Abstract
Parasite infections affect billions of people and their domesticated animals worldwide, and remain as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, but such diseases are still neglected in endemic countries. Therapeutic interventions consisted mostly of drugs, which are highly toxic and may lead to resistance. The immunopathology of parasites is very complex due to their multistage life cycles and long lifetime involving several hosts, leading many times to chronic infections and sometimes to death, by compromising nutritional status, affecting cognitive processes, and inducing severe tissue reactions. Vaccination is a challenge, and immunotherapy is completely disregarded because of their complex interactions with hosts and vectors. This review will bring concepts of immunological aspects for some important parasitic infections, and present the most recent phage display-derived antibodies or peptidomimetics for parasite targets. This chapter will also discuss the future perspectives of such potential anti-infective immunobiologicals for parasitic diseases.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abdossamadi Z, Seyed N, Rafati S (2016) Mammalian host defense peptides and their implication on combating Leishmania infection. Cell Immunol 309:23–31
Abeijon C, Singh OP, Chakravarty J, Sundar S, Campos-Neto A (2016) Novel antigen detection assay to monitor therapeutic efficacy of Visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 95(4):800–802
Afonso AM, Ebell MH, Tarleton RL (2012) A systematic review of high quality diagnostic tests for Chagas disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6(11):e1881
Alam MS, Rathore S, Tyagi RK, Sharma YD (2016) Host-parasite interaction: multiple sites in the Plasmodium vivax tryptophan-rich antigen PvTRAg38 interact with the erythrocyte receptor band 3. FEBS Lett 590(2):232–241
Alcolea PJ, Alonso A, Larraga V (2016) Rationale for selection of developmentally regulated genes as vaccine candidates against Leishmania infantum infection. Vaccine 34(46):5474–5478
Anthony RM, Rutitzky LI, Urban JF Jr, Stadecker MJ, Gause WC (2007) Protective immune mechanisms in helminth infection. Nat Rev Immunol 7(12):975–987
Arrow KJ, Panosian C, Gelband H (2004) Antimalarial Drugs and Drug Resistance. In: Arrow KJ, Panosian C, Gelband H (eds) Saving lives, buying time: economics of malaria drugs in an age of resistance. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, p 388
Bisoffi Z, Buonfrate D, Montresor A, Requena-Mendez A, Munoz J, Krolewiecki AJ, Gotuzzo E, Mena MA, Chiodini PL, Anselmi M, Moreira J, Albonico M (2013) Strongyloides stercoralis: a plea for action. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7(5):e2214
Brito CF, Oliveira GC, Oliveira SC, Street M, Riengrojpitak S, Wilson RA, Simpson AJ, Correa-Oliveira R (2002) Sm14 gene expression in different stages of the Schistosoma mansoni life cycle and immunolocalization of the Sm14 protein within the adult worm. Braz J Med Biol Res 35(3):377–381
Buonfrate D, Formenti F, Perandin F, Bisoffi Z (2015) Novel approaches to the diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 21(6):543–552
Campeotto I, Goldenzweig A, Davey J, Barfod L, Marshall JM, Silk SE, Wright KE, Draper SJ, Higgins MK, Fleishman SJ (2017) One-step design of a stable variant of the malaria invasion protein RH5 for use as a vaccine immunogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114(5):998–1002
CDC (2015, November 19). Malaria diagnosis (United States). Retrieved 18 Nov 2016, from https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/diagnosis_treatment/diagnosis.html
Cha SJ, Kim MS, Pandey A, Jacobs-Lorena M (2016) Identification of GAPDH on the surface of Plasmodium sporozoites as a new candidate for targeting malaria liver invasion. J Exp Med 213(10):2099–2112
