Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Locating Racial Microaggressions Within Critical Race Theory and an Inclusive Critical Discourse Analysis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Exploring the Toxicity of Lateral Violence and Microaggressions

Abstract

An understanding of racial microaggression allows for greater awareness of the often subtle, barely discernible and barely detectable manifestations of racism that can emerge on college and university campuses, in classrooms and in everyday conversations and interactions between people of colour and White people. Microaggressions, as modes of interaction between members of historically marginalized communities and members of the dominant society, reveal how the ideology of racism is secreted in these interactions and reveal the ways in which power and privilege are taken for granted in everyday actions and interactions. Within the university environment, this can take many forms including interactions between students, faculty and students, faculty and faculty, and the classroom and university climate and environment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 19.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 27.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Cho, C. L. (2010). “Qualifying” as teacher: Immigrant teacher candidates’ counter-stories [Special Issue Educational Policy and Internationally Educated Teachers (IETs)]. Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy, 100. Available on-line http://www.umanitoba.ca/publications/cjeap/.

  • Cho, C. L. (2014). “Why don’t you Canadians stop lying to us immigrants?”: Immigrant teacher candidates’ experiences with pre-service education and Canada’s multicultural act. The International Journal of Diverse Identities, 13(1), 14–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, D. A., Kleiman, S., Spanierman, L. B., Isaac, P., & Poolokasingham, G. (2014). “Do you live in a Teepee?” Aboriginal students’ experiences with racial microaggressions in Canada. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 7(2), 112–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, D. A., Spanierman, L. B., Reed, T. D., Soble, J. R., & Cabana, S. (2011). Documenting Weblog expressions of racial microaggressions that target American Indians. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 4, 39–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Constantine, M. G. (2007). Racial microaggressions against African American clients in cross-racial counseling relationships. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dei, G. S. (1996). Anti-racism Education: Theory and Practice. Halifax, NS: Fernwood.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillborn, D. (2008). Racism and Education: Coincidence or Conspiracy? London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernandez, P., Carranza, M., & Almeida, R. (2010). Mental health professionals’ adaptive responses to racial microaggressions: An exploratory study. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 41, 202–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Houshmand, S. L., & Spanierman, L. B., & Tafarodi, R. W. (2014). Excluded and avoided: Racial microaggressions targeting Asian international students in Canada. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 20(3), 377–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kanter, J. W., Williams, M. T., Kuczynski, A. M., Manbeck, K. E., Debreaux, M., & Rosen, D. C. (2017). A preliminary report on the relationship between microaggressions against black people and racism among white college students. Race and Social Problems, 9(4), 291–299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-017-9214-0.

  • Lawrence, B., & Dua, E. (2005). Decolonizing anti-racism. Social Justice: A Journal of Crime, Conflict and World Order, 32(4), 120–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lê, T., Le, Q., & Short, M. (2009). Critical Discourse Analysis: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. New York: Nova Science Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, A. I. (2010). Racial microaggressions directed at Asian Americans: Modern forms of prejudice and discrimination. In D. W. Sue (Ed.), Microaggressions and Marginality: Manifestation, Dynamics, and Impact (pp. 85–103). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahmud, T. (2005). Citizen and citizenship within and beyond the nation. Cleveland State Law Review, 52(1/4), 51–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsuda, M. (1991). Voices of America: Accent, antidiscrimination law, and a jurisprudence for the last reconstruction. Yale Law Journal, 100, 1329–1407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuda, M., Lawrence, C., Delgado, R., & Crenshaw, K. (Eds.). (1993). Words that Wound: Critical Race Theory, Assaultive Speech, and the First Amendment. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntosh, P. (1990). White privilege: Unpacking the invisible backpack. Independent School, Winter, 31–36. Retrieved September 26, 2017, from http://code.ucsd.edu/pcosman/Backpack.pdf.

  • Minikel-Lacocque, J. (2013). Racism, college and the power of words. American Education Research Journal, 50(3), 432–465. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831212468048.

  • Pérez Huber, L., & Solorzano, D. G. (2014). Racial microaggressions as a tool for critical race research. Race Ethnicity and Education, 18(3), 297–320. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2014.994173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Picower, B. (2009). The unexamined Whiteness of teaching: How White teachers maintain and enact dominant racial ideologies. Race Ethnicity & Education, 12(2), 197–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, C. (1970). Offensive mechanisms. In F. Barbour (Ed.), The Black Seventies (pp. 265–282). Boston, MA: Porter Sargent.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, C. (1980). Social trace contaminants: Subtle indicators of racism in TV. In S. Withey & R. Abeles (Eds.), Television and Social Behavior: Beyond Violence and Children (pp. 249–257). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, C. (1995). Stress analogs of racism and sexism: Terrorism, torture, and disaster. In C. Willie, P. Rieker, B. Kramer, & B. Brown (Eds.), Mental Health, Racism and Sexism (pp. 277–293). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburg Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pon, G., Gosine, K., & Phillips, D. (2011). Immediate response: Addressing anti-native and anti-black racism in child welfare. International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies, 2(3/4), 385–409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poolokasingham, G., Spanierman, L. B., Kleiman, S., & Houshmand, S. (2014). “Fresh off the boat?” racial microaggressions that target South Asian Canadian students. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 7(3), 194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rivera, D. P., Forquer, E. E., & Rangel, R. (2010). Microaggressions and the life experience of Latina/o Americans. In D. W. Sue (Ed.), Microaggressions and Marginality: Manifestations, Dynamics, and Impact (pp. 59–83). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rollock, N. (2012). Unspoken rules of engagement: Navigating racial microaggressions in the academic terrain. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 25(5), 517–532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saloojee, A. (2003). Social Inclusion, Anti-racism and Democratic Citizenship. Toronto: Laidlaw Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saloojee, A., & Stewart, P. (2016, December). Commentary/Intense scrutiny over microaggressions. CAUT Bulletin. Retrieved September 17, 2017, from https://bulletin-archives.caut.ca/bulletin/articles/2016/12/commentary-intense-scrutiny-over-microaggressions.

  • Solórzano, D., Ceja, M., & Yosso, T. (2000). Critical race theory, racial microaggressions, and campus racial climate: The experiences of African American college students. Journal of Negro Education, 69, 60–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sue, D. W., Bucceri, J., Lin, A. I., Nadal, K. L., & Torino, G. C. (2007). Racial microaggressions and the Asian American experience. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13(1), 72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62, 271–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., & Holder, A. (2008). Racial microaggressions in the life experience of Black Americans. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 39(3), 329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sue, D. W., & Constantine, M. G. (2007). Racial microaggressions as instigators of difficult dialogues on race: Implications for student affairs educators and students. College Student Affairs Journal, 26(2), 136.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations. (1965). International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. New York: United Nations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, C. (1999). Connecting anti-racist and anti-oppressive theory and practice. Retrenchment or reappraisal? British Journal of Social Work, 29(2), 211–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, G., Derthick, A. O., David, E. J. R., Saw, A., & Okazaki, S. (2014). The what, the why, and the how: A review of racial microaggressions research in psychology. Race and Social Problems, 6(2), 181–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yosso, T., Smith, W., Ceja, M., & Solórzano, D. (2009). Critical race theory, racial microaggressions, and campus racial climate for Latina/o undergraduates. Harvard Educational Review, 79(4), 659–691.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Politics and Public Administration, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Anver Saloojee

  2. Child and Youth Program, School of Social and Community Services, George Brown College, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Zubeida Saloojee

Authors
  1. Anver Saloojee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zubeida Saloojee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Schulich School of Education, Nipissing University, Brantford, Ontario, Canada

    Christine L. Cho

  2. Schulich School of Education, Nipissing University, North Bay, Ontario, Canada

    Julie K. Corkett

  3. Schulich School of Education, Nipissing University, North Bay, Ontario, Canada

    Astrid Steele

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Saloojee, A., Saloojee, Z. (2018). Locating Racial Microaggressions Within Critical Race Theory and an Inclusive Critical Discourse Analysis. In: Cho, C., Corkett, J., Steele, A. (eds) Exploring the Toxicity of Lateral Violence and Microaggressions. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74760-6_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74760-6_13

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-74759-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-74760-6

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation