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Law and (B)Order: Will Border Fence and Transit Zones Stop the Asylum Seekers’ Wave on the Balkan Route?

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Refugees and Migrants in Law and Policy

Abstract

The chapter describes relevant topics in the field of migration in the Central Eastern European region, emphasizing but not getting lost in discussing the Hungarian point of view, since the country plays a crucially important role on the Balkan route due to its geopolitical position. Besides presenting true and fair views on the broader international context of mass migration, the paper provides the readers with a follow-up on the political events from the beginning of 2015 in Hungary and on the Balkan route. The chapter formulates valid and important questions in terms of the debate of “law versus ethics” related to the principles of international law and attempts to give an analysis on the critical collision of international and national laws, and it also provides details on the dangers and importance of the collision of national and international interests.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Though the internal migration cannot be separated from the total phenomenon of migration, in the current paper we cover some specific fields of international migration.

  2. 2.

    Urteil: Griechenland nicht sicher für Flüchtlinge. Mainpost, 18 May 2009, http://www.fluechtlingsrat-bayern.de/pressebericht/items/urteil-griechenland-nicht-sicher-fuer-fluechtlinge.html [Accessed 29 Mar 2017].

  3. 3.

    “Abschottung würde uns in Inzucht degenerieren lassen”—Ein Interview mit Wolfgang Schäuble. Der Tagesspeigel 08 Jun 2016, http://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/wolfgang-schaeuble-abschottung-wuerde-uns-in-inzucht-degenerieren-lassen/13706442.html [Accessed 29 Mar 2017].

  4. 4.

    Migrant crisis: EU ministers approve disputed quota plan. 22 September 2015, BBC News, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34329825 [Accessed 31 Mar 2017].

  5. 5.

    “Wie können wir zum Beispiel auch junge Afrikaner legal in Deutschland aufnehmen, wenn es um Berufe geht, die bei uns Mangelberufe sind”, https://www.contra-magazin.com/2015/11/afrika-gipfel-merkel-will-fuer-einwanderung-aus-afrika-werben/ [Accessed 29 Mar 2017].

  6. 6.

    Refugees break through Macedonia border fence using ‘home-made battering ram’. Thousands of refugees have become stuck at Greece’s border with Macedonia—by Loulla-Mae Eleftheriou-Smith, 29 February 2016. Independent, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/refugees-reportedly-break-through-macedonia-border-fence-using-home-made-battering-ram-a6902991.html [Accessed 29 Mar 2017].

  7. 7.

    Faymann widerspricht Mikl-Leitner, http://orf.at/stories/2306741/2306742/ [Accessed 29 Mar 2017].

  8. 8.

    European nations shut borders, block bridges, halt trains—by Danica Kirka and Dusan Stojanovic, Sept. 18, 2015, https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2015/09/18/croatia-tells-migrants-keep-moving.html [Accessed 29 Mar 2017].

  9. 9.

    Austria wants out of EU migrant relocations—by Nikolaj Nielsen, Brussels, 28. March, https://euobserver.com/migration/137411 [Accessed 29 Mar 2017].

  10. 10.

    Brexit: the 7 most important arguments for Britain to leave the EU. Jun 25, 2016, http://www.vox.com/2016/6/22/11992106/brexit-arguments [Accessed 29 Mar 2017].

  11. 11.

    EU-Turkey statement, 18 March 2016, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/03/18-eu-turkey-statement/ [Accessed 29 Mar 2017].

  12. 12.

    Upon the official statistics, the proportion of the so-called income poverty is 14.5%, 26.5% is “at the risk of poverty and exclusion,” and 40% of the Hungarian population lives under the poverty threshold. The “income poverty” means 78 HUF/month/one adult person. The official calculation of poverty threshold was changed in 2014, as the 40% seemed impossible to handle within the context of social policy. Szegénység: számolva és számolatlanul [Poverty: counted and uncounted] by Éva Havasi, http://kettosmerce.blog.hu/2017/01/08/havasi_eva_szegenyseg_szamolva_es_szamolatlanul.

  13. 13.

    Tökés (1996).

  14. 14.

