The Peasant Question

Marin, Irina

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-76069-8_4

The Peasant Question

Irina Marin²

Chapter
First Online: 12 July 2018

272 Accesses

Abstract

‘The Peasant Question’ opens up the discussion of the deep causes of the uprising analyzing from a cross-border perspective the status of the main actors of the 1907 uprising, the peasants, and their economic predicament in contrast to their peers across the triple frontier in Austria-Hungary and Tsarist Bessarabia. The transnational comparison between land tenure and the position of the peasantry in Romania and in the neighbouring provinces aims to identify those factors pertaining to legal framework and social practice that set Romania apart from its neighbours and led to different outcomes.

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Notes

1.
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2.
Nagy, A magyar mezőgazdaság regionális szerkezete a 20. század elején, pp. 443–444.
3.
Cpt John Kaba, Politico-Economic Review of Bessarabia, June 30, 1919 (US army, member of the Hoover commission for Romania), p. 15.
4.
Ion G. Pelivan, The Economic State of Bessarabia, Paris, Imprimerie des Arts et Sports, Paris, 1920, p. 13.
5.
Magyar Statisztikai Évkönyv, Új folyam 1907, Budapest, Az Atheneum irodalmi és nyomdai részvénytársulat könyvnyomdája, 1909, p. 306.
6.
G.D. Creangă, Grundbesitzverteilung und Bauernfrage in Rumänien, Erster Teil, Leipzig, Verlag von Duncker und Humbolt, 1907, p. 165.
7.
Ion G. Pelivan, The Movement and Increase of Population in Bessarabia from 1812 to 1918, Paris, Imprimerie des arts et des sports, 1920, p. 17.
8.
Em. de Martonne, What I have seen in Bessarabia, Paris, 1919, p. 22.
9.
Hugh Seton-Watson, Eastern Europe between the Wars 1918–1941, Harper Torchbooks, 1967, p. 202.
10.
Radu Rosetti, Pentru ce s-au răsculat țăranii, Atelierele grafice Socec, București, 1907, pp. 48–49.
11.
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12.
Creangă, Grundbesitzverteilung, p. 89.
13.
Creangă, Grundbesitzverteilung, pp. 107–108.
14.
Creangă, Grundbesitzverteilung, pp. 103–106.
15.
Creangă, Grundbesitzverteilung, p. 116.
16.
Creangă, Grundbesitzverteilung, pp. 107–109.
17.
Creangă, Grundbesitzverteilung, p. 162:
18.
Ionescu, Agrarverfassung Rumäniens, p. 65.
19.
Scraba, Starea socială a săteanului, pp. 48–49.
20.
PAAA, Berlin, R 9652, Rumänien Allgemeine Angelegenheiten 1906–1907, Report no. 186, Sinaia 2 October 1906, pp. 2–3.
21.
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22.
Rosetti, Pentru ce s-au răsculat țăranii, p. 450 – cited in Dobrogeanu-Gherea, Neoiobăgia, p. 56.
23.
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24.
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25.
Marea răscoală a țăranilor din 1907, pp. 83–85.
26.
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27.
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28.
Cristescu (Ed.), Carol I. Corespondența personală, p. 429.
29.
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30.
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31.
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32.
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33.
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34.
Creangă, Grundbesitzverteilung, pp. 83–84.
35.
Rosetti, Pentru ce s-au răsculat țăranii, pp. 672–687; Scraba, Starea socială a săteanului, p. 67.
36.
Scraba, Starea socială a săteanului, pp. 162–163, 167–168, 176, 186–187.
37.
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38.
Marea răscoală a țăranilor din 1907, p. 68.
39.
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40.
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41.
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42.
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43.
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44.
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46.
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47.
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48.
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49.
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50.
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51.
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52.
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53.
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54.
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55.
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56.
Dr. Beck Lajos, A magyar földbirtok megoszlása. Agrár-statisztikai tanulmány, Budapest, Pallas Irodalmi és nyomdai Résvénytársaság, 1918, pp. 36, 39, 40:
57.
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58.
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59.
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60.
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61.
Held, ibid., p. 101.
62.
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63.
Verdery, Transylvanian Villagers, p. 200.
64.
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65.
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66.
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67.
Nagy, A magyar mezőgazdaság regionális szerkezete a 20. század elején, pp. 262–266.
68.
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69.
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70.
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71.
Michael Lytwynowytsch, Die bäuerlichen Besitz- und Schuldverhältnisse im Wiznitzer Gerichtsberzirke, Czernowitz, 1911, p. 17.
72.
Statistisches Jahrbuch des Herzogtums Bukowina für das Jahr 1908, II. Jahrgang, Zusammengestellt und veröffentlicht vom statistischen Landesamte des Herzogtums Bukowina, Czernowitz, 1911, pp. 116–117
73.
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74.
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75.
ANR, Fondul Guvernământul Bucovinei, Mapa 75/II, p. 2.
76.
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77.
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78.
Lytwynowytsch, Die bäuerlichen Besitz- und Schuldverhältnisse im Wiznitzer Gerichtsberzirke, p. 10.
79.
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80.
ANR, Fondul Guvernământul Bucovinei, Mapa 134/5, pp. 25–57: documents regarding the complaint lodged by the Gogolina peasant community on account of their being deprived of communal grazing land.
81.
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82.
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83.
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84.
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85.
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86.
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87.
Pelivan, Bessarabia under the Russian rule, p. 47.
88.
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89.
