Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cyberbullying and Cybervictimization

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
International Perspectives on Cyberbullying

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Cybercrime and Cybersecurity ((PSCYBER))

Abstract

In its first stage, research on cyberbullying focused on trying to define the phenomenon and check on the possible similarities or discrepancies between offline school bullying and online bullying. The very first studies (Smith et al. 2008; Kowalski et al. 2008) adapted the Olweus definition of bullying (Olweus 1995) to the online world, simply adding the precision that bullying was performed via electronic means of communication within the cyberspace:

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 49.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 64.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Álvarez-García, D., Núñez Pérez, J. C., Dobarro González, A., & Pérez, C. R. (2015). Risk factors associated with cybervictimization in adolescence. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 15(3), 226–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2015.03.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ang, R. P., & Goh, D. H. (2010). Cyberbullying among adolescents: The role of affective and cognitive empathy, and gender. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 41(4), 387–397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-010-0176-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ang, R. P., Huan, V. S., & Florell, D. (2013). Understanding the relationship between proactive and reactive aggression, and cyberbullying across United States and Singapore adolescent samples. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(2), 237–254. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513505149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aoyama, I., Utsumi, S., & Hasegawa, M. (2012). Cyberbullying in Japan: Cases, government reports, adolescent relational aggression and parental monitoring roles. In Q. Li, D. Cross, & P. K. Smith (Eds.), Cyberbullying in the global playground: Research from international perspectives (pp. 183–201). Malden: Blackwell.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Baldry, A. C., & Sorrentino, A. (2017). Risk and needs assessment. In C. J. Schreck, M. Leiber, H. L. Miller, & K. Welch (Eds.), The encyclopedia of juvenile delinquency and justice. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118524275.ejdj0110.

  • Barlett, C. P., Gentile, D. A., Anderson, C. A., Suzuki, K., Sakamoto, A., Yamaoka, A., & Katsura, R. (2014). Cross-cultural differences in cyberbullying behavior a short-term longitudinal study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(2), 300–313. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022113504622

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bauman, S., & Bellmore, A. (2015). New directions in cyberbullying research. Journal of School Violence, 14(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2014.968281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bayraktar, F., Machackova, H., Dedkova, L., Cerna, A., & Sevcíková, A. (2014). Cyberbullying: The discriminant factors among cyberbullies, cybervictims, and cyberbully-victims in a Czech adolescent sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514555006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blaya, C. (2013). Les ados dans le cyberespace – prises de risqué et cyberviolence. Bruxelles: De Boeck.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Borum, R., Fein, R., Vossekuil, B., & Berglund, J. (1999). Threat assessment: Defining an approach for evaluating risk of targeted violence. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 17, 323–337. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0798(199907/09)17:3<323::AID-BSL349>3.0.CO;2-G

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brighi, A., Ortega, R., Pyzalski, J., Scheithauer, H., Smith, P. K., Tsormpatzoudis, C., & Barkoukis, V., et al. (2012). European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (ECIPQ). Unpublished Manuscript, University of Bologna. Retrieved from bullyingandcyber.net

  • Calvete, E., Orue, I., Estévez, A., Villardón, L., & Padilla, P. (2010). Cyberbullying in adolescents: Modalities and aggressors’ profile. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(5), 1128–1135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cappadocia, M. C., Craig, W. M., & Pepler, D. (2013). Cyberbullying prevalence, stability, and risk factors during adolescence. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 28(2), 171–192. https://doi.org/10.1177/0829573513491212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Casas, J. A., Del Rey, R., & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2013). Bullying and cyberbullying: Convergent and divergent predictor variables. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 580–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, L., Ho, S. S., & Lwin, M. O. (2017). A meta-analysis of factors predicting cyberbullying perpetration and victimization: From the social cognitive and media effects approach. New Media & Society, 19(8), 1194–1213. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816634037

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corcoran, L., & Mc Guckin, C. (2014). Addressing bullying problems in Irish schools and in cyberspace: A challenge for school management. Educational Research, 56(1), 48–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2013.874150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corcoran, L., Mc Guckin, C., & Prentice, G. (2015). Cyberbullying or cyber aggression? A review of existing definitions of cyber-based peer-to-peer aggression. Societies, 5, 245–255. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc5020245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Del Rey, R., Elipe, P., & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2012). Bullying and cyberbullying: Overlapping and predictive value of the co-occurrence. Psicothema, 24(4), 608–613.

    Google Scholar 

  • Del Rey, R., Casas, J. A., Ortega-Ruiz, R., Schultze-Krumbholz, A., Scheithauer, H., Smith, P., Thompson, F., Barkoukis, V., Tsorbatzoudis, H., Brighi, A., Guarini, A., Pyżalski, J., & Plichta, P. (2015). Structural validation and cross-cultural robustness of the European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire. Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 141–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.065

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2010). Cyberbullying and its correlation to traditional bullying, gender and frequent and risky usage of internet-mediated communication tools. New Media & Society, 12(1), 109–125. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809341260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fein, R. A., & Vossekuil, B. (1998). Protective intelligence & threat assessment investigations: A guide for state and local law enforcement officials (NIROJP/DOJ Publication No. 170612). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fein, R. A., & Vossekuil, B. V. (1999). Assassination in the United States: An operational study of recent assassins, attackers, and near-lethal approachers. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 44, 321–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fein, R. A., Vossekuil, B., & Holden, G. A. (1995). Threat assessment: An approach to prevent targeted violence (Vol. 2). Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fein, R. A., Vossekuil, B., Pollack, W. S., Borum, R., Modzeleski, W., & Reddy, M. (2002). Threat assessment in schools. A guide to managing threatening situations and to creating safe school climates. Washington, DC: United States Secret Service and United States Department of Education.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gámez-Guadix, M., Borrajo, E., & Almendros, C. (2016). Risky online behaviors among adolescents: Longitudinal relations among problematic internet use, cyberbullying perpetration, and meeting strangers online. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(1), 100–107. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.5.2016.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Genta, M. L., Smith, P. K., Ortega, R., Brighi, A., Guarini, A., Thompson, F., Tippett, N., Mora-Merchán, J. A., & Calmaestra, J. (2012). Comparative aspects of cyberbullying in Italy, England, and Spain: Findings from a DAPHNE project. In Q. Li, D. Cross, & P. K. Smith (Eds.), Cyberbullying in the global playground: Research from international perspectives (pp. 15–31). West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gradinger, P., Strohmeier, D., & Spiel, C. (2009). Traditional bullying and cyberbullying: Identification of risk groups for adjustment problems. Zeitschrift für Psychologie/Journal of Psychology, 217(4), 205–213. https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409.217.4.205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grigg, D. W. (2010). Cyber-aggression: Definition and concept of cyberbullying. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 20(2), 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1375/ajgc.20.2.143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hasebrink, U., Livingstone, S., & Haddon, L. (2008). Comparing children’s online opportunities and risks across Europe: Cross-national comparisons for EU Kids Online. London: EU Kids Online. Retrived from http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/21656/1/D3.2_Report-Cross_national_ comparisons.pdf

  • Hemphill, S. A., & Heerde, J. A. (2014). Adolescent predictors of young adult cyberbullying perpetration and victimization among Australian youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55(4), 580–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.04.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2008). Cyberbullying: An exploratory analysis of factors related to offending and victimization. Deviant Behavior, 29(2), 129–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639620701457816

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, T. J., Fitzgerald, S., Bossler, A. M., Chee, G., & Ng, E. (2014). Assessing the risk factors of cyber and mobile phone bullying victimization in a nationally representative sample of Singapore youth. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X14554852

  • Jaghoory, H., Björkqvist, K., & Österman, K. (2015). Cyberbullying among adolescents: A comparison between Iran and Finland. Journal of Child and Adolescent Behaviour, 3(6), 265–272. https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-4494.1000265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katzer, C., Fetchenhauer, D., & Belschak, F. (2009). Cyberbullying: Who are the victims?: A comparison of victimization in internet chatrooms and victimization in school. Journal of Media Psychology: Theories, Methods, and Applications, 21(1), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105.21.1.25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khurana, A., Bleakley, A., Jordan, A. B., & Romer, D. (2015). The protective effects of parental monitoring and internet restriction on adolescents’ risk of online harassment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(5), 1039–1047. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0242-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kowalski, R. M., & Limber, S. P. (2013). Psychological, physical, and academic correlates of cyberbullying and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(1), S13–S20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.09.018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kowalski, R. M., Limber, S. P., & Agatston, P. W. (2008). Cyber bullying: Bullying in the digital age. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N., & Lattanner, M. R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 1073–1137. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035618

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Q. (2007). New bottle but old wine: A research of cyberbullying in schools. Computer in Human Behavior, 23(4), 1777–1791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2005.10.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Livingstone, S., Haddon, L., Gorzig, A., & Ölafsson, K. (2011a). Risks and safety on the internet: The perspective of European children. Full findings. London: EU Kids Online.

    Google Scholar 

  • Livingstone, S., Haddon, L., Görzig, A., & Ólafsson, K. (2011b). EU Kids Online: Final report. London: EU Kids online, London School of Economics and Political Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lobe, B., Livingstone, S., Ólafsson, K., & Vodeb, H. (2011). Cross-national comparison of risks and safety on the internet: Initial analysis from the EU Kids Online survey of European children. London: EU Kids Online.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menesini, E., Nocentini, A., Palladino, B. E., Frisén, A., Berne, S., Ortega-Ruiz, R., Calmaestra, J., Scheithauer, H., Schultze-Krumbholz, A., Karin, P. L., Naruskov, K., Blaya, C., Berthaud, J., & Smith, P. K. (2012). Cyberbullying definition among adolescents: A comparison across six European countries. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(9), 455–463. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mesch, G. S. (2009). Parental mediation, online activities, and cyberbullying. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(4), 387–393. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2009.0068

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mishna, F., Khoury-Kassabri, M., Gadalla, T., & Daciuk, J. (2012). Risk factors for involvement in cyberbullying: Victims, bullies and bully-victims. Children &Youth Services Review, 34(1), 63–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.08.032

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Modecki, K. L., Barber, B. L., & Vernon, L. (2013). Mapping developmental precursors of cyber-aggression: Trajectories of risk predict perpetration and victimization. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(5), 651–661. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-9938-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Modecki, K. L., Minchin, J., Harbaugh, A. G., Guerra, N. G., & Runions, K. C. (2014). Bullying prevalence across contexts: A meta-analysis measuring cyber and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55(5), 602–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mura, G., Topcu, C., Erdur-Baker, O., & Diamantini, D. (2011). An international study of cyber bullying perception and diffusion among adolescents. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 3805–3809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olweus, D. (1995). Bullying or peer abuse at school: Facts and intervention. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4(6), 196–200. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10772640

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ortega, R., Elipe, P., Mora-Merchán, J. A., Genta, M. L., Brighi, A., Guarini, A., Smith, P. K., Thompson, F., & Tippett, N. (2012). The emotional impact of bullying and cyberbullying on victims: A European cross-national study. Aggressive Behavior, 38(5), 342–356. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21440

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ortega-Ruiz, R., & Nùnez, J. C. (2012). Bullying and cyberbullying: Research and intervention at school and social contexts. Psicothema, 24(4), 603–607.

    Google Scholar 

  • Payne, A. A., & Hutzell, K. L. (2017). Old wine, new bottle? Comparing interpersonal bullying and cyberbullying victimization. Youth & Society, 49(8), 1149–1178. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X15617401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peluchette, J. V., Karl, K., Wood, C., & Williams, J. (2015). Cyberbullying victimization: Do victims’ personality and risky social network behaviors contribute to the problem? Computers in Human Behavior, 52, 424–435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.06.028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raskauskas, J., & Stoltz, A. D. (2007). Involvement in traditional and electronic bullying among adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 43(3), 564. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.564

