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Preventing the Proliferation of WMDs pp 55–79Cite as

Regional Implementation of UNSCR 1540

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Abstract

This chapter explores the implementation of the resolution through a regional lens. Doing so provides useful insights for a number of reasons. First, it allows for trends to be identified within regions, between different states’ implementation, and allows for consideration as to whether states have been working together to overcome implementation challenges. Second, regional security and broader dynamics may have impacted negatively on implementation and thus should be explored. Third, looking at 1540 implementation through a regional lens allows for comparison between progress in implementation, as well as challenges and successes. Potentially this can help provide broader insights into what has and has not worked.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    United Nations Security Council, ‘Resolution 1977(2011)’.

  2. 2.

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  3. 3.

    For example, on 25–26 February 2014, India’s Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses hosted an event entitled: ‘Identification of Effective Implementation Practices by Examining UNSCR 1540 (2004) after a Decade of its Existence’. See conference proceedings. Available at: <http://www.kcl.ac.uk/sspp/departments/warstudies/research/groups/csss/pubs/Alpha--IDSA-report.pdf> (Accessed 28 December 2014).

  4. 4.

    For a full list of the countries in each grouping, see: ‘United Nations Regional Groups of Member States’. Available at: <http://www.un.org/depts/DGACM/RegionalGroups.shtml> (Accessed 21 October 2015).

  5. 5.

    It should be noted that there are certain peculiarities inherent in the UN grouping system. The United States is not a formal member of any group but attends the WEOG meeting, Turkey is a member of both the WEOG and the Asian Grouping, and Israel is a member of the WEOG grouping. Egypt is a member of the African group, but it is helpful to include Egypt in a Middle East sub-region of the Asia-Pacific group.

  6. 6.

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  7. 7.

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  8. 8.

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  9. 9.

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  10. 10.

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  11. 11.

    US Executive Order 13222, August 2001.

  12. 12.

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  13. 13.

    Romania and Bulgaria. Available at: <http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-06-1900_en.htm?locale=en> (Accessed 09 October 2010).

  14. 14.

    See http://europa.eu/newsroom/highlights/special-coverage/croatia-joins-eu/index_en.htm (Accessed 09 October 2010).

  15. 15.

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  16. 16.

    Jones, S., ‘EU Enlargement: Implications for EU and Multilateral Export Controls’, The Nonproliferation Review, 10:2 (Summer 2013), pp. 80–89. Available at: <http://cns.miis.edu/npr/pdfs/102jones.pdf> (Accessed 15 December 2014).

  17. 17.

    The EU, for example, updated its own regulation (then regulation 334/2000) to include transit and transhipment controls after the adoption of resolution 1540.

  18. 18.

    See for example, ‘Greenpeace Activists Break into French Nuclear Power Plant’, France 24, updated 18 March 2014. Available at: <http://www.france24.com/en/20140318-greenpeace-activists-break-in-nuclear-plant-france-fessenheim/> (Accessed 28 December 2014) and ‘Activists Break into Swiss Nuclear Plant’, Swissinfo.ch, 05 May 2014. Available at: <http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/activists-break-into-swiss-nuclear-plant/38092604> (Accessed 28 December 2014).

  19. 19.

    United Nations Treaty Collection, 15. International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism, Status. Available at: <https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetailsIII.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-15&chapter=18&Temp=mtdsg3&lang=en> (Accessed 09 October 2015).

  20. 20.

    114th Congress H. R. 2048, Report No. 114–109, Part I. Available at: <https://www.congress.gov/114/bills/hr2048/BILLS-114hr2048rh.pdf> (Accessed 09 October 2010).

  21. 21.

    CBRN Centres of Excellence, ‘Addressing regional CBRN risk mitigation needs’, an initiative of the European Union. Available at: <http://www.cbrn-coe.eu/Projects.aspx> (Accessed 15 December 2014).

  22. 22.

    ‘European Commission Partner-to-Partner Export Control Programme’. Available at: <https://export-control.jrc.ec.europa.eu/> (Accessed 03 March 2017).

  23. 23.

    See details CBRNe Centres of Excellence, Project 5. Available at: <http://www.cbrn-coe.eu/Projects.aspx> (Accessed 28 December 2014).

  24. 24.

    See for example, State Department, ‘UN Security Council Resolution 1540’. Available at: <http://www.state.gov/t/isn/c18943.htm> (Accessed 28 December 2014).

  25. 25.

    See for example, State Department, ‘The EXBS Programme’. Available at: <http://www.state.gov/t/isn/ecc/c27911.htm> (Accessed 28 December 2014).

  26. 26.

    Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation, ‘UN Security Council Resolution 1540’, U.S. Department of State. Available at: <http://nnsa.energy.gov/aboutus/ourprograms/non-proliferation/programoffices/internationalmaterialprotectionandcooperation/-5> (Accessed 15 December 2014).

  27. 27.

    ‘Container Security Initiative’, US Customs and Border Protection. Available at: <http://www.cbp.gov/border-security/ports-entry/cargo-security/csi/csi-brief> (Accessed 28 December 2014).

  28. 28.

    For details of the Wiesbaden process, see ‘Summary Report, Conference of International, Regional and Sub-regional Industry Associations on UN Security Council Resolution 1540 (2004), 23–25 April 2012, Wiesbaden, Germany’. Available at: <http://www.un.org/en/sc/1540/transparency-and-outreach/outreach-events/pdf/Summary%20Report%20Industry%20Conference%202012.pdf> (Accessed 28 December 2014).

  29. 29.

    ‘Good Practices for Corporate Standards to Support the Efforts of the International Community in the Non-Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction’. Available at: <http://www.nuclearsuppliersgroup.org/en/national-practices> (Accessed 28 December 2014).

  30. 30.

    Zaitseva, L. and Steinhausler, F., ‘Nuclear Trafficking Issues in the Black Sea Region’, Non-Proliferation Papers No. 39, EU Non-Proliferation Consortium, April 2014. Available at <http://www.sipri.org/research/disarmament/eu-consortium/publications/non-proliferation-paper-39> (Accessed 09 October 2015).

  31. 31.

    Heyes, A., ‘The Global Partnership on WMD: A Work in Progress’, Arms Control Today, Issue 4, 2013. Available at: <https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2013_04/The-Global-Partnership-on-WMD-A-Work-in-Progress> (Accessed 28 December 2014).

  32. 32.

    For discussion, see: Kassenova, T., ‘A Regional Approach to WMD Nonproliferation in the Asia-Pacific’, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Available at: <http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/08/14/regional-approach-to-wmd-nonproliferation-in-asia-pacific/dele> (Accessed 21 October 2015).

  33. 33.

    For example, see ‘The Global Nuclear Fuel Market: Supply and Demand 2011–2030’, The World Nuclear Association.

  34. 34.

    Conference Proceedings: ‘Identification of Effective Implementation Practices by Examining UNSCR 1540 (2004) after a Decade of its Existence’, 25–26 February 2014. Available at: <http://www.kcl.ac.uk/sspp/departments/warstudies/research/groups/csss/pubs/Alpha--IDSA-report.pdf> (Accessed 28 December 2014).

  35. 35.

    ‘Identification of Effective Implementation Practices by Examining UNSCR 1540’.

  36. 36.

    Tan, G., ‘Export Control in the Asean Region’, The 1540 Compass. Available at: <http://cits.uga.edu/1540compass/article/export-controls-in-the-asean-region> (Accessed 28 December 2014).

  37. 37.

    Kareem, M. and Yusof, M., ‘Implementing the Strategic Trade Act in Malaysia’, The 1540 Compass. Available at: <http://cits.uga.edu/1540compass/article/implementing-the-strategic-trade-act-in-malaysia> (Accessed 28 December2014).

  38. 38.

    See for example, ‘Export Controls in the ASEAN region’, George Tan, The 1540 Compass. Available at: <http://cits.uga.edu/uploads/compass/compass2-05-tan.pdf> (Accessed 21 October 2015).

  39. 39.

    ‘Regulations Governing Export and Import of Strategic High-Tech Commodities’, Bureau of Foreign Trade, Taiwan. Available at: <http://www.trade.gov.tw/english/Pages/List.aspx?nodeID=298> (Accessed 02 December 2014).

  40. 40.

    Kassenova, T., ‘Global Non-Proliferation and the Taiwan Dilemma’, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Available at: <http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/03/22/global-non-proliferation-and-taiwan-dilemma/a5gh#4> (Accessed 28 December2014).

  41. 41.

    Stewart, I., ‘China and Non-proliferation: Progress at Last?’, The Diplomat, March 2015. Available at: <http://thediplomat.com/2015/03/china-and-non-proliferation-progress-at-last/> (Accessed 18 October 2015); Lieggi, S., ‘From Proliferator to Model Citizen?, China’s Recent Enforcement of Non-proliferation Related Trade Controls and Its Potential Positive Impact in the Region’, Strategic Studies Quarterly, Summer 2010. Available at: <http://www.au.af.mil/au/ssq/2010/summer/lieggi.pdf> (Accessed 28 December 2014).

  42. 42.

    UNSCR 1540 Committee, ‘The 1540 Matrix: Japan’. Available at: <http://www.un.org/en/sc/1540/national-implementation/matrix.shtml> (Accessed 15 December 2014).

  43. 43.

    For an overview of CISTEC, see: <http://www.cistec.or.jp/english/about/index.html> For an overview of KOSTI, see: <http://www.kosti.or.kr/en/intro/intro_01.jsp> (Accessed 22 October 2015).

  44. 44.

    Kareem, M.S.A., ‘Implementing the Strategic Trade Act in Malaysia’, The 1540 Compass. Available at: <http://cits.uga.edu/1540compass/article/implementing-the-strategic-trade-act-in-malaysia> (Accessed 22 October 2015).

  45. 45.

    Charter of CSCAP. Available at: <http://www.cscap.org/index.php?page=cscap-charter> (Accessed 28 December 2015).

  46. 46.

    Israel is an NPT outlier and has not ratified the CWC, and as a response to this Egypt has not signed the convention. Syria’s recent decision to sign the CWC and to destroy its stockpile has undoubtedly been a positive step for the region.

  47. 47.

    Mukhatzhanova, G., ‘2014 NPT Action Plan Monitoring Report’, 23 April 2014. Available at: <http://www.nonproliferation.org/2014-npt-action-plan-monitoring-report/> (Accessed 28 December 2014).

  48. 48.

    Grossman-Vermaas, R., ‘Proliferation and Development—Exposing the Long’. Available at: <http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2007/issue3/english/art3.html> (Accessed 22 October 2015).

  49. 49.

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  50. 50.

    ‘Report of the Security Council Committee Established Pursuant to Resolution 1540’. Available at: <http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2016/1038> (Accessed 07 March 2017).

  51. 51.

    See ‘Committee-Approved Matrices’, 1540 Committee Website, UN Security Council. Available at: <http://www.un.org/en/sc/1540/national-implementation/1540-matrix/committee-approved-matrices.shtml> (Accessed 13 November 2015).

  52. 52.

    Brookdryk, A. and Stott, N., ‘Challenges and Solutions for 1540 Implementation in the African Region’, The 1540 Compass. Available at: <http://cits.uga.edu/1540compass/article/challenges-and-solutions-for-1540-implementation-in-the-african-region> (Accessed 13 November 2015).

  53. 53.

    Brookdryk, A. and Stott, N., ‘Challenges and Solutions for 1540 Implementation in the African Region’.

  54. 54.

    Stott, N., ‘Making Progress: Implementing UNSCR 1540 in Africa’. Available at: http://www.issafrica.org/acpst/news/making-progress-implementing-unscr-1540-in-africa (Accessed 13 November 2015).

  55. 55.

    At the time of writing, this included Angola, Chad, Djibouti, Eritrea, Guinea, Mauritania, Namibia, South Sudan.

  56. 56.

    ‘The AU Reiterates its commitment to work towards the effective implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1540 (2004) In Africa’, The African Union. Available at: <http://www.peaceau.org/uploads/pr-1540-10th-anniversary2.pdf> (Accessed 28 December 2014).

  57. 57.

    Proceedings. ‘Workshop on the implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540 (2004) 21–22 November 2012, Pretoria, South Africa’. Available at: <http://www.peaceau.org/uploads/auc-speech-dps-1540-pretoria-conference-21-11-2012.pdf> (Accessed 28 December 2014).

  58. 58.

    ‘Making Progress: Implementing UNSCR 1540 in Africa’, ISS Africa, 15 May 2014. Available at: <http://www.issafrica.org/acpst/news/making-progress-implementing-unscr-1540-in-africa> (Accessed 28 December 2014).

  59. 59.

    ‘Information Note: African Union (AU) workshop on the implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540 (2004)’. Available at: <http://www.un.org/en/sc/1540/transparency-and-outreach/outreach-events/pdf/Information%20Note%20Addis%20Ababa%20AU%201540%20WS%202013-86.pdf> (Accessed 28 December 2014).

  60. 60.

    ‘Nuclear Weapon Nations and Arsenals: 7.4 States Formerly Possessing or Pursuing Nuclear Weapons’, Nuclear Weapons Archive. Available at: <http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Nwfaq/Nfaq7-4.html> (Accessed 09 October 2015).

  61. 61.

    ‘Latin America and the Caribbean 1540 Reporting’, Nuclear Threat Initiative. Available at <http://www.nti.org/analysis/reports/latin-america-caribbean-1540/> (Accessed 09 October 2015).

  62. 62.

    Brian Findlay, ‘Introduction’, p.20, in Brian Findlay ed. Southern flows: WMD Non-proliferation in the Developing World (Stimson and the Stanley Foundation, 2014).

  63. 63.

    O’Neil Hamilton, ‘Non-proliferation in the Caribbean Basin’, p. 39, in Brian Findlay, ed. Southern Flows: WMD Non-proliferation in the Developing World (Stimson and the Stanley Foundation, 2014). Available at: <http://unrcpd.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/SouthernFlows314.pdf> (Accessed 28 December 2014).

  64. 64.

    See ‘Report of the committee established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1540 (2004)’, 30 July 2008. Available at: <http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2008/493>, and ‘National Reports’, 1540 Committee. Available at: <http://www.un.org/en/sc/1540/national-implementation/national-reports.shtml> (Accessed 28 December 2014).

  65. 65.

    United Nations Seminar on Implementing UN Security Council Resolution 1540 in Latin America and the Caribbean, p. 69, ODA Occasional Papers, No. 13, December 2007. Available at: <http://www.un.org/disarmament/WMD/1540/pdf/OP-13-Latin_America.pdf> (Accessed 28 December 2014).

  66. 66.

    The Treaty of Tlatelolco. Available at: <http://disarmament.un.org/treaties/t/tlatelolco> (Accessed 28 December 2014).

  67. 67.

    ‘Agreement of 13 December 1991 between the Republic of Argentina, The Federative Republic of Brazil, The Brazilianargentine Agency for Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards’ (INFCIRC/435). Available at: <https://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf435.shtml> (Accessed 28 December 2014).

  68. 68.

    O’Neil Hamilton, ‘Non-proliferation in the Caribbean Basin’, p. 35.

  69. 69.

    ‘United Nations Seminar on Implementing UN Security Council Resolution 1540 in Latin America and the Caribbean’, p. 2.

  70. 70.

    See ‘National Reports’, 1540 Committee website. Available at: <http://www.un.org/en/sc/1540/national-implementation/national-reports.shtml> (Accessed 7 March 2017).

  71. 71.

    See 1540 Committee Summary Requests for Assistance from Member States. Available at: <http://www.un.org/en/sc/1540/assistance/requests-for-assistance-from-states.shtml> (Accessed 13 November 2015).

  72. 72.

    Hamilton, O., ‘Non-proliferation in the Caribbean Basin’, p. 35.

  73. 73.

    Hamilton, O., ‘Non-proliferation in the Caribbean Basin’, p. 37.

  74. 74.

    See ‘Caricom in Collective Implementation of UN Resolutions on WMD’. Available at: <http://www.caricom.org/jsp/pressreleases/press_releases_2011/pres164_11.jsp> and ‘Inter-American Committee against Terrorism’. Available at: <http://www.oas.org/en/sms/cicte/default.asp> (Both accessed 28 December 2014).

  75. 75.

    See ‘Statement by Ambassador Kim Sook, Chair of the 1540 Committee, at the United Nations Security Council Joint Briefing of the Committee Established Pursuant to Resolutions 1267 and 1989 and the Committees Established Pursuant to Resolutions 1373 and 1540’. Available at: <http://www.un.org/en/sc/1540/reports-and-briefings/pdf/statement.chair.sc.10may13.pdf> (Accessed 28 December 2014).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi, India

    Rajiv Nayan

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Daniel Salisbury

  2. War Studies Department, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

    Ian J. Stewart

  3. War Studies Department, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

    Andrea Viski

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Nayan, R. (2018). Regional Implementation of UNSCR 1540. In: Salisbury, D., Stewart, I., Viski, A. (eds) Preventing the Proliferation of WMDs. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72203-0_4

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