Chames P, Van Regenmortel M, Weiss E, Baty D (2009) Therapeutic antibodies: successes, limitations and hopes for the future. Br J Pharmacol 157(2):220–233
Chappuis F, Sundar S, Hailu A, Ghalib H, Rijal S, Peeling RW, Alvar J, Boelaert M (2007) Visceral leishmaniasis: what are the needs for diagnosis, treatment and control? Nat Rev Microbiol 5(11):873–882
Chaturvedi N, Bharti PK, Tiwari A, Singh N (2016) Strategies & recent development of transmission-blocking vaccines against Plasmodium falciparum. Indian J Med Res 143(6):696–711
Cheng Y, Lu F, Wang B, Li J, Han JH, Ito D, Kong DH, Jiang L, Wu J, Ha KS, Takashima E, Sattabongkot J, Cao J, Nyunt MH, Kyaw MP, Desai SA, Miller LH, Tsuboi T, Han ET (2016) Plasmodium vivax GPI-anchored micronemal antigen (PvGAMA) binds human erythrocytes independent of Duffy antigen status. Sci Rep 6:35581
Cimino RO, Rumi MM, Ragone P, Lauthier J, D’Amato AA, Quiroga IR, Gil JF, Cajal SP, Acosta N, Juarez M, Krolewiecki A, Orellana V, Zacca R, Marcipar I, Diosque P, Nasser JR (2011) Immuno-enzymatic evaluation of the recombinant TSSA-II protein of Trypanosoma cruzi in dogs and human sera: a tool for epidemiological studies. Parasitology 138(8):995–1002
Coakley G, Buck AH, Maizels RM (2016) Host parasite communications-Messages from helminths for the immune system: parasite communication and cell-cell interactions. Mol Biochem Parasitol 208(1):33–40
Costa LE, Chavez-Fumagalli MA, Martins VT, Duarte MC, Lage DP, Lima MI, Pereira NC, Soto M, Tavares CA, Goulart LR, Coelho EA (2015) Phage-fused epitopes from Leishmania infantum used as immunogenic vaccines confer partial protection against Leishmania amazonensis infection. Parasitology 142(10):1335–1347
Costa LE, Goulart LR, Pereira NC, Lima MI, Duarte MC, Martins VT, Lage PS, Menezes-Souza D, Ribeiro TG, Melo MN, Fernandes AP, Soto M, Tavares CA, Chavez-Fumagalli MA, Coelho EA (2014) Mimotope-based vaccines of Leishmania infantum antigens and their protective efficacy against Visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS One 9(10):e110014
Costa LE, Salles BC, Alves PT, Dias AC, Vaz ER, Ramos FF, Menezes-Souza D, Duarte MC, Roatt BM, Chavez-Fumagalli MA, Tavares CA, Goncalves DU, Rocha MO, Goulart LR, Coelho EA (2016) New serological tools for improved diagnosis of human tegumentary leishmaniasis. J Immunol Methods 434:39–45
Debierre-Grockiego F, Azzouz N, Schmidt J, Dubremetz JF, Geyer H, Geyer R, Weingart R, Schmidt RR, Schwarz RT (2003) Roles of glycosylphosphatidylinositols of Toxoplasma gondii. Induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in macrophages. J Biol Chem 278(35):32987–32993
Del Brutto OH (2012) Diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis, revisited. Pathog Glob Health 106(5):299–304
Dlugonska H (2008) Toxoplasma rhoptries: unique secretory organelles and source of promising vaccine proteins for immunoprevention of toxoplasmosis. J Biomed Biotechnol 2008:632424
Duarte MC, Lage DP, Martins VT, Chavez-Fumagalli MA, Roatt BM, Menezes-Souza D, Goulart LR, Soto M, Tavares CA, Coelho EA (2016) Recent updates and perspectives on approaches for the development of vaccines against Visceral leishmaniasis. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 49(4):398–407
Dumonteil E, Bottazzi ME, Zhan B, Heffernan MJ, Jones K, Valenzuela JG, Kamhawi S, Ortega J, Rosales SP, Lee BY, Bacon KM, Fleischer B, Slingsby BT, Cravioto MB, Tapia-Conyer R, Hotez PJ (2012) Accelerating the development of a therapeutic vaccine for human Chagas disease: rationale and prospects. Expert Rev Vaccines 11(9):1043–1055
Dutta S, Kaushal DC, Ware LA, Puri SK, Kaushal NA, Narula A, Upadhyaya DS, Lanar DE (2005) Merozoite surface protein 1 of Plasmodium vivax induces a protective response against Plasmodium cynomolgi challenge in rhesus monkeys. Infect Immun 73(9):5936–5944
Eksi S, Czesny B, van Gemert GJ, Sauerwein RW, Eling W, Williamson KC (2006) Malaria transmission-blocking antigen, Pfs230, mediates human red blood cell binding to exflagellating male parasites and oocyst production. Mol Microbiol 61(4):991–998