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91.
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95.
Zamfir C. Arbore, Basarabia în secolul XIX, București, Institutul de arte grafice Carol Göbl, 1898, p. 419.
96.
Creangă, Grundbesitzverteilung, p. 165.
97.
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Arbore, Basarabia, pp. 131–132.
99.
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100.
Arbore, Bessarabia, p. 131; cited in Pelivan, Bessarabia under the Russian rule, p. 40.
101.
Victor Taki, ‘1812 and the Emergence of the Bessarabian Region: Province-Building under Russian Imperial Rule’ in Euxeinos 15/16 (2014), p. 15; Andrei Cușco an Victor Taki, Бессарабия в составе российской империи (1812–1917), pp. 166–167.
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103.
Stere , Publicistică, p. 147.
104.
Élias Regnault, Istoria politică și socială a Principatelor Dunărene, p. 356 – cited in I. Nistor, Românii și rutenii în Bucovina, București, Librăriile Socec, 1915, p. 105.
105.
London National Archives, FO 371/120, Russia 1906, p. 286.
106.
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109.
Verdery, Transylvanian Villagers, p. 219.
110.
Arbore, Basarabia, pp. 137–138.
111.
Cosma, Răscoala țărănească în România, pp. 5, 19.
112.
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113.
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115.
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116.
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117.
Cosma, Răscoala țărănească în România, pp. 9–10.
118.
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119.
Dobrogeanu-Gherea, Neoiobăgia, p. 63.
120.
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121.
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122.
Cosma, Răscoala țărănească în România, pp. 4–6.
123.
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124.
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125.
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126.
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127.
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128.
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132.
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134.
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137.
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143.
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153.
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155.
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156.
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157.
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158.
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171.
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Urusov, Memoirs of a Russian Governor, p. 156.
180.
Urusov, Memoirs of a Russian Governor, p. 118.
181.
Urusov, Memoirs of a Russian Governor, p. 84.
182.
Urusov , Memoirs of a Russian Governor, p. 83.
183.
Urusov, Memoirs of a Russian Governor, p. 54.
184.
Urusov, Memoirs of a Russian Governor, p. 79.
185.
Urusov, Memoirs of a Russian Governor, p. 54.
186.
Urusov, Memoirs of a Russian Governor, p. 33.
187.
Urusov, Memoirs of a Russian Governor, pp. 147–148.
188.
Urusov, Memoirs of a Russian Governor, p. 162.
189.
Urusov, Memoirs of a Russian Governor, p. 163.
190.
Urusov, Memoirs of a Russian Governor, p. 34.
191.
Urusov, Memoirs of a Russian Governor, p. 30.
192.
Urusov , Memoirs of a Russian Governor, p. 66.
193.
Urusov, Memoirs of a Russian Governor, p. 157.
194.
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195.
Ionescu, Agrarverfassung Rumäniens, p. 51.
196.
Urusov, Memoirs of a Russian Governor, pp. 88–89.
197.
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198.
Urusov, Memoirs of a Russian Governor, p. 159.
199.
Dobrogeanu-Gherea, Neoiobăgia, p. 182.
200.
Recueil de Matériaux sur la situation économique des israélites de Russie, vol. 1, p. 225.
201.
The Székely people were a colonized population speaking an old dialect of Hungarian, who were encouraged to settle within the Carpathian arc by medieval Hungarian kings and functioned as border guards.
202.
German-speaking population who settled in Transylvania as colonists in the medieval period.
203.
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204.
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205.
Held, ibid., p. 101.
206.
Hunyadi, Cooperative Networks, p. 23.
207.
Hunyadi, Cooperative Networks, pp. 23–24.
208.
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209.
Hunyadi, Cooperative Networks, p. 48.
210.
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211.
Hunyadi, Cooperative Networks, pp. 50–51.
212.
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213.
Andrei Oțetea; Ion Popescu-Puțuri (eds), Documente privind marea răscoală a țăranilor din 1907 (henceforth quoted as Documente), București, Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, 1977-, Vol. 2, pp. 240–241.
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Andrew Janos, ‘Modernization and Decay in Historical Perspective: The Case of Romania’ in Kenneth Jowitt (Ed.), Social Change in Romania 1860–1940, Berkeley, California, 1978, p. 83.
215.
Urusov, Memoirs of a Russian Governor, p. 71.
216.
Arbore, Basarabia, pp. 422–423.
217.
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218.
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219.
HHStA, Wien, Karton 39, PA, XVIII, Bericht no. 44 B, Sinaia, am 6. September 1907, from Schönburg to Aehrenthal, p. 325 (recto/verso).
220.
Warriner, Contrasts in Emerging Societies, pp. 108–109.
221.
ANR, Fondul Guvernământul Bucovinei, Ministerul de Interne, Mapa 134/5, German translation of Polish letter from Laura z Ortynski Kuliczkowski, dated 12.10.1897.
222.
ANR, Fondul Guvernământul Bucovinei, Ministerul de Interne, Mapa 75/II, 1902 report from the Bukovinian government to the Ministry of Justice, pp. 1–2.
223.
Warriner, Contrasts in Emerging Societies, p. 109.
224.
Verdery, Transylvanian Villagers, p. 221.
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Arbore, Basarabia, pp. 135–136.
226.
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227.
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228.
Gregor M. Kowalski, ‘Constitutional Liberty in the Area of Emigration in Austria. Activities of Emigration Agencies in Lodomeria and Galicia’, in Kaziemierz Baran (Ed.), Constitutional Developments of the Habsburg Empire in the Last Decades before its Fall, Jagiellonian University Press, 2014, p. 61.
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231.
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Irina Marin

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Marin, I. (2018). The Peasant Question. In: Peasant Violence and Antisemitism in Early Twentieth-Century Eastern Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76069-8_4

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