhat MA, et al. Use of the CO2 laser via laparoscopy. In: Kaplan I, editor. Proceedings of the 3rd International Society for Laser Surgery. Tel Aviv: International Society for Laser Surgery; 1979. p. 275.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Keye WR, Dixon J. Photocoagulation of endometriosis by the argon laser through the laparoscope. Obstet Gynecol. 1983;62:383.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Goldrath M, et al. Laser photo-vaporization of endometriosis for the treatment of menorrhagia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1981;140:14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Rettenmaier MA, et al. Photoradiation therapy of gynecologic malignancies. Gynecol Oncol. 1984;17:206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Insinga RP, et al. The healthcare costs of cervical human papillomavirus-related disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191(1):114–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Chesson HW, et al. Estimates of the annual direct medical costs of the prevention and treatment of disease associated with human papillomavirus in the United States. Vaccine. 2012;30(42):6016–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Ho GY. Natural history of cervicovaginal papillomavirus infection in young women. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:423.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Munoz N, et al. Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:518.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Bosch FX, et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus in cervical cancer: a worldwide perspective. International biological study on cervical cancer (IBSCC) study group. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995;87:796.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Bonnez W, Reichman R. Papillomaviruses. In: Mandell D, editor. Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone; 2005. p. 1841–56.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Franco EL, et al. Cervical cancer: epidemiology, prevention and the role of human papillomavirus infection. CMAJ. 2001;164:1017.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Burk RD, et al. Declining prevalence of cervicovaginal human papillomavirus infection with age is independent of other risk factors. Sex Transm Dis. 1996;23(4):333–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Winer RL, et al. Genital human papillomavirus infect ion: incidence and risk factors in a cohort of female university students. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157:218.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Tarkowski TA, et al. Epidemiology of human papillomavirus infection and abnormal cytological test results in an urban adolescent population. J lnfect Dis. 2004;189:46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Koutsky L. Epidemiology of genital human papillomavirus infection. Am J Med. l997;102:3.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Baseman JG, Koutsky LA. The epidemiology of human papillomavirus infections. J Clin Virol. 2005;32(suppl 1):Sl6–24.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Fact Sheet. Genital HPV Infection. www.eclc.govlhvpl.

  28. Dunne EF, et al. Prevalence of HPV infection among females in the United States. JAMA. 2007;297:813.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Dunne EF, et al. Prevalence of HPV infection among men: a systematic review of the literature. J lnfect Dis. 2006;194:1044.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Castellsague X, et al. Male circumcision, penile human papillomavirus infection, and cervical cancer in female partners. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(15):1105–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Clifford GM, et al. Worldwide distribution of human papillomavirus types in cytologically normal women in the International Agency for Research on Cancer HPV prevalence surveys: a pooled analysis. Lancet. 2005;366:991.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Carr J, Gyorfi T. Human papillomavirus. Epidemiology, transmission, and pathogenesis. Clin Lab Med. 2000;20:235.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Bonnez W, Reichman RC. Papillomaviruses. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, editors. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingston; 2000. p. 1630.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Mackenzie-Wood A, et al. Imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of Bowen’s disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44:462.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Fazel N, et al. Clinical, histopathologic, and molecular aspects of cutaneous human papillomavirus infections. Dermatol Clin. 1999;17:521.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Llewellyn CD, et al. Risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity in young people—a comprehensive literature review. Oral Oncol. 2001;37:401.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Uobe K, et al. Detection of HPV in Japanese and Chinese oral carcinomas by in situ PCR. Oral Oncol. 2001;37:146.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Sonnex C. Human papillomavirus infection with particular reference to genital disease. J Clin Pathol. 1998;51:643.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Sedlacek TV. Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of human papillomavirus infections. Clin Obstet Gy11ecol. 1999;42:206.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Chatterjee A. The next generation of HPV vaccines: nonavalent vaccine V503 on the horizon. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2014;13(11):1279–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). FDA licensure of quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine for use in males and guidance from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2010; 59(20):630–2. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5902a5.htm. Accessed February 24, 2014.

  42. Hariri S, et al. Reduction in HPV 16/18-associated high grade cervical lesions following HPV vaccine introduction in the United States—2008-2012. Vaccine. 2015;33(13):1608–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Baggish MS. Management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia by carbon dioxide laser. Obstet Gynecol. 1982;60:378–84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Martin-Hirsch PL, et al. Surgery for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;2:CD 001318.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Bar-Am A, et al. Combined colposcopy, loop conization, and laser vaporization reduces recurrent abnormal cytology and residual disease in cervical dysplasia. Gynecol Oncol. 2000;78(1):47–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Hullberg L, et al. Menstrual blood loss: a population study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1966;45:320–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Martel P, et al. Utilization of CO2 lasers in continuous or pulsed mode for conizations: apropos of 230 cases. Gynecol Obstet Fertil. 2000;28(7–8):537–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Metal M. CO2 laser conization for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a comparison with cold knife conization during pregnancy. Clin Laser Med Surg. 1991;9(2):115–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Van Rooijen M, et al. Pregnancy outcome after laser vaporization of the cervix. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1999;78(4):346–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Townsend DE, et al. Treatment of vaginal carcinoma in situ with the carbon dioxide laser. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982;143:565–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Campagnutta E, et al. Treatment of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) with the carbon dioxide laser. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 1999;26(2):127–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Curtin JP, et al. Treatment of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia with the CO2 laser. J Reprod Med. 1985;30:942–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Diakomanolis E, et al. Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia: report of 102 cases. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2002;23(5):457–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Diakomanolis E, et al. Treatment of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia with laser ablation and upper vaginectomy. Gynecol Obstet Investig. 2002;54(1):17–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Diakomanolis E, et al. Conservative management of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) by laser CO2. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1996;17(5):389–92.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Hoffman MS, et al. Laser vaporization of grade 3 vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991;165:1342–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Woodman CB, et al. The management of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia after hysterectomy. BJOG. 1984;91:707–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Yalcin OT, et al. Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia: treatment by carbon dioxide laser and risk factors for failure. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2003;106(1):64–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Benedet JL. Epidermal thickness measurements in vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia. J Reprod Med. 1992;37:809–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Baggish MS, Dorsey JH. CO2 laser for the treatment of vulvar carcinoma in situ. Obstet Gynecol. 1981;57:371–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Baggish MS. Treating viral venereal infections with the CO2 laser. Reprod Med. 1982;27(12):737–74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Hoffman MS, et al. Laser vaporization for vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia III. J Reprod Med. 1992;37:135–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Sideri Metal. Evaluation of CO2 laser excision or vaporization for the treatment of vulva intraepithelial neoplasia. Gynecol Oncol. 1999;75:277–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Vessey MP, et al. The epidemiology of hysterectomy: findings in a large cohort study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1992;99:402–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Marjoribanks J, et al. Long term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;7:CD004143.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Rahn DD, et al. Vaginal estrogen for genitourinary syndrome of menopause: a systematic review. Society of Gynecologic Surgeons Systematic Review Group. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;124(6):1147–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Salvatore S, et al. Histological study on the effects of microablative fractional CO2 laser on atrophic vaginal tissue: an ex vivo study. Menopause. 2015 Jan;20. [Epub ahead of print].

    Google Scholar 

  68. Salvatore S, et al. Sexual function after fractional microablative CO2 laser in women with vulvovaginal atrophy. Climacteric. 2015;18(2):219–25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Lee MS. Treatment of vaginal relaxation syndrome with an erbium:YAG laser using 90° and 360° scanning scopes: a pilot study & short-term results. Laser Ther. 2014;23(2):129–38.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Goldfarb HA. Myoma coagulation (myolysis). Obstet Gynecol Clin N Am. 2000;27(2):421–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Nisolle M, et al. Laparoscopic myolysis with the Nd:YAG laser. J Gynecol Surg. 1993;9:95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Chapman R. Low power interstitial photocoagulation of uterine leiomyomas by KTP/YAG laser. Lasers Med Sci. 1994;9:37–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Chapman R. Low power interstitial photocoagulation of uterine leiomyomas by KTP/YAG laser: a review of 50 consecutive cases. SPIE Proc Med Appl Lasers II. 1994;2327:304–12.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Chapman R. Treatment of uterine leiomyomas by interstitial hyperthermia. Gynaecol Endosc. 1993;2:227–34.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Penna C, et al. CO2 laser surgery for vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. J Reprod Med. 2002;47:913–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Phillips DR, et al. Experience with laparoscopic leiomyoma coagulation and concomitant operative hysteroscopy. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc. 1997;4(4):425–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Goldfarb HA. Laparoscopic coagulation of myoma (myolysis). Obstet Gynecol Clin N Am. 1995;22(4):807–19.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Chapman R. Treatment of large uterine fibroids. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1997;104:867–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Hindley JT, et al. Clinical outcomes following percutaneous magnetic resonance image guided laser ablation of symptomatic uterine fibroids. Hum Reprod. 2002;17(10):2737–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Law P, et al. Magnetic resonance-guided percutaneous laser ablation of uterine fibroids. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2000;12(4):565–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Visvanathan D, et al. Interstitial laser photocoagulation for uterine myomas. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;187(2):382–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Keckstein J. Laser techniques in gynaecology. Endosc Surg Allied Technol. 1994;2(3–4):176–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Donnez J. CO2 laser laparoscopy in infertile women with adhesions or endometriosis. Fertil Steril. 1987;48:390–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Nezhat C, et al. Surgical treatment of endometriosis via laser laparoscopy. Fertil Steril. 1986;45:778–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Donnez J, Nisolle M. An atlas of operative laparoscopy and hysteroscopy. 2nd ed. New York/London: Parthenon Publishing; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Vercellini P, et al. Coagulation or excision of ovarian endometriomas? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;188(3):606–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Jones K, et al. Endometrial laser intrauterine thermotherapy for the treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding: the first British experience. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2001;108:749–53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Jacobson TZ, et al. Laparoscopic surgery for pelvic pain associated with endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;4:CD 001300.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Divaris D, et al. Phototoxic damage to sebaceous glands and hair follicles of mice after systemic administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid correlates with localized protoporphyrin-IX fluorescence. Am J Pathol. 1990;136:891–7.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Kennedy JC, et al. Photodynamic therapy with endogenous protoporphyrin IX: basic principles and present clinical experience. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1990;1-2:143–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Kennedy JC, Pottier RH. Endogenous protoporphyrin IX, a clinically useful photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1992;4:275–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Peng Q, et al. 5-Aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy: principles and experimental research. Photochem Photobiol. 1997;65:235–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Hillemanns P, et al. Photodynamic therapy in women with cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia using topically applied 5-aminolevulinic acid. Int J Cancer. 1999;81:34–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Tromberg BJ, et al. In vivo tumor oxygen tension measurements for the evaluation of the efficiency of photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol. 1990;2:375–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Foote CS. Definition of type I and type II photosensitized oxidation. Photochem Photobiol. 1991;5:659.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Ochsner M. Photophysical and photobiological processes in the photodynamic therapy of tumours. Photochem Photobiol. 1997;39:1–18.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Fan KFM, et al. Photodynamic therapy using 5-aminolevulinic acid for premalignant and malignant lesions of the oral cavity. Cancer. 1996;78:1374–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Wolf P, et al. Topical photodynamic therapy with endogenous porphyrins after application of 5-aminolevulinic acid. An alternative treatment modality for solar keratoses, superficial squamous cell carcinomas, and basal cell carcinomas? J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993;1:17–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Scholefield JH. Treatment of grade III anal intraepithelial neoplasia with photodynamic therapy: report of a case. Tech Coloproctol. 2004;8(3):200.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Webber J, Fromm D. Photodynamic therapy for carcinoma in situ of the anus. Arch Surg. 2004;139:259–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Hamdan KA, et al. Treatment of grade III anal intraepithelial neoplasia with photodynamic therapy: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003;46:1555–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Hillemanns P, et al. Photodynamic therapy of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia using 5-aminolevulinic acid. Int J Cancer. 2000;85:649–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Fehr MK, et al. Photodynamic therapy of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia III using topically applied 5-aminolevulinic acid. Gynecol Oncol. 2001;80:62–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Morton CA, et al. Comparison of photodynamic therapy with cryotherapy; in the treatment of Bowen's disease. Br J Dematol. 1996;5:766–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Martin-Hirsch PL. Photodynamic treatment for lower genital tract intraepithelial neoplasia [letter]. Lancet. 1998;351:1403.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Lobraico RV, Grossweiner LI. Clinical experiences with photodynamic therapy for recurrent malignancies of the lower female genital tract. J Gynecol Surg. 1993;9:29–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Fehr MK, et al. Photodynamic therapy of vulvar and vaginal condyloma and intraepithelial neoplasia using topically applied5-aminolevulinic acid. Lasers Surg Med. 2002;30:273–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Wierrani F, et al. 5-Aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy of intraepithelial neoplasia and human papillomavirus of the uterine cervix—a new experimental approach. Cancer Detect Prev. 1999;23:351–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Hillemanns P, et al. Photodynamic therapy of vulvar lichen sclerosus with 5-aminolevulinic acid. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;93:71–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA

    Cornelia Selma de Riese M.D., Ph.D., M.B.A. & Roger B. Yandell M.D.

Authors
  1. Cornelia Selma de Riese M.D., Ph.D., M.B.A.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Roger B. Yandell M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cornelia Selma de Riese M.D., Ph.D., M.B.A. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA

    Keyvan Nouri

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

de Riese, C.S., Yandell, R.B. (2018). Light/Laser Applications in Gynecology. In: Nouri, K. (eds) Lasers in Dermatology and Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76220-3_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76220-3_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-76218-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-76220-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation