Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Suicide in Children

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Suicide Prevention

Abstract

As the second leading cause of death among youth ages 10–24, suicide is an international public health threat that warrants increased attention from the medical community. While pediatric mortality from major medical illnesses has significantly decreased in recent years, the youth suicide rate continues to climb. Despite the alarming rates and devastating effects, youth suicide is a relatively rare event. More common than completed suicide are suicidal thoughts and behaviors. This chapter will address the terminology used to discuss suicide, the epidemiology of youth suicide, risk and protective factors, and approaches to screening for suicide and conducting follow-up assessments for at-risk youth. Management of suicidal youth, documentation, and treatment will also be discussed. With appropriate training and effective interventions, every healthcare provider can help save young lives.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Will not be discussed in this chapter.

References

  1. Gould MS, Greenberg TE, Velting DM, Shaffer D. Youth suicide risk and preventive interventions: a review of the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;42(4):386–405.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Horowitz LM, Bridge JA, Boudreaux ED. Screening youth for suicide risk in medical settings: time to ask questions. Am J Prev Med. 2014;47(3):S170–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):593–602.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Nock MK, Borges G, Bromet EJ, Cha CB, Kessler RC, Lee S. Suicide and suicidal behavior. Epidemiol Rev. 2008;30(1):133–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. O’Carroll PW, Berman AL, Maris RW, Moscicki EK, Tanney BL, Silverman MM. Beyond the Tower of Babel: a nomenclature for suicidology. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 1996;26(3):237–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Posner K, Oquendo MA, Gould M, Stanley B, Davies M. Columbia Classification Algorithm of Suicide Assessment (C-CASA): classification of suicidal events in the FDA’s pediatric suicidal risk analysis of antidepressants. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(7):1035–43.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Silverman MM, Berman AL, Sanddal ND, O’Carroll PW, Joiner TE. Rebuilding the tower of babel: a revised nomenclature for the study of suicide and suicidal behaviors part 1: background, rationale, and methodology. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2007;37(3):248–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS): fatal injury reports, national and regional, 1999–2015. https://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/mortrate10_us.html.

  9. US Cancer Statistics Working Group. United States cancer statistics: 1999–2013 incidence and mortality web-based report. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Cancer Institute. https://nccd.cdc.gov/uscs/.

  10. Curtin SC, Warner M, Hedegaard H. Increase in suicide in the United States, 1999–2014. NCHS Data Brief. 2016;241:1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. WISQARS leading causes of death reports, national and regional. 2014. https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/leading_causes_death.html.

  12. Bridge JA, Asti L, Horowitz LM, Greenhouse JB, Fontanella CA, Sheftall AH, et al. Suicide trends among elementary school–aged children in the United States from 1993 to 2012. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(7):673–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Sheftall AH, Asti L, Horowitz LM, Felts A, Fontanella CA, Campo JV, et al. Suicide in elementary school-aged children and early adolescents. Pediatrics. 2016;138(4):e20160436.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6543a8.htm?s_cid=mm6543a8_w.

  15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS). https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/.

  16. Grunbaum JA, Kann L, Kinchen S, Ross J, Hawkins J, Lowry R, et al. Youth risk behavior surveillance—United States, 2003. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2004 May;53(2):1–96.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Cash SJ, Bridge JA. Epidemiology of youth suicide and suicidal behavior. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2009;21(5):613.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Rodway C, Tham SG, Ibrahim S, Turnbull P, Windfuhr K, Shaw J, et al. Suicide in children and young people in England: a consecutive case series. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(8):751–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Brent DA, Baugher M, Bridge J, Chen T, Chiappetta L. Age- and sex-related risk factors for adolescent suicide. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;38(12):1497–505.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Shaffer D, Gould MS, Fisher P, Trautman P, Moreau D, Kleinman M, Flory M. Psychiatric diagnosis in child and adolescent suicide. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996;53(4):339–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Shafii M, Steltz-Lenarsky J, Derrick AM, Beckner C, Whittinghill JR. Comorbidity of mental disorders in the post-mortem diagnosis of completed suicide in children and adolescents. J Affect Disord. 1988;15(3):227–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Goldston DB, Daniel SS, Erkanli A, Reboussin BA, Mayfield A, Frazier PH, et al. Psychiatric diagnoses as contemporaneous risk factors for suicide attempts among adolescents and young adults: developmental changes. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2009;77(2):281.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Borges G, Angst J, Nock MK, Ruscio AM, Walters EE, Kessler RC. A risk index for 12-month suicide attempts in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Psychol Med. 2006;36(12):1747–57.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Hawton K, Zahl D, Weatherall R. Suicide following deliberate self-harm: long-term follow-up of patients who presented to a general hospital. Br J Psychiatry. 2003;182(6):537–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Suokas J, Suominen K, Isometsä E, Ostamo A, Lönnqvist J. Long-term risk factors for suicide mortality after attempted suicide: findings of a 14-year follow-up study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2001;104(2):117–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Hall DJ, O’Brien F, Stark C, Pelosi A, Smith H. Thirteen-year follow-up of deliberate self-harm, using linked data. Br J Psychiatry. 1998;172(3):239–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Busch KA, Fawcett J, Jacobs DG. Clinical correlates of inpatient suicide. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(1):14–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Bostwick JM, Pabbati C, Geske JR, McKean AJ. Suicide attempt as a risk factor for completed suicide: even more lethal than we knew. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173(11):1094–100.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Negron R, Piacentini J, Graae F, Davies M, Shaffer D. Microanalysis of adolescent suicide attempters and ideators during the acute suicidal episode. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36(11):1512–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Esposito-Smythers C, Spirito A. Adolescent substance use and suicidal behavior: a review with implications for treatment research. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004;28(5 Suppl):77s–88s.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Aseltine RH, Schilling EA, James A, Glanovsky JL, Jacobs D. Age variability in the association between heavy episodic drinking and adolescent suicide attempts: findings from a large-scale, school-based screening program. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48(3):262–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Brent DA, Melhem N. Familial transmission of suicidal behavior. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2008;31(2):157–77.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Nock MK, editor. The Oxford handbook of suicide and self-injury. New York: Oxford University Press; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Rajalin M, Hirvikoski T, Jokinen J. Family history of suicide and exposure to interpersonal violence in childhood predict suicide in male suicide attempters. J Affect Disord. 2013;148(1):92–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Melhem NM, Brent DA, Ziegler M, Iyengar S, Kolko D, Oquendo M, et al. Familial pathways to early-onset suicidal behavior: familial and individual antecedents of suicidal behavior. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(9):1364–70.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Brent DA, Mann JJ. Familial pathways to suicidal behavior—understanding and preventing suicide among adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(26):2719–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Joiner TE, Sachs-Ericsson NJ, Wingate LR, Brown JS, Anestis MD, Selby EA. Childhood physical and sexual abuse and lifetime number of suicide attempts: a persistent and theoretically important relationship. Behav Res Ther. 2007;45(3):539–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Jokinen J, Forslund K, Ahnemark E, Gustavsson JP, Nordström P, Asberg M. Karolinska Interpersonal Violence Scale predicts suicide in suicide attempters. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(8):1025–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Salzinger S, Rosario M, Feldman RS, Ng-Mak DS. Adolescent suicidal behavior: associations with preadolescent physical abuse and selected risk and protective factors. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46(7):859–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Plunkett A, O’Toole B, Swanston H, Oates RK, Shrimpton S, Parkinson P. Suicide risk following child sexual abuse. Ambul Pediatr. 2001;1(5):262–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. O’Brien KH, Putney JM, Hebert NW, Falk AM, Aguinaldo LD. Sexual and gender minority youth suicide: understanding subgroup differences to inform interventions. LGBT Health. 2016;3(4):248–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Youth KL. Risk behavior surveillance—United States, 2015. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2016;65(6):1–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Eisenberg ME, Resnick MD. Suicidality among gay, lesbian and bisexual youth: the role of protective factors. J Adolesc Health. 2006;39(5):662–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Veale J, Saewyc E, Frohard-Dourlent H, Dobson S, Clark B. Being safe, being me: results of the Canadian Trans Youth Health survey, vol. 79. Vancouver, BC: Stigma and Resilience; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Raifman J, Moscoe E, Austin SB, McConnell M. Difference-in-differences analysis of the association between state same-sex marriage policies and adolescent suicide attempts. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(4):350–6. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.4529.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Stone DM, Luo F, Ouyang L, Lippy C, Hertz MF, Crosby AE. Sexual orientation and suicide ideation, plans, attempts, and medically serious attempts: evidence from local youth risk behavior surveys, 2001–2009. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(2):262–71.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. D’Augelli AR, Grossman AH, Salter NP, Vasey JJ, Starks MT, Sinclair KO. Predicting the suicide attempts of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2005;35(6):646–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Haas AP, Rodgers PL, Herman JL. Suicide attempts among transgender and gender non-conforming adults. 2014. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8xg8061f.

  49. Grossman AH, D’Augelli AR. Transgender youth and life-threatening behaviors. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2007;37(5):527–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Klomek AB, Sourander A, Niemelä S, Kumpulainen K, Piha J, Tamminen T, et al. Childhood bullying behaviors as a risk for suicide attempts and completed suicides: a population-based birth cohort study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48(3):254–61. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e318196b91f.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Stanley IH, Horowitz LM, Bridge JA, Wharff EA, Teach SJ. Bullying and suicide risk among pediatric emergency department patients. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2016;32(6):347–51.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Hinduja S, Patchin JW. Bullying beyond the schoolyard: preventing and responding to cyberbullying. Thousand Oaks: Corwin Press; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Hinduja S, Patchin JW. Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide. Arch Suicide Res. 2010;14(3):206–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2010.494133.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Rosin H. The Silicon Valley suicides: why are so many kids with bright prospects killing themselves in Palo Alto? Washington, DC: The Atlantic; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Joshi SV, Hartley SN, Kessler M, Barstead M. School-based suicide prevention: content, process, and the role of trusted adults and peers. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2015;24(2):353–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Bennett M. The importance of interviewing adults on the autism spectrum about their depression and suicidal ideation experiences. J Autism Dev Disord. 2016;46(4):1492–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2674-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Mayes SD, Gorman AA, Hillwig-Garcia J, Syed E. Suicide ideation and attempts in children with autism. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2013;7(1):109–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Hannon G, Taylor EP. Suicidal behaviour in adolescents and young adults with ASD: findings from a systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2013;33(8):1197–204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Horowitz LM, Bridge JA, Teach SJ, Ballard E, Klima J, Rosenstein DL, et al. Ask Suicide-Screening Questions (ASQ): a brief instrument for the pediatric emergency department. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2012;166(12):1170–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Karmakar C, Luo W, Tran T, Berk M, Venkatesh S. Predicting risk of suicide attempt using history of physical illnesses from electronic medical records. JMIR Mental Health. 2016;3(3):e19. https://doi.org/10.2196/mental.5475.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Misono S, Weiss NS, Fann JR, Redman M, Yueh B. Incidence of suicide in persons with cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(29):4731–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Qin P, Webb R, Kapur N, Sørensen HT. Hospitalization for physical illness and risk of subsequent suicide: a population study. J Intern Med. 2013;273(1):48–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Webb RT, Kontopantelis E, Doran T, Qin P, Creed F, Kapur N. Suicide risk in primary care patients with major physical diseases: a case-control study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69(3):256–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Zhou ES, Hu JC, Kantoff PW, Recklitis CJ. Identifying suicidal symptoms in prostate cancer survivors using brief self-report. J Cancer Surviv. 2015;9(1):59–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Brinkman TM, Zhang N, Recklitis CJ, Kimberg C, Zeltzer LK, Muriel AC, et al. Suicide ideation and associated mortality in adult survivors of childhood cancer. Cancer. 2014;120(2):271–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Recklitis CJ, Diller LR, Li X, Najita J, Robison LL, Zeltzer L. Suicide ideation in adult survivors of childhood cancer: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J Clin Oncol. 2009;28(4):655–61.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Shah SS, Dellarole A, Peterson EC, Bregy A, Komotar R, Harvey PD, et al. Long-term psychiatric outcomes in pediatric brain tumor survivors. Childs Nerv Syst. 2015;31(5):653–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Kuo CJ, Chen VC, Lee WC, Chen WJ, Ferri CP, Stewart R, et al. Asthma and suicide mortality in young people: a 12-year follow-up study. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(9):1092–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Thibault DP, Mendizabal A, Abend NS, Davis KA, Crispo J, Willis AW. Hospital care for mental health and substance abuse in children with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2016;57:161–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.01.031.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Cha CB, Nock MK. Emotional intelligence is a protective factor for suicidal behavior. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48(4):422–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Kazdin AE. Research design in clinical psychology. 4th ed. Boston: Pearson; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  72. King CA, Foster CE, Rogalski KM. Teen suicide risk: a practitioner guide to screening, assessment, and management. New York: Guilford Press; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  73. King CA, Merchant CR. Social and interpersonal factors relating to adolescent suicidality: a review of the literature. Arch Suicide Res. 2008;12(3):181–96.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Lewinsohn PM, Rohde P, Seeley JR, Baldwin CL. Gender differences in suicide attempts from adolescence to young adulthood. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;40(4):427–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Donald M, Dower J, Correa-Velez I, Jones M. Risk and protective factors for medically serious suicide attempts: a comparison of hospital-based with population-based samples of young adults. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2006;40(1):87–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Pearce CM, Martin G. Locus of control as an indicator of risk for suicidal behaviour among adolescents. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1993;88(6):409–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Everall RD, Altrows KJ, Paulson BL. Creating a future: a study of resilience in suicidal female adolescents. J Couns Dev. 2006;84(4):461.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Piquet ML, Wagner BM. Coping responses of adolescent suicide attempters and their relation to suicidal ideation across a 2-year follow-up: a preliminary study. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2003;33(3):288–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Dervic K, Oquendo MA, Grunebaum MF, Ellis S, Burke AK, Mann JJ. Religious affiliation and suicide attempt. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(12):2303–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Kleiman EM, Liu RT. Prospective prediction of suicide in a nationally representative sample: religious service attendance as a protective factor. Br J Psychiatry. 2014;204(4):262–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Rasic D, Kisely S, Langille DB. Protective associations of importance of religion and frequency of service attendance with depression risk, suicidal behaviours and substance use in adolescents in Nova Scotia, Canada. J Affect Disord. 2011;132(3):389–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Pena JB, Caine ED. Screening as an approach for adolescent suicide prevention. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2006;36(6):614–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. The Joint Commission. Detecting and treating suicide ideation in all settings. 2016. https://www.jointcommission.org/assets/1/18/SEA_56_Suicide.pdf.

  84. Beck AT, Kovacs M, Weissman A. Assessment of suicidal intention: the scale for suicide ideation. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1979;47(2):343.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Diamond G, Levy S, Bevans KB, Fein JA, Wintersteen MB, Tien A, et al. Development, validation, and utility of internet-based, behavioral health screen for adolescents. Pediatrics. 2010;126(1):e163–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Posner K, Brown GK, Stanley B, Brent DA, Yershova KV, Oquendo MA, et al. The Columbia–Suicide Severity Rating Scale: initial validity and internal consistency findings from three multisite studies with adolescents and adults. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168(12):1266–77.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Johnson JG, Harris ES, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The patient health questionnaire for adolescents: validation of an instrument for the assessment of mental disorders among adolescent primary care patients. J Adolesc Health. 2002;30(3):196–204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Gould MS, Marrocco FA, Kleinman M, Thomas JG, Mostkoff K, Cote J, et al. Evaluating iatrogenic risk of youth suicide screening programs: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005;293(13):1635–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Mathias CW, Michael Furr R, Sheftall AH, Hill-Kapturczak N, Crum P, et al. What’s the harm in asking about suicidal ideation? Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2012;42(3):341–51.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Crawford MJ, Thana L, Methuen C, Ghosh P, Stanley SV, Ross J, et al. Impact of screening for risk of suicide: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2011;198(5):379–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Barber CW, Miller MJ. Reducing a suicidal person’s access to lethal means of suicide: a research agenda. Am J Prev Med. 2014;47(3):S264–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Koslow SH, Ruiz P, Nemeroff CB, editors. A concise guide to understanding suicide: epidemiology, pathophysiology and prevention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Stanley B, Brown G, Brent DA, Wells K, Poling K, Curry J, et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for suicide prevention (CBT-SP): treatment model, feasibility, and acceptability. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48(10):1005–13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. Jobes DA. The Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality (CAMS): an evolving evidence-based clinical approach to suicidal risk. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2012;42(6):640–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Esposito-Smythers C, Spirito A, Kahler CW, Hunt J, Monti P. Treatment of co-occurring substance abuse and suicidality among adolescents: a randomized trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2011;79(6):728.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Asarnow JR, Berk M, Hughes JL, Anderson NL. The SAFETY program: a treatment-development trial of a cognitive-behavioral family treatment for adolescent suicide attempters. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2015;44(1):194–203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Wharff EA, Ginnis KB, Ross AM, White EM, White MT, Forbes PW. Family-based crisis intervention with suicidal adolescents: a randomized clinical trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001076.

  98. Hammad TA, Laughren T, Racoosin J. Suicidality in pediatric patients treated with antidepressant drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(3):332–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Leslie LK, Newman TB, Chesney PJ, Perrin JM, Greenhouse JB, Kelleher KJ, et al. The food and drug Administration’s deliberations on antidepressant use in pediatric patients. Pediatrics. 2005;116(1):233–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA launches a multi-pronged strategy to strengthen safeguards for children treated with antidepressant medications. FDA News-For Immediate Release. 15 Oct 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Stone M, Laughren T, Jones ML, Levenson M, Holland PC, Hughes A, et al. Risk of suicidality in clinical trials of antidepressants in adults: analysis of proprietary data submitted to US Food and Drug Administration. BMJ. 2009;339:b2880.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  102. Bhatia SK, Rezac AJ, Vitiello B, Sitorius MA, Buehler BA, Kratochvil CJ. Antidepressant prescribing practices for the treatment of children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2008;18(1):70–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Kurian BT, Ray WA, Arbogast PG, Fuchs DC, Dudley JA, Cooper WO. Effect of regulatory warnings on antidepressant prescribing for children and adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161(7):690–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Nemeroff CB, Kalali A, Keller MB, Charney DS, Lenderts SE, Cascade EF, et al. Impact of publicity concerning pediatric suicidality data on physician practice patterns in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(4):466–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Busch SH, Frank RG, Leslie DL, Martin A, Rosenheck RA, Martin EG, et al. Antidepressants and suicide risk: how did specific information in FDA safety warnings affect treatment patterns? Psychiatr Serv. 2010;61(1):11–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  106. Morrato EH, Libby AM, Orton HD, deGruy III, MD FV, Brent DA, Allen R, et al. Frequency of provider contact after FDA advisory on risk of pediatric suicidality with SSRIs. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165(1):42–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Gibbons RD, Brown CH, Hur K, Marcus SM, Bhaumik DK, Erkens JA, et al. Early evidence on the effects of regulators’ suicidality warnings on SSRI prescriptions and suicide in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(9):1356–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Gibbons RD, Hur K, Bhaumik DK, Mann JJ. The relationship between antidepressant prescription rates and rate of early adolescent suicide. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(11):1898–904.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Katz LY, Kozyrskyj AL, Prior HJ, Enns MW, Cox BJ, Sareen J. Effect of regulatory warnings on antidepressant prescription rates, use of health services and outcomes among children, adolescents and young adults. Can Med Assoc J. 2008;178(8):1005–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. Bridge JA, Iyengar S, Salary CB, Barbe RP, Birmaher B, Pincus HA, et al. Clinical response and risk for reported suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in pediatric antidepressant treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2007;297(15):1683–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Jobes DA. Managing suicidal risk: a collaborative approach. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Kerwin ME, Kirby KC, Speziali D, Duggan M, Mellitz C, Versek B, et al. What can parents do? A review of state laws regarding decision making for adolescent drug abuse and mental health treatment. J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse. 2015;24(3):166–76.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Jarrod Smith for his thoughtful proofreading and careful attention to detail.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

    Elizabeth C. Lanzillo B.A., Lisa M. Horowitz Ph.D., M.P.H. & Maryland Pao M.D.

Authors
  1. Elizabeth C. Lanzillo B.A.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lisa M. Horowitz Ph.D., M.P.H.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Maryland Pao M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elizabeth C. Lanzillo B.A. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Epilepsy Center/ Psychiatry Department, Neurological Institute - Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Tatiana Falcone

  2. Begun Center for Violence Prevention Research and Education, Jack, Joseph, and Morton Mandel School of Applied Sciences School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Jane Timmons-Mitchell

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Lanzillo, E.C., Horowitz, L.M., Pao, M. (2018). Suicide in Children. In: Falcone, T., Timmons-Mitchell, J. (eds) Suicide Prevention. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74391-2_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74391-2_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-74390-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-74391-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation