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Blepharospasm

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Manual of Oculoplastic Surgery

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Abstract

Essential blepharospasm consists of bilateral involuntary spasmodic contractions of the orbicularis oculi and adjacent muscles of the face. It occurs in middle age and older, mostly affecting women. The condition can be most debilitating. Essential blepharospasm is believed to be a result of an organic neurologic disease with a psychologic overlay. The first line of treatment is botulinum toxin with a success rate of 90%. Failures can be effectively treated with myectomy.

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Suggested Readings

  1. Costin BR, Sakolsatayadorn N, McNutt SA, Rubinstein TJ, Trichonas G, Rocha KM, et al. Dimensions and anatomic variations of the orbicularis oculi muscle in nonpreserved, fresh-frozen human cadavers. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2014;30(2):198–200.

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  3. Walker TJ, Dayan SH. Comparison and overview of currently available neurotoxins. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2014;7:31–9.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cleveland Eye Clinic, Avon, OH, USA

    Bryan R. Costin

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Mark R. Levine

  3. Oculoplastic Section, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Mark R. Levine

  4. Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Mark R. Levine

  5. Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

    Essam A. El Toukhy

Authors
  1. Bryan R. Costin
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  2. Mark R. Levine
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  3. Essam A. El Toukhy
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mark R. Levine .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Mark R. Levine

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA

    Richard C. Allen

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Costin, B.R., Levine, M.R., El Toukhy, E.A. (2018). Blepharospasm. In: Levine, M., Allen, R. (eds) Manual of Oculoplastic Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74512-1_33

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74512-1_33

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-74511-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-74512-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

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