    Justice in Hungary Neo-Nazis Get Lifelong imprisonment for Roma Murder—by Keno Verseck. Spiegel Online, 06 August 2013, http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/neo-nazis-in-hungary-receive-life-sentences-for-roma-murder-spree-a-915163.html [Accessed 30 Mar 2017].

  15. 15.

    The first convicted Hungarian terrorist: György Budaházy. Hungarian Spectrum, August 30, 2016, http://hungarianspectrum.org/2016/08/30/the-first-convicted-hungarian-terrorist-gyorgy-budahazy/ [Accessed 30 Mar 2017].

  16. 16.

    Hungarian penal and civil law was harmonized with the European standards during our preparation for EU accession. So Hungary ratified all relevant international legal standards by the UN, and the Council of Europe, including legislation to protect minorities and to treat migrants according to the Geneva Convention and Schengen Treaty, etc. The penal protection of specific social groups is stated in the Constitution (Art. XV), the Penal Code and other special legal regulations (on equal treatment, see 2000/43/EC, Law CXXV/2003; Gov. Decree 362/2004. (XII.26.) etc.).

  17. 17.

    A menekültkáosz hetei: Merkel kijelentésétől Münchenig [The Weeks of Chaos: from the sentences of Merkel to München]—by Semsei László, http://www.atv.hu/belfold/20150907-a-menekultkaosz-hetei-merkel-kijelentesetol-munchenig/hirkereso [Accessed 31 Mar 2017].

  18. 18.

    Merkel: nem lehet a válasz a balkáni útvonal lezárása [Merkel: Closing the West-Balkan migration route should not be the response] by Medvegy Gábor, 7 Mar 2016, http://24.hu/kulfold/2016/03/07/merkel-nem-lehet-a-valasz-a-balkani-utvonal [Accessed 30 Mar 2017].

    Merkel’s suggestion for keeping the Balkan route open when the route’s Northern end was blocked, might conclude in unexpected situations. On the one hand it might end up in a Balkan region which is overcrowded by Muslims. This would necessarily strengthen the anti-European political goals of Turkey, and on the other hand the decision might also enhance anti-Semitic attitude via ‘importing’ the shameful attitude to Europe which exiled from the Continent.

  19. 19.

    Hungary to fence off border with Serbia to stop migrants World News|Wed Jun 17, 2015, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-hungary-immigration-idUSKBN0OX17I20150617 [Accessed 30 Mar 2017].

  20. 20.

    Frustrated Migrants Break Free from Refugee Camp in Roszke, Hungary, by Carlo Angerer, 8 Sep 2015, NBC News, http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/europes-border-crisis/frustrated-migrants-break-free-refugee-camp-roszke-hungary-n423431 [Accessed 31 Mar 2017].

  21. 21.

    Hungary sentences Syrian migrant to 10 years in jail for border riot. Wed 30 Nov 2016, By Marton Dunai Reuters, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-hungary-idUSKBN13P1MP [Accessed 31 Mar 2017].

  22. 22.

    https://www.amnesty.org/en/get-involved/take-action/ahmed-h/.

  23. 23.

    Sentencing of Ahmed Hamed by Hungarian Court—U.S. Department of State, 6 December 2016.

  24. 24.

    In March 2016 also Macedonia closes its border ‘completely’ to migrants—by Nick Squires, Matthew Holehouse, and Colin Freeman. The Telegraph, 09 Mar 2016, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/macedonia/12188826/Macedonia-closes-its-border-completely-to-migrants.html.

  25. 25.

    Orbán in three-city migrant initiative, 2 October 2015. The Budapest Times, http://budapesttimes.hu/2015/10/02/orban-in-three-city-migrant-initiative [Accessed 31 Mar 2017].

  26. 26.

    Orban vetoes EU-Turkey proposal on transferring refugees—Update posted by Adrienn Sain, 7 Mar 2016, https://dailynewshungary.com/orban-vetoes-eu-turkey-proposal-on-transferring-refugees/ [Accessed 31 Mar 2017].

  27. 27.

    E.g. Bringing Europe’s Migration Crisis Under Control, by George Soros on 12 April 2016 Social Europe, https://www.socialeurope.eu/2016/04/bringing-europes-migration-crisis-control/ [Accessed 31 Mar 2017].

  28. 28.

    Exclude Hungary from EU, says Luxembourg’s Asselborn, 13 September 2016, BBC NEWS, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37347352.

  29. 29.

    The Results Of The Quota Referendum In The Light Of The International Media—VIDEOS, 2016-10-03, http://hungarytoday.hu/news/results-quota-referendum-light-western-media-videos-44763 [Accessed 18 Mar 2017].

  30. 30.

    Prime Minister Viktor Orbán’s press-conference in Brussels after the EU summit. 21 October 2016, http://www.miniszterelnok.hu/prime-minister-viktor-orbans-press-conference-in-brussels-after-the-eu-summit/ [Accessed 31 Mar 2017].

  31. 31.

    A ten-item action plan for handling the migrant crisis. 15 April 2016 Prime Minister’s Cabinet, http://www.kormany.hu/hu/miniszterelnoki-kabinetiroda/hirek/tizpontos-akcioterv-a-migracios-valsag-kezelesere [Accessed 28 Mar 2017].

  32. 32.

    Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council towards a reform of the common European asylum system and enhancing legal avenues to Europe, Brussels, 6.4.2016, COM(2016) 197 final, https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/what-we-do/policies/european-agenda-migration/proposal-implementation-package/docs/20160406/towards_a_reform_of_the_common_european_asylum_system_and_enhancing_legal_avenues_to_europe_-_20160406_en.pdf [Accessed 31 Mar 2017].

  33. 33.

    Paris, Brussels bombers prepared action in Budapest—posted by Alexandra Béni, Sep 27, 2016, https://dailynewshungary.com/paris-brussels-bombers-prepared-action-budapest/.

  34. 34.

    Hungarian Parliament approves law allowing all asylum seekers to be detained. Prime Minister claims country ‘under siege’ from refugees and must be protected, by Lizzie Dearden, 7 March 2017. Independent, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/hungary-parliament-asylum-seekers-detain-law-approve-refugees-immigration-crisis-arrests-border-a7615486.html [Accessed 30 Mar 2017].

  35. 35.

    More restrictive border regulations effective from today. 28 March 2017, http://index.hu/belfold/2017/03/28/ma_lep_eletbe_a_szigoritott_jogi_hatarzar/ [Accessed 29 Mar 2017].

  36. 36.

    Report to the Hungarian Government on the visit to Hungary by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT), CPT/Inf (2014) 13, 2014.

  37. 37.

    Statement on impact on children of new law in Hungary—attributed to UNICEF Regional Director and Special Coordinator for the Refugee and Migrant Crisis in Europe, Afshan Khan, https://www.unicef.org/media/media_95066.html.

  38. 38.

    Hungary illegally detained migrants, ‘Court says’ by Eszter Zalan, Brussels, 15 Mar, https://euobserver.com/migration/137243 [Accessed 31 Mar 2017].

  39. 39.

    https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1mfsVNXH07rAqkS_rZ6Ze-AvHOf3BM1WzZcotkVYHeDI/edit#gid=0 [Accessed 31 Mar 2017].

  40. 40.

    http://gyuloletellen.hu/esetek?field_ugy_vedettcsop_tid=17&field_ugy_ertekeles_tid=All&field_ugy_minosit_ertekel_value=All [Accessed 31 Mar 2017].

  41. 41.

    FRA: Hate crime against refugees. 2016. GYEM, http://gyuloletellen.hu/aktualitasok/fra-menekuloket-ero-gyulolet-buncselekmenyek [Accessed 31 Mar 2017].

  42. 42.

    We thank Dr Borbála Ivány, co-worker of the Hungarian Helsinki Committee for the thorough information provided in respect to the work done by non-governmental organizations.

  43. 43.

    Mr. Soros presented his comprehensive immigration concept in July 2016 in the Council of Europe. He believes that the EU should make a commitment to admit at least 300,000 refugees each year from front-line countries. The EU should regain control of its borders and provide Greece and Italy with sufficient funds to care for asylum seekers. The EU should loosen its purse strings and relax budgetary rules. At least 30 billion Euros ($33 billion) a year as being needed for the EU to carry out a comprehensive asylum plan: support refugee-hosting countries and spur job creation throughout Africa and the Middle East. It would be necessary to build common European mechanisms for protecting borders, determining asylum claims, and relocating refugees within Europe in an agreed way. The European Union, along with the international community, must support foreign refugee-hosting countries generously. Given its aging population, Europe must eventually create an environment in which economic migrants are welcome. “The benefits brought by migration far outweigh the costs of integrating immigrants. Skilled economic immigrants improve productivity, generate growth, and raise the absorptive capacity of the recipient country”. See: Soros lays out his plan for Europe to avoid ‘catastrophe’—by Matt Clinch, CNBC, 20 Jul 2016, http://www.cnbc.com/2016/07/20/soros-lays-out-his-plan-for-europe-to-avoid-george-migrants.html [Accessed 28 Apr 2017].

  44. 44.

    Világméretű összeesküvést szőtt a civil szervezetek köré a kormány. [World-wide conspiration is drafted by the government behind the NGOs] by Rényi, Pál Dániel, 2017. 01.18; Hernádi, Zsuzsa: A Soros-polip terjeszkedik [Te Soros-octopus is expanding …]. Magyar Demokrata, No. 44./2016, http://www.demokrata.hu/hir/belfold/soros-polip-terjeszkedik [Accessed 27 Apr 2017].

  45. 45.

    Автоматизированная система обеспечения законодательной деятельности. Законопроект № 102766-6, http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28SpravkaNew%29?OpenAgent&RN=102766-6&02 [Accessed 28 Apr 2017].

  46. 46.

    Kijött a civil törvény szövege. [The text of law on the NGOs is published] by Vaskor, Máté: 2017. 04. 03, http://24.hu/belfold/2017/04/03/kijott-a-civil-torveny-szovege [Accessed 04 Apr 2017].

  47. 47.

    Hungarian Immigration and Asylum Office, http://www.bmbah.hu/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&layout=item&id=479&Itemid=1239&lang=en#.

  48. 48.

    Hányan jöttek letelepedési államkötvénnyel Magyarországra?—Pintér válaszolt. [How many has come to Hungary for the national residence permission?—Minister Pintér answers] by Németh, Géza, http://www.napi.hu/magyar_gazdasag/hanyan_jottek_letelepedesi_allamkotvennyel_magyarorszagra_pinter_valaszolt.613758.html [Accessed 28 Mar 2017].

  49. 49.

    BM: Minden letelepedési kötvényt vásárló nemzetbiztonsági ellenőrzésen esik át. [All who buy national permananet residence permit are screened by the National Security] MTI, 27.07.2016, http://szegedma.hu/hir/szeged/2016/07/bm-minden-letelepedesi-kotvenyt-vasarlo-nemzetbiztonsagi-ellenorzesen-esik-at.html [Accessed 27 Mar 2017].

  50. 50.

    Ukrajnai reklámkampánnyal toboroz munkaerőt Magyarország. [Hungary uses advertisement campaign to recruit employees from the Ukraine], https://www.hrportal.hu/hr/ukrajnai-reklamkampannyal-toboroz-munkaerot-magyarorszag-20170127.html [Accessed 03 Apr 2017].

  51. 51.

    Section 10….“Equally, we are determined to find long-term and sustainable solutions. We will combat with all the means at our disposal the abuses and exploitation suffered by countless refugees and migrants in vulnerable situations.”

  52. 52.

    New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants, Reissued for technical reasons on 15 September 2016, Section 5.

  53. 53.

    “Section 12. We are determined to address the root causes of large movements of refugees and migrants… Equally, we will address movements caused by poverty, instability, marginalization and exclusion and the lack of development and economic opportunities, with particular reference to the most vulnerable populations. We will work with countries of origin to strengthen their capacities.”

  54. 54.

    New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants, Commitments, Section 21.

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Póczik, S., Sárik, E. (2018). Law and (B)Order: Will Border Fence and Transit Zones Stop the Asylum Seekers’ Wave on the Balkan Route?. In: Kury, H., Redo, S. (eds) Refugees and Migrants in Law and Policy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72159-0_3

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