Fabbro DL, Streiger ML, Arias ED, Bizai ML, del Barco M, Amicone NA (2007) Trypanocide treatment among adults with chronic Chagas disease living in Santa Fe city (Argentina), over a mean follow-up of 21 years: parasitological, serological and clinical evolution. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 40(1):1–10
Feliciano ND, Ribeiro Vda S, Santos Fde A, Fujimura PT, Gonzaga HT, Goulart LR, Costa-Cruz JM (2014) Bacteriophage-fused peptides for serodiagnosis of human strongyloidiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8(5):e2792
Feliciano ND, Ribeiro VS, Gonzaga HT, Santos FA, Fujimura PT, Goulart LR, Costa-Cruz JM (2016) Short epitope-based synthetic peptides for serodiagnosis of human strongyloidiasis. Immunol Lett 172:89–93
Flegr J (2013) Influence of latent toxoplasma infection on human personality, physiology and morphology: pros and cons of the toxoplasma-human model in studying the manipulation hypothesis. J Exp Biol 216(Pt 1):127–133
Gao DM, Wang SP, He Z, Fung MC, Liu MS, Yu LX, Chen XC (2010) Schistosoma japonicum: screening of cercariae cDNA library by specific single-chain antibody against SIEA26-28 ku and immunization experiment of the recombinant plasmids containing the selected genes. Parasitol Res 107(1):127–134
Gazzinelli RT, Galvao LM, Krautz G, Lima PC, Cancado JR, Scharfstein J, Krettli AU (1993) Use of Trypanosoma cruzi purified glycoprotein (GP57/51) or trypomastigote-shed antigens to assess cure for human Chagas’ disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49(5):625–635
Gilson PR, Nebl T, Vukcevic D, Moritz RL, Sargeant T, Speed TP, Schofield L, Crabb BS (2006) Identification and stoichiometry of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane proteins of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Cell Proteomics 5(7):1286–1299
Gonzalez E, Robles Y, Govezensky T, Bobes RJ, Gevorkian G, Manoutcharian K (2010) Isolation of neurocysticercosis-related antigens from a genomic phage display library of Taenia solium. J Biomol Screen 15(10):1268–1273
Goulart LR, Santos PS, Carneiro AP, Santana BB, Vallinoto AC, Araujo TG (2016) Unraveling antibody display: systems biology and personalized medicine. Curr Pharm Des 22(43):6560–6576
Goulart LR, Vieira CU, Freschi AP, Capparelli FE, Fujimura PT, Almeida JF, Ferreira LF, Goulart IM, Brito-Madurro AG, Madurro JM (2010) Biomarkers for serum diagnosis of infectious diseases and their potential application in novel sensor platforms. Crit Rev Immunol 30(2):201–222
Griffith Q, Liang Y, Whitworth P, Rodriguez-Russo C, Gul A, Siddiqui AA, Connor J, Mwinzi P, Ganley-Leal L (2015) Immuno-evasive tactics by schistosomes identify an effective allergy preventative. Exp Parasitol 153:139–150
Griffiths AD, Duncan AR (1998) Strategies for selection of antibodies by phage display. Curr Opin Biotechnol 9(1):102–108
Guo A, Cai X, Jia W, Liu B, Zhang S, Wang P, Yan H, Luo X (2010) Mapping of Taenia solium TSOL18 antigenic epitopes by phage display library. Parasitol Res 106(5):1151–1157
Gupta S, Garg NJ (2015) A two-component DNA-prime/protein-boost vaccination strategy for eliciting long-term, protective T cell immunity against Trypanosoma cruzi. PLoS Pathog 11(5):e1004828
Hell RC, Amim P, de Andrade HM, de Avila RA, Felicori L, Oliveira AG, Oliveira CA, Nascimento E, Tavares CA, Granier C, Chavez-Olortegui C (2009) Immunodiagnosis of human neurocysticercosis using a synthetic peptide selected by phage-display. Clin Immunol 131(1):129–138
Hemingway J, Shretta R, Wells TN, Bell D, Djimde AA, Achee N, Qi G (2016) Tools and strategies for malaria control and elimination: what do we need to achieve a grand convergence in malaria? PLoS Biol 14(3):e1002380
Holec-Gasior L (2013) Toxoplasma gondii recombinant antigens as tools for serodiagnosis of human toxoplasmosis: current status of studies. Clin Vaccine Immunol 20(9):1343–1351
Hosking CG, Driguez P, McWilliam HE, Ilag LL, Gladman S, Li Y, Piedrafita D, McManus DP, Meeusen EN, de Veer MJ (2015) Using the local immune response from the natural buffalo host to generate an antibody fragment library that binds the early larval stages of Schistosoma japonicum. Int J Parasitol 45(11):729–740
Hosking CG, McWilliam HE, Driguez P, Piedrafita D, Li Y, McManus DP, Ilag LL, Meeusen EN, Veer MJ (2015) Generation of a novel bacteriophage library displaying scFv antibody fragments from the natural buffalo host to identify antigens from adult Schistosoma japonicum for diagnostic development. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9(12):e0004280
Hotez PJ, Dumonteil E, Heffernan MJ, Bottazzi ME (2013) Innovation for the ‘bottom 100 million’: eliminating neglected tropical diseases in the Americas. Adv Exp Med Biol 764:1–12
Huerta M, de Aluja AS, Fragoso G, Toledo A, Villalobos N, Hernandez M, Gevorkian G, Acero G, Diaz A, Alvarez I, Avila R, Beltran C, Garcia G, Martinez JJ, Larralde C, Sciutto E (2001) Synthetic peptide vaccine against Taenia solium pig cysticercosis: successful vaccination in a controlled field trial in rural Mexico. Vaccine 20(1–2):262–266
Ikezawa H (2002) Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins. Biol Pharm Bull 25(4):409–417
Jayashi CM, Kyngdon CT, Gauci CG, Gonzalez AE, Lightowlers MW (2012) Successful immunization of naturally reared pigs against porcine cysticercosis with a recombinant oncosphere antigen vaccine. Vet Parasitol 188(3–4):261–267
Keizer DW, Miles LA, Li F, Nair M, Anders RF, Coley AM, Foley M, Norton RS (2003) Structures of phage-display peptides that bind to the malarial surface protein, apical membrane antigen 1, and block erythrocyte invasion. Biochemistry 42(33):9915–9923
Kim SH, Hwang SY, Lee YS, Choi IH, Park SG, Kho WG (2007) Single-chain antibody fragment specific for Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein. Clin Vaccine Immunol 14(6):726–731
Langsley G, Roth C (1987) Antigenic variation in parasitic protozoa. Microbiol Sci 4(9):280–285
Leow CH, Jones M, Cheng Q, Mahler S, McCarthy J (2014) Production and characterization of specific monoclonal antibodies binding the Plasmodium falciparum diagnostic biomarker, histidine-rich protein 2. Malar J 13:277
Levenhagen MA, Santos FA, Fujimura PT, Carneiro AP, Costa-Cruz JM, Goulart LR (2015) Structural and functional characterization of a novel scFv anti-HSP60 of Strongyloides sp. Sci Rep 5:10447
Li F, Dluzewski A, Coley AM, Thomas A, Tilley L, Anders RF, Foley M (2002) Phage-displayed peptides bind to the malarial protein apical membrane antigen-1 and inhibit the merozoite invasion of host erythrocytes. J Biol Chem 277(52):50303–50310
Liu Q, Singla LD, Zhou H (2012) Vaccines against Toxoplasma gondii: status, challenges and future directions. Hum Vaccin Immunother 8(9):1305–1308
Liu Q, Wang ZD, Huang SY, Zhu XQ (2015) Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and typing of Toxoplasma gondii. Parasit Vectors 8:292
Liu Q, Zhou XN (2015) Preventing the transmission of American trypanosomiasis and its spread into non-endemic countries. Infect Dis Poverty 4:60
Longley RJ, Halbroth BR, Salman AM, Ewer KJ, Hodgson SH, Janse CJ, Khan SM, Hill AV, Spencer AJ (2017) Assessment of the Plasmodium falciparum preerythrocytic antigen UIS3 as a potential candidate for a malaria vaccine. Infect Immun 85(3):e00641
Lopes FMR, Mtsuka-Breganó R, Lemos R, Navarro IT (2007) Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnancy. Braz J Med Infect Dis 11(5):496–506
MacDonald AS, Araujo MI, Pearce EJ (2002) Immunology of parasitic helminth infections. Infect Immun 70(2):427–433
Mahmoudi S and Keshavarz H (2017) Efficacy of Phase 3 Trial of RTS, S/AS01 Malaria Vaccine in infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Vaccin Immunother: Jan 6:0. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1271686. [Epub ahead of print]
Manhani MN, Ribeiro VS, Cardoso R, Ueira-Vieira C, Goulart LR, Costa-Cruz JM (2011) Specific phage-displayed peptides discriminate different forms of neurocysticercosis by antibody detection in the serum samples. Parasite Immunol 33(6):322–329
Manoutcharian K, Diaz-Orea A, Gevorkian G, Fragoso G, Acero G, Gonzalez E, De Aluja A, Villalobos N, Gomez-Conde E, Sciutto E (2004) Recombinant bacteriophage-based multiepitope vaccine against Taenia solium pig cysticercosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 99(1–2):11–24
Manoutcharian K, Terrazas LI, Gevorkian G, Acero G, Petrossian P, Rodriguez M, Govezensky T (1999) Phage-displayed T-cell epitope grafted into immunoglobulin heavy-chain complementarity-determining regions: an effective vaccine design tested in murine cysticercosis. Infect Immun 67(9):4764–4770
McConville MJ, Ferguson MA (1993) The structure, biosynthesis and function of glycosylated phosphatidylinositols in the parasitic protozoa and higher eukaryotes. Biochem J 294(Pt 2):305–324
McIntosh RS, Shi J, Jennings RM, Chappel JC, de Koning-Ward TF, Smith T, Green J, van Egmond M, Leusen JH, Lazarou M, van de Winkel J, Jones TS, Crabb BS, Holder AA, Pleass RJ (2007) The importance of human FcgammaRI in mediating protection to malaria. PLoS Pathog 3(5):e72
McManus DP, Loukas A (2008) Current status of vaccines for schistosomiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev 21(1):225–242
Montoya JG (2002) Laboratory diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection and toxoplasmosis. J Infect Dis 185(Suppl 1):S73–S82
Montoya JG, Liesenfeld O (2004) Toxoplasmosis. Lancet 363(9425):1965–1976
Muerhoff AS, Birkenmeyer LG, Coffey R, Dille BJ, Barnwell JW, Collins WE, Sullivan JS, Dawson GJ, Desai SM (2010) Detection of Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae merozoite surface protein 1-p19 antibodies in human malaria patients and experimentally infected nonhuman primates. Clin Vaccine Immunol 17(10):1631–1638
Mutiso JM, Macharia JC, Kiio MN, Ichagichu JM, Rikoi H, Gicheru MM (2013) Development of Leishmania vaccines: predicting the future from past and present experience. J Biomed Res 27(2):85–102
Nagill R, Kaur S (2011) Vaccine candidates for leishmaniasis: a review. Int Immunopharmacol 11(10):1464–1488
Narum DL, Ogun SA, Batchelor AH, Holder AA (2006) Passive immunization with a multicomponent vaccine against conserved domains of apical membrane antigen 1 and 235-kilodalton rhoptry proteins protects mice against Plasmodium yoelii blood-stage challenge infection. Infect Immun 74(10):5529–5536
Nath-Chowdhury M, Sangaralingam M, Bastien P, Ravel C, Pratlong F, Mendez J, Libman M, Ndao M (2016) Real-time PCR using FRET technology for Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis species differentiation. Parasit Vectors 9:255
Obishakin E, Stijlemans B, Santi-Rocca J, Vandenberghe I, Devreese B, Muldermans S, Bastin P, Magez S (2014) Generation of a nanobody targeting the paraflagellar rod protein of trypanosomes. PLoS One 9(12):e115893
Olivier M, Gregory DJ, Forget G (2005) Subversion mechanisms by which Leishmania parasites can escape the host immune response: a signaling point of view. Clin Microbiol Rev 18(2):293–305
Palacpac NM, Ntege E, Yeka A, Balikagala B, Suzuki N, Shirai H, Yagi M, Ito K, Fukushima W, Hirota Y, Nsereko C, Okada T, Kanoi BN, Tetsutani K, Arisue N, Itagaki S, Tougan T, Ishii KJ, Ueda S, Egwang TG, Horii T (2013) Phase 1b randomized trial and follow-up study in Uganda of the blood-stage malaria vaccine candidate BK-SE36. PLoS One 8(5):e64073
Pearce EJ, Sher A (1987) Mechanisms of immune evasion in schistosomiasis. Contrib Microbiol Immunol 8:219–232
Polonelli L, Ciociola T, Elviri L, Zanello PP, Giovati L, Arruda DC, Munoz JE, Mortara RA, Morace G, Borghi E, Galati S, Marin O, Casoli C, Pilotti E, Ronzi P, Travassos LR, Magliani W, Conti S (2016) A naturally occurring antibody fragment neutralizes infectivity of diverse infectious agents. Sci Rep 6:35018
Pradel G (2007) Proteins of the malaria parasite sexual stages: expression, function and potential for transmission blocking strategies. Parasitology 134(Pt.14):1911–1929
Quijano-Hernandez I, Dumonteil E (2011) Advances and challenges towards a vaccine against Chagas disease. Hum Vaccin 7(11):1184–1191
Radtke AJ, Anderson CF, Riteau N, Rausch K, Scaria P, Kelnhofer ER, Howard RF, Sher A, Germain RN, Duffy P (2017) Adjuvant and carrier protein-dependent T-cell priming promotes a robust antibody response against the Plasmodium falciparum Pfs25 vaccine candidate. Sci Rep 7:40312
Rahbari AH, Keshavarz H, Shojaee S, Mohebali M, Rezaeian M (2012) IgG avidity ELISA test for diagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis in humans. Korean J Parasitol 50(2):99–102
Reis CF, Carneiro AP, Vieira CU, Fujimura PT, Morari EC, Silva SJ, Goulart LR, Ward LS (2013) An antibody-like peptide that recognizes malignancy among thyroid nodules. Cancer Lett 335(2):306–313
Reiter-Owona I, Rehkaemper-Schaefer C, Arriens S, Rosenstock P, Pfarr K, Hoerauf A (2016) Specific K39 antibody response and its persistence after treatment in patients with imported leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res 115(2):761–769
Rhaiem RB, Houimel M (2016) Targeting Leishmania major parasite with peptides derived from a combinatorial phage display library. Acta Trop 159:11–19
Ribeiro VS, Araujo TG, Gonzaga HT, Nascimento R, Goulart LR, Costa-Cruz JM (2013) Development of specific scFv antibodies to detect neurocysticercosis antigens and potential applications in immunodiagnosis. Immunol Lett 156(1–2):59–67
Ribeiro VS, Manhani MN, Cardoso R, Vieira CU, Goulart LR, Costa-Cruz JM (2010) Selection of high affinity peptide ligands for detection of circulating antibodies in neurocysticercosis. Immunol Lett 129(2):94–99
Rommereim LM, Bellini V, Fox BA, Petre G, Rak C, Touquet B, Aldebert D, Dubremetz JF, Cesbron-Delauw MF, Mercier C, Bzik DJ (2016) Phenotypes associated with knockouts of eight dense granule gene loci (GRA2-9) in virulent Toxoplasma gondii. PLoS One 11(7):e0159306
Rujeni N, Nausch N, Midzi N, Gwisai R, Mduluza T, Taylor DW, Mutapi F (2013) Soluble CD23 levels are inversely associated with atopy and parasite-specific IgE levels but not with polyclonal IgE levels in people exposed to helminth infection. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 161(4):333–341
Scherf A, Hernandez-Rivas R, Buffet P, Bottius E, Benatar C, Pouvelle B, Gysin J, Lanzer M (1998) Antigenic variation in malaria: in situ switching, relaxed and mutually exclusive transcription of var genes during intra-erythrocytic development in Plasmodium falciparum. EMBO J 17(18):5418–5426
Seed JR (1996) Protozoa: pathogenesis and defenses. In: Baron S (ed) Medical Microbiology. University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston
Sepulveda J, Tremblay JM, DeGnore JP, Skelly PJ, Shoemaker CB (2010) Schistosoma mansoni host-exposed surface antigens characterized by sera and recombinant antibodies from schistosomiasis-resistant rats. Int J Parasitol 40(12):1407–1417
Shiff C (2015) Accurate diagnostics for schistosomiasis: a new role for PCR? Reports in Parasitology 4:23–29
Srivastava P, Dayama A, Mehrotra S, Sundar S (2011) Diagnosis of Visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 105(1):1–6
Srivastava S, Shankar P, Mishra J, Singh S (2016) Possibilities and challenges for developing a successful vaccine for leishmaniasis. Parasit Vectors 9(1):277
Stadecker MJ (1999) The regulatory role of the antigen-presenting cell in the development of hepatic immunopathology during infection with Schistosoma mansoni. Pathobiology 67(5–6):269–272
Suzuki E, Tanaka AK, Toledo MS, Takahashi HK, Straus AH (2002) Role of beta-D-galactofuranose in Leishmania major macrophage invasion. Infect Immun 70(12):6592–6596
Talaat KR, Ellis RD, Hurd J, Hentrich A, Gabriel E, Hynes NA, Rausch KM, Zhu D, Muratova O, Herrera R, Anderson C, Jones D, Aebig J, Brockley S, MacDonald NJ, Wang X, Fay MP, Healy SA, Durbin AP, Narum DL, Wu Y, Duffy PE (2016) Safety and immunogenicity of Pfs25-EPA/Alhydrogel(R), a transmission blocking vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum: an open label study in malaria naive adults. PLoS One 11(10):e0163144
Talisuna AO, Bloland P, D’Alessandro U (2004) History, dynamics, and public health importance of malaria parasite resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 17(1):235–254
Tendler M, Almeida M, Simpson A (2015) Development of the Brazilian anti schistosomiasis vaccine based on the recombinant fatty acid binding protein Sm14 plus GLA-SE adjuvant. Front Immunol 6:218
Tian Z, Wang XY, Zhou YF, Feng QM, Zhang SJ, Yin TQ, Xu SR, Xia YD, Xu J, Jin J, Wang SP (2013) Schistosoma japonicum scFv-IL18 fusion DNA ameliorates hepatic fibrosis in schistosomiasis-infected mice via improving local concentration of IL-18 in liver. Exp Parasitol 134(4):447–454
Tonelli RR, Giordano RJ, Barbu EM, Torrecilhas AC, Kobayashi GS, Langley RR, Arap W, Pasqualini R, Colli W, Alves MJ (2010) Role of the gp85/trans-sialidases in Trypanosoma cruzi tissue tropism: preferential binding of a conserved peptide motif to the vasculature in vivo. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4(11):e864
Varatharajalu A, Rao KV (2016) Strongyloides stercoralis: current perspectives. Reports in Parasitology 5:23–33
Verastegui M, Gilman RH, Gonzales A, Garcia HH, Gavidia C, Falcon N, Bernal T, Arana Y, Tsang VC, Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru (2002) Taenia solium oncosphere antigens induce immunity in pigs against experimental cysticercosis. Vet Parasitol 108(1):49–62
Vielma JR, Urdaneta-Romero H, Villarreal JC, Paz LA, Gutiérrez LV, Mora M, Chacín-Bonilla L (2014) Neurocysticercosis: clinical aspects, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment and vaccine development. Epidemiology 4:156
Watanabe Costa R, da Silveira JF, Bahia D (2016) Interactions between Trypanosoma cruzi secreted proteins and host cell signaling pathways. Front Microbiol 7:388
White AC Jr (1997) Neurocysticercosis: a major cause of neurological disease worldwide. Clin Infect Dis 24(2):101–113; quiz 114–105
WHO (2011) Report of the WHO expert consultation on foodborne trematode infections and Taeniasis/Cysticercosis. World Health Organization, Geneva
WHO (2013) Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis). Fact sheet no. 340. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
Wongsrichanalai C, Barcus MJ, Muth S, Sutamihardja A, Wernsdorfer WH (2007) A review of malaria diagnostic tools: microscopy and rapid diagnostic test (RDT). Am J Trop Med Hyg 77(6 Suppl):119–127
Yazdanbakhsh M, van den Biggelaar A, Maizels RM (2001) Th2 responses without atopy: immunoregulation in chronic helminth infections and reduced allergic disease. Trends Immunol 22(7):372–377
Zambrano-Villa S, Rosales-Borjas D, Carrero JC, Ortiz-Ortiz L (2002) How protozoan parasites evade the immune response. Trends Parasitol 18(6):272–278
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Goulart, L.R., da S. Ribeiro, V., Costa-Cruz, J.M. (2017). Anti-parasitic Antibodies from Phage Display. In: Lim, T. (eds) Recombinant Antibodies for Infectious Diseases. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1053. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72077-7_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72077-7_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-72076-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-72077-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)