Abstract
Tennis players have a variety of equipment choices that interact with biomechanical factors to influence risk of overuse injuries. Immediate loading on the upper extremity is influenced by player strokes and properties of racquets, strings, and the ball. Lower extremity loading depends on the interaction of the players’ shoes and court surface. Most of the research in these areas are retrospective or modelling studies that point to the likely long-term effects of changes in equipment on player risk of injury. Few prospective studies have been conducted to confirm these hypotheses.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Rogowski I, Creveaux T, Triquigeneaux S, et al. Tennis racquet vibrations and shock transmission to the wrist during forehand drive. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(7):e0132925. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132925.
Pluim B, Staal J, Windler G, et al. Tennis injuries: occurrence, aetiology, and prevention. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40:415–23. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2005.023184.
Sell K, Hainline B, Yorio M, et al. Injury trend analysis from the US Open tennis championships between 1994 and 2009. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48:546–51. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm-2012-091175.
Lynall RC, Kerr ZY, Djoko A, et al. Epidemiology of National Collegiate Athletic Association men’s and women’s tennis injuries, 2009/2010–2014/2015. Br J Sports Med. Online First. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095360.
McCurdie I, Smith S, Bell PH, et al. Tennis injury data from The Championships Wimbledon, from 2003 to 2012. Br J Sports Med. Online First. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095552.
Pluim BM, Loeffen FGJ, Clarsen B, et al. A one-season prospective study of injuries and illness in elite junior tennis. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2016;26:564–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12471.
Knudson D, Allen T, Choppin S. Interaction of tennis racquet design and biomechanical factors. In: Hong Y, editor. Routledge handbook of ergonomics in sport and exercise. London: Routledge; 2014. p. 423–39.
Allen T, Choppin S, Knudson D. A review of tennis racquet performance parameters. Sports Eng. 2016;19:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12283-014-0167-x.
Knudson D. Biomechanical aspects of the tennis racquet. In: Hong Y, Bartlett R, editors. Routledge handbook of biomechanics and human movement science. London: Routledge; 2008. p. 248–60.
Knudson D. Intra-subject variability of upper extremity angular kinematics in the tennis forehand drive. Int J Sport Biomech. 1990;6:415–21.
Knudson D. Factors affecting force loading in the tennis forehand. J Sports Med Phys Fit. 1991;31:527–31.
Plagehnoef S. Tennis racquet testing. In: Terauds J, editor. Biomechanics in sports. Del Mar, CA: Research Center for Sports; 1982. p. 411–21.
Bahamonde R, Knudson D. Kinetics of the upper extremity in the open and square stance tennis forehand. J Sci Med Sport. 2003;6:88–101.
Knudson D, Bahamonde R. Trunk and racquet kinematics at impact in the open and square stance tennis forehand. Biol Sport. 1999;16:3–10.
Knudson D, Blackwell J. Trunk muscle activation in open stance and square stance tennis forehands. Int J Sports Med. 2000;21:321–4.
Lane B, Sherratt P, Xiao H, et al. Characterisation of ball impact conditions in professional tennis: matches played on hard court. Proc Inst Mech Eng P J Sports Eng Technol. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754337115617580.
Mecheri S, Rioult F, Mantel B, et al. The serve impact in tennis: first large-scale study of big Hawk-Eye data. Stat Anal Data Mining. 2016;9(5):310–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/sam.11316.
Brody H. Physics of the tennis racquet. Am J Phys. 1979;47:482–7. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.11787.
Brody H, Cross R, Lindsey C. The physics and technology of tennis. CA: Racquet Tech Pub; 2002.
Cross R, Lindsey C. Technical tennis. CA: Racquet Tech Pub; 2005.
Elliott B, Marshall R, Noffal G. Contributions of upper limb segment rotations during the power serve in tennis. J Appl Biomech. 1995;11:433–42.
Mitchell S, Jones R, King M. Head speed vs. racquet inertia in the tennis serve. Sports Eng. 2000;3:99–110. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-2687.2000.00051.x.
Allen T. Finite element model of a tennis ball impact with a racquet. Doctoral dissertation, Sheffield Hallam University, 2009.
Allen T, Haake S, Goodwill S. Effect of tennis racquet parameters on a simulated groundstroke. J Sports Sci. 2011;29(3):311–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2010.526131.
Hennig E. Influence of racquet properties on injuries and performance in tennis. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2007;35:62–6.
Choppin S. An investigation into the power point in tennis. Sports Eng. 2013;16:173–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12283-013-0122-2.
Cross R. Center of percussion of hand-held implements. Am J Phys. 2004;72:622–30. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1634965.
Choppin S, Goodwill S, Haake S. Impact characteristics of the ball and racquet during play at the Wimbledon qualifying tournament. Sport Eng. 2011;13:163–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12283-011-0062-7.
Hatze H. Impact probability distribution, sweet spot, and the concept of an effective power region in tennis racquets. J Appl Biomech. 1994;10:43–50.
Caross R. The sweet spots of a tennis racquet. Sports Eng. 1998;1:63–78. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-2687.1999.00011.x.
Cross R. Factors affecting the vibration of tennis racquets. Sports Eng. 2015;18:135–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12283-015-0173-7.
Creveaux T, Sevrez V, Coste B, et al. Methodological contribution to study the vibratory behaviour of tennis racquets following real forehand drive impact. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng. 2014;17:150–1. https://doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2014.931610.
Banwell G, Roberts J, Halkon B, et al. Understanding the dynamic behaviour of a tennis racquet under play conditions. Exp Mech. 2014;54(4):527–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-013-9803-9.
Brody H. Vibration damping of tennis racquets. Int J Sport Biomech. 1989;5:451–6.
Cross R. Impact forces and torques transmitted to the hand by tennis racquets. Sports Technol. 2010;3(2):102–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/19346182.2010.538398.
Vethecan JK, Subic AJ. Vibration attenuation of tennis racquets using tuned vibration absorbers. Sports Eng. 2002;5:155–64. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-2687.2002.00105.x.
Miller S. Modern tennis racquets, balls, and surfaces. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40:401–5. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2005.023283.
Whiteside D, Elliott B, Lay B, et al. The effect of racquet swing weight on serve kinematics in elite adolescent female tennis players. J Sci Med Sport. 2013;17:124–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2013.03.001.
Schorah D, Choppin S, James D. Effects of moment of inertia on restricted motion swing speed. Sports Biomech. 2015;14:157–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2015.1027949.
Cross R, Bower R. Effects of swing-weight on swing speed and racquet power. J Sports Sci. 2006;24:23–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500127876.
Haake S, Allen T, Choppin S, et al. The evolution of the tennis racquet and its effect on serve speed. In: Miller S, Capel-Davies J, editors. Tennis science and technology, vol. 3. London: International Tennis Federation; 2007. p. 257–71.
King M, Hau A, Blenkinsop G. The effect of ball impact location on racquet and forearm joint angle changes for one-handed tennis backhand groundstrokes. J Sports Sci. 2016:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1211308.
Lammer H. Racquet with self-powered piezoelectric damping system. U.S. Patent 6,974,397, 13 Dec 2005
Lammer H. Racquet with self-powered piezoelectric damping system. U.S. Patent 7,160,286, 9 Jan 2007
Kotze J, Lammer H, Cottey R, et al. The effects of active piezo fibre racquets on tennis elbow. In: Miller S, editor. Tennis science and technology 2. London: International Tennis Federation; 2003. p. 55–60.
Cottey R, Kotze J, Lammer H, et al. An extended study investigating the effects of tennis racquets with active damping technology on the symptoms of tennis elbow. In: Moritz E, Haake S, editors. Engineering of sport 6. New York: Springer; 2006. p. 391–6.
Elliott N, Choppin S, Goodwill S, et al. Markerless tracking of tennis racquet motion using a camera. Procedia Eng. 2014;72:344–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.06.060.
ITF. 2016 ITF rules of tennis, 2016. http://www.itftennis.com/officiating/rulebooks/rules-of-tennis.aspx. Accessed 22 June 2016
Choppin S, Goodwill S, Haake S. Investigations into the effect of grip tightness on off-centre forehand strikes in tennis. Proc Inst Mech Eng P J Sport Eng Technol. 2010;224(4):249–57. https://doi.org/10.1243/17543371JSET75.
Allen T, Haake S, Goodwill S. Comparison of a finite element model of a tennis racquet to experimental data. Sports Eng. 2009;12:87–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12283-009-0032-5.
Goodwill SR, Haake SJ. Spring damper model of an impact between a tennis ball and racquet. Proc Inst Mech Eng C J Mech Eng Sci. 2001;215:1331–41.
Haake SJ, Carré M, Goodwill SR. The dynamic impact characteristics of tennis balls with tennis racquets. J Sport Sci. 2003;21:839–50.
Nicolaides A, Elliott N, Kelley J, et al. Effect of string bed pattern on ball spin generation from a tennis racquet. Sports Eng. 2013;16:181–8.
Washida Y, Elliott N, Allen T. Measurement of main strings movement and its effect on tennis ball spin. Procedia Eng. 2014;72:557–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.06.097.
Kawazoe Y. Effects of string pre-tension on impact between ball and racquet in tennis. Ther Appl Mech. 1994;43:223–32.
Cross R, Lindsay C, Andruczyk D. Laboratory testing of tennis strings. Sports Eng. 2000;4:219–30.
Mohandhas BR, Makaram N, Drew TS, et al. Racquet string tension directly affects force experienced at the elbow: implications for the development of lateral epicondylitis in tennis players. Shoulder Elbow. 2016;8(3):184–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/1758573216640201.
Stroede CL, Noble L, Walker HS. The effect of tennis racquet string vibration dampers on racquet handle vibrations and discomfort following impacts. J Sport Sci. 1999;17:379–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404199365894.
Li FX, Fewtrell D, Jenkins M. String vibration dampers do not reduce racquet frame vibration transfer to the forearm. J Sport Sci. 2004;22:1041–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410410001729982.
Wilson JF, Davis JS. Tennis racquet shock mitigation experiments. J Biomech Eng. 1995;117:479–84. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2794211.
Mohr S, Cottey R, Lau D, et al. Dynamics of a string-bed damper on tennis racquets. In: The engineering of sport 7. Paris: Springer; 2008. p. 179–89.
Baszczynski P, Chevrel-Fraux C, Flcheux C, et al. Settings adjustment for string tension and mass of a tennis racquet depending on ball characteristics: laboratory and field testing. Procedia Eng. 2016;147:472–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.343.
Knudson D, Blackwell J. Effect of type 3 ball on upper extremity EMG and acceleration in the tennis forehand. In: Blackwell JR, editor. Proceedings of oral sessions: XIX international symposium on biomechanics in sports. San Francisco, CA: University of San Francisco; 2001. p. 32–4.
Blackwell J, Knudson D. Effect of the type 3 (oversize) tennis ball on serve performance and upper extremity muscle activity. Sports Biomech. 2002;1:187–92.
Andrew DPS, Chow JW, Knudson D, et al. Effect of ball size on player reaction and racquet acceleration during the tennis volley. J Sci Med Sport. 2003;6:102–12.
Buszard T, Farrow D, Reid M, et al. Modifying equipment in early skill development: a tennis perspective. Res Quart Exerc Sport. 2014;85:218–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2014.893054.
Buszard T, Reid M, Masters RSW, et al. Scaling the equipment and play area in children’s sport to improve motor skill acquisition: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2016;46:829–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0452-2.
International Tennis Federation. International Tennis Federation, 2015. http://www.itftennis.com/about/organisation/history.aspx. Accessed 20 Nov.
International Tennis Federation Technical Department. International Tennis Federation Technical Department, 2016. http://www.itftennis.com/technical/home.aspx. Accessed 20 Nov.
O'Donoghue P, Ingram B. A notational analysis of elite tennis strategy. J Sports Sci. 2001;19:107–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404101300036299.
Brown E, O’Donoghue PG. Gender and surface effect on elite tennis strategy. ITF Coach Sport Sci Rev. 2008;46(12):9–12.
Kerr ZY, Dompier TP, Snook EM, et al. National collegiate athletic association injury surveillance system: review of methods for 2004–2005 through 2013–2014 data collection. J Athl Train. 2014;49:552–60. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.58.
Fernandez J, Mendez-Villanueva A, Pluim BM. Intensity of tennis match play. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40:387–91. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2005.023168.
Girard O, Eicher F, Fourchet F, et al. Effects of the playing surface on plantar pressures and potential injuries in tennis. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41:733–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2007.036707.
Dragoo JL, Braun HJ. The effect of playing surface on injury rate. Sports Med. 2010;40:981–90. https://doi.org/10.2165/11535910-000000000-00000.
Breznik K, Batagelj V. Retired matches among male professional tennis players. J Sports Sci Med. 2012;11:270–8.
Murias JM, Lanatta D, Arcuri CR, et al. Metabolic and functional responses playing tennis on different surfaces. J Strength Cond Res. 2007;21:112–7.
Bastholt P. Professional tennis (ATP tour) and number of medical treatments in relation to type of surface. Med Sci Tennis. 2000;5:2.
Reid M, Duffield R. The development of fatigue during match-play tennis. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48:i7–i11. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093196.
Reid M, Morgan S, Whiteside D. Match play characteristics of Grand Slam tennis: implications for training and conditioning. J Sports Sci. 2016;34:1791–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1139161.
Perš J, Bon M, Kovačič S, et al. Observation and analysis of large-scale human motion. Hum Mov Sci. 2002;21:295–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-9457(02)00096-9.
Martínez-Gallego R, Guzmán JF, James N, et al. Movement characteristics of elite tennis players on hard courts with respect to the direction of ground strokes. J Sports Sci Med. 2013;12:275–81.
Dunn MD. Video-based step measurement in sport and daily living. Ph.D. Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2014.
Fernandez-Fernandez J, Sanz-Rivas D, Fernandez-Garcia B, et al. Match activity and physiological load during a clay-court tennis tournament in elite female players. J Sports Sci. 2008;26:1589–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410802287089.
Pereira TJC, Nakamura FY, Jesus MTD, et al. Analysis of the distances covered and technical actions performed by professional tennis players during official matches. J Sports Sci. 2016:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1165858.
Hughes M, Meyer R. Movement pattern in elite men’s singles tennis. Int J Perform Anal Sport. 2005;5:110–34.
Dunn M, Goodwill S, Wheat J, et al. Assessing tennis player interactions with tennis courts. In: Vilas-Boas JP, Machado L, Kim W, Veloso AP, editors. Biomechanics in sports 29. Portugal: University of Porto; 2011. p. 859–62.
Clarke TE, Frederick EC, Cooper LB. Effects of cushioning upon ground reaction forces in running. Int J Sports Med. 1983;4:247–51.
Stiles VH, Dixon SJ. Biomechanical response to systematic changes in impact interface cushioning properties while performing a tennis specific movement. J Sports Sci. 2007;25:1229–39.
Lilley K, Dixon S, Stiles V. A biomechanical comparison of the running gait of mature and young females. Gait Posture. 2011;33:496–500.
Stiles VH, Dixon SJ. The influence of different playing surfaces on the biomechanics of a tennis running forehand foot plant. J Appl Biomech. 2006;22:14–24.
Stucke H, Baudzus W, Baumann W. On friction characteristics of playing surfaces. In: Frederick FC, editor. Sports shoes and playing surfaces. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1984. p. 87–97.
Damm L, Low D, Richardson A, Clarke J, Carré M, Dixon S. The effects of surface traction characteristics on frictional demand and kinematics in tennis. Sports Biomech. 2013;12:389–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2013.784799.
Damm L, Starbuck C, Stocker N, Clarke J, Carré M, Dixon S. Shoe-surface friction in tennis: influence on plantar pressure and implications for injury. Footwear Sci. 2014;6:155–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/19424280.2014.891659.
Dixon S, Damm L, Starbuck C, Clarke J, Carré M. Understanding player response to changes in shoe-surface friction during tennis-specific movements. In Proceedings of the world congress of biomechanics, Boston, 2014.
Stiles V, Dixon S. Sports surfaces, biomechanics and injury. In: Dixon S, Fleming P, James I, Carre M, editors. The science and engineering of sport surfaces. Oxon: Routledge; 2015. p. 70–97.
Llana S, Brizuela G, Alcántara E, Martínez A, García A. Study of comfort associated with tennis footwear. In: Riehle HJ, Vieten M, editors. 16th International symposium on biomechanics in sports. Konstanz: University of Konstanz; 1998. p. 1124–7.
Llana-Belloch S, Brizuela G, Pérez-Soriano P, García-Belenguer A, Crespo M. Supination control increases performance in sideward cutting movements in tennis. Sports Biomech. 2013;12:38–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2013.765906.
Pavailler S, Horvais N. Sliding allows faster repositioning during tennis specific movements on hard court. Procedia Eng. 2014;72:859–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.06.157.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Allen, T., Dixon, S., Dunn, M., Knudson, D. (2018). Tennis Equipment and Technique Interactions on Risk of Overuse Injuries. In: Di Giacomo, G., Ellenbecker, T., Kibler, W. (eds) Tennis Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71498-1_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71498-1_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-71497-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-71498-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)