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sampasa-Kanyinga, H., & Hamilton, H. A. (2015). Use of social networking sites and risk of cyberbullying victimization: A population-level study of adolescents. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(12), 704–710. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2015.0145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., & Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 376–385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steffgen, G., & König, A. (2009). Cyber bullying: The role of traditional bullying and empathy. In B. Sapio, L. Haddon, E. Mante-Meijer, L. Fortunati, T. Turk, & E. Loos (Eds.), The good, the bad and the challenging. Conference proceedings (Vol. II, pp. 1041–1047). Brussels: Cost Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sticca, F., Ruggieri, S., Alsaker, F., & Perren, S. (2013). Longitudinal risk factors for cyberbullying in adolescence. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 23(1), 52–67. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(3), 277–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Topcu, C., & Erdur-Baker, O. (2010). The Revised Cyberbullying Inventory (RCBI): Validity and reliability studies. Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 660–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsitsika, A., Janikian, M., Wójcik, S., Makaruk, K., Tzavela, E., Tzavara, C., Greydanus, D., Merrick, J., & Richardson, C. (2015). Cyberbullying victimization prevalence and associations with internalizing and externalizing problems among adolescents in six European countries. Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.048

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vance, J. W. (2010). Cyber-harassment in higher education: Online learning environments (Doctoral dissertation). University of Southern California. Retrieved from http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15799coll127/id/309077/rec/19

  • Vandebosch, H., & Van Cleemput, K. (2009). Cyberbullying among youngsters: Profiles of bullies and victims. New Media & Society, 11(8), 1349–1371. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809341263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wachs, S. (2012). Moral disengagement and emotional and social difficulties in bullying and cyberbullying: Differences by participant role. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 17(3–4), 347–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2012.704318

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walrave, M., & Heirman, W. (2011). Cyberbullying: Predicting victimisation and perpetration. Children & Society, 25(1), 59–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.2009.00260.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, W., Vaillancourt, T., Brittain, H. L., McDougall, P., Krygsman, A., Smith, D., Cunningham, C. E., Haltigan, J. D., & Hymel, S. (2014). School climate, peer victimization, and academic achievement: Results from a multi-informant study. School Psychology Quarterly, 29(3), 360–377. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000084

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, M. F., & Li, Y. (2013). The association between cyber victimization and subsequent cyber aggression: The moderating effect of peer rejection. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(5), 662–674. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9903-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, M. F., Aoyama, I., Kamble, S. V., Li, Z., Soudi, S., Lei, L., & Shu, C. (2015). Peer attachment and cyber aggression involvement among Chinese, Indian, and Japanese adolescents. Societies, 5(2), 339–353. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc5020339

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2004). Youth engaging in online harassment: Associations with caregiver-child relationships, Internet use, and personal characteristics. Journal of Adolescence, 27, 319–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.03.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ybarra, M. L., Espelage, D. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2007). The co-occurrence of Internet harassment and unwanted sexual solicitation victimization and perpetration: Associations with psychosocial indicators. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(6), S31–S41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.09.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, Z., Tang, H., Tian, Y., Wei, H., Zhang, F., & Morrison, C. M. (2013). Cyberbullying and its risk factors among Chinese high school students. School Psychology International, 34(6), 630–647. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034313479692

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy

    Anna Costanza Baldry & Anna Sorrentino

  2. Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    David P. Farrington

  3. UER Pédagogie Spécialisée - HEP du Canton de Vaud, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Catherine Blaya

Authors
  1. Anna Costanza Baldry
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. David P. Farrington
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Anna Sorrentino
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Catherine Blaya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy

    Anna Costanza Baldry

  2. UER Pédagogie Spécialisée, HEP du Canton de Vaud, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Catherine Blaya

  3. Institute of Criminology University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

    David P. Farrington

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Baldry, A.C., Farrington, D.P., Sorrentino, A., Blaya, C. (2018). Cyberbullying and Cybervictimization. In: Baldry, A., Blaya, C., Farrington, D. (eds) International Perspectives on Cyberbullying. Palgrave Studies in Cybercrime and Cybersecurity. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73263-3_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73263-3_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-73262-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-73263-3

  • eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation