Abstract
Given the global shift in age demographics in conjunction with an emphasis on facilitating healthy ageing, there is increased promotion and opportunity for physical activity participation in later life. This chapter focuses on older adults who compete in sport (i.e., masters athletes) and how they can help us understand the ageing process. While masters athletes may challenge traditionally negative views of ageing, the value and implications of sport participation for older persons are heavily nuanced.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Baker, J., Côté, J., & Deakin, J. (2006). Patterns of early involvement in expert and non-expert masters triathletes. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 77, 413–419.
Baker, J., Meisner, B. A., Logan, A. J., Kungl, A., & Weir, P. (2009). Physical activity and successful aging in Canadian older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 17, 223–235.
Baker, J., Fraser-Thomas, J., Dionigi, R., & Horton, S. (2010). Sport participation and positive development in older persons. European Review of Aging and Physical Activity, 7, 3–12.
Baltes, P. B., & Baltes, M. (1990). Psychological perspectives on successful aging: The model of selective optimisation with compensation. In P. B. Baltes & M. M. Baltes (Eds.), Successful aging: Perspectives from the behavioural sciences (pp. 1–36). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bauman, Z. (2000). Liquid modernity. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Benson, P. L. (1997). All kids are our kids: What communities must do to raise caring and responsible children and adolescents. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Higher & Adult Education.
Bodner, E. (2009). On the origins of ageism among older and younger adults. International Psychogeriatrics, 21(6), 1003–1014.
Bohm, P., Schneider, G., Linneweber, L., Rentzsch, A., Krämer, N., Abdul-Khaliq, H., et al. (2016). Right and left ventricular function and mass in male elite master athletes: A controlled contrast enhanced CMR study. Circulation, 133(20), 1927–1935.
Breuer, C., Hallmann, K., & Wicker, P. (2011). Determinants of sport participation in different sports. Managing Leisure, 16(4), 269–286.
Canadian Heritage. (2013). Sport participation 2010. Her majesty the queen in right of Canada. Catalogue No. CH24-1/2012E-PDF. isbn:978-1-100-21561-7.
Cardenas, D., Henderson, K. A., & Wilson, B. E. (2009). Physical activity and senior games participation: Benefits, constraints, and behaviors. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 17(2), 135–153.
Caspersen, C. J., Powell, K. E., & Christenson, G. M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: Definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Reports, 100(2), 126–131.
Catalano, R. F., Berglund, M. L., Ryan, J. A. M., Lonczak, H. S., & Hawkins, J. D. (2004). Positive youth development in the United States: Research findings on evaluations of positive youth development programs. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 591(1), 98–124.
Concannon, L. G., Grierson, M. J., & Harrast, M. A. (2012). Exercise in the older adult: From the sedentary elderly to the masters athlete. PM & R, 4(11), 833–839.
Cosgrove, C., & Sun, B. (2009, January). Age-friendly initiatives: Breaking down barriers offers benefits for all. Active Living: Newsletters, N6–N7.
Degens, H., Maden-Wilkinson, T. M., Ireland, A., Korhonen, M. T., Suominen, H., Heinonen, A., et al. (2013a). Relationship between ventilatory function and age in master athletes and a sedentary reference population. Age, 35(3), 1007–1015.
Degens, H., Rittweger, J., Parviainen, T., Timonen, K. L., Suominen, H., Heinonen, A., & Korhonen, M. T. (2013b). Diffusion capacity of the lung in young and old endurance athletes. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(12), 1051–1057.
Dillaway, H. E., & Byrnes, M. (2009). Reconsidering successful aging: A call for renewed and expanded academic critiques and conceptualizations. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 28, 702–722. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464809333882.
Dionigi, R. A. (2002). Resistance and empowerment through leisure: The meaning of competitive sport participation to older adults. Society & Leisure, 25(2), 303–328.
Dionigi, R. A. (2005). A leisure pursuit that ‘goes against the grain’: Older people and competitive sport. Annals of Leisure Research, 8(1), 1–22.
Dionigi, R. A. (2006). Competitive sport as leisure in later life: Negotiations, discourse, and aging. Leisure Sciences, 28(2), 181–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400500484081.
Dionigi, R. A. (2007). Resistance training and older adults’ beliefs about psychological benefits: The importance of self-efficacy and social interaction. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29(6), 723–746.
Dionigi, R. A. (2008). Competing for life: Older people, sport and ageing. Saarbrücken: Verlag Dr. Müller.
Dionigi, R. A. (2010). Masters sport as a strategy for managing the aging process. In J. Baker, S. Horton, & P. Weir (Eds.), The Masters athlete: Understanding the role of sport and exercise in optimizing aging (pp. 137–155). London: Routledge.
Dionigi, R. A. (2015). Pathways to masters sport: Sharing stories from sport ‘continuers’, ‘rekindlers’ and ‘late bloomers’. In E. Tulle & C. Phoenix (Eds.), Physical activity and sport in later life: Critical approaches (pp. 54–68). London: Palgrave.
Dionigi, R. A. (2016). The competitive older athlete: A review of psychosocial and sociological issues. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation, 32(1), 55–62.
Dionigi, R. A. (2017). Leisure and recreation in the lives of older people. In M. Bernoth & D. Winkler (Eds.), Healthy ageing and aged care (pp. 204–220). Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
Dionigi, R. A., & Horton, S. (2012). The influence of leisure on discourses of aging. In H. J. Gison & J. F. Singleton (Eds.), Leisure and aging: Theory and practice (pp. 27–39). Champaign: Human Kinetics.
Dionigi, R. A., & O’Flynn, G. (2007). Performance discourses and old age: What does it mean to be an older athlete? Sociology of Sport Journal, 24, 359–377.
Dionigi, R. A., Horton, S., & Baker, J. (2010). Seniors in sport: The experiences and practices of older World Masters Games competitors. International Journal of Sport and Society, 1, 55–68.
Dionigi, R. A., Baker, J., & Horton, S. (2011). Older athletes’ perceived benefits of competition. The International Journal of Sport and Society, 2(2), 17–28.
Dionigi, R. A., Horton, S., & Baker, J. (2013a). Negotiations of the ageing process: Older adults’ stories of sports participation. Sport, Education and Society, 18(3), 370–387.
Dionigi, R. A., Horton, S., & Baker, J. (2013b). How do older masters athletes account for their performance preservation? A qualitative analysis. Ageing & Society, 33(2), 297–319.
Dionigi, R. A., Gard, M., Horton, S., Baker, J., & Weir, P. (2016). Sport, ageing, and the physical activity spectrum: Implications for policy. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 24, S49.
Dogra, S., & Mccracken, H. (2016). Self-reported sedentary time among masters and recreational athletes aged 55 years and older. Journal of Exercise, Movement, and Sport, 48(1), 161.
Eime, R. M., Young, J. A., Harvey, J. T., Charity, M. J., & Payne, W. R. (2013). A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for adults: Informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10, 135.
El-Bakri, R., Stone, R. C., Patelia, S., & Baker, J. (2017). Is participation in competitive sport during older adulthood associated with greater life satisfaction? Manuscript under review.
Eman, J. (2012). The role of sports in making sense of the process of growing old. Journal of Aging Studies, 26(4), 467–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2012.06.006.
Fraser-Thomas, J. L., Côté, J., & Deakin, J. (2005). Youth sport programs: An avenue to foster positive youth development. Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy, 10(1), 19–40.
Gard, M., & Dionigi, R. A. (2016). The world turned upside down: Sport, policy and ageing. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 8, 737–743.
Gard, M., Dionigi, R. A., Horton, S., Baker, J., Weir, P., & Dionigi, C. (2017). The normalisation of sport for older people? Annals of Leisure Research, 20, 253–272.
Gayman, A. M., Fraser-Thomas, J., Dionigi, R. A., Horton, S., & Baker, J. (2017a). Is sport good for older adults? A systematic review of psychosocial outcomes of older adults’ sport participation. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10(1), 164–185.
Gayman, A. M., Fraser-Thomas, J., Spinney, J. E. L., Stone, R. C., & Baker, J. (2017b). Leisure-time physical activity and sedentary behaviour in older people: The influence of sport involvement on behaviour patterns in later life. AIMS Public Health, 4(2), 171–188.
Geard, D., Reaburn, P., Rebar, A., & Dionigi, R. A. (2017). Masters athletes: Exemplars of successful aging? Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 25, 490–500.
Grant, B. C. (2002). Physical activity: Not a popular leisure choice in later life. Society and Leisure, 25(2), 285–302.
Grant, B. C., & O’Brien Cousins, S. (2001). Ageing and physical activity: The promise of qualitative research. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 9(3), 237–244.
Hawkins, S. A., Wiswell, R. A., & Marcell, T. J. (2003). Exercise and the master athlete—A model of successful aging? Journal of Gerontology A: Biological Science and Medical Science, 58(11), M1009–M1011. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/58.11.M1009.
Heo, J., Culp, B., Yamada, N., & Won, Y. (2013). Promoting successful aging through competitive sports participation: Insights from older adults. Qualitative Health Research, 23(1), 105–113.
Horton, R., & Mack, D. (2000). Athletic identity in marathon runners: Functional focus or dysfunctional commitment? Journal of Sport Behavior, 23(2), 101.
International Masters Games Association. (2016). Retrieved January 22, 2017, from https://imga.ch/en/data/24
Jenkin, C., Eime, R. M., Westerbeek, H., O’Sullivan, G., & van Uffelen, J. G. Z. (2016). Are they ‘worth their weight in gold’? Sport for older adults: Benefits and barriers of their participation for sporting organisations. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 8(4), 663–680. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2016.1220410.
King, A. C., & King, D. K. (2010). Physical activity for an aging population. Public Health Reviews (2107–6952), 32(2), 401–426.
Kolt, G. S., Driver, R. P., & Giles, L. C. (2004). Why older Australians participate in exercise and sport. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 12(2), 185–198.
Leach, S. J., & Ruckert, E. A. (2016). Neurologic changes with aging, physical activity, and sport participation. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation, 32(1), 24–33.
Lee, I. M., Shiroma, E. J., Lobelo, F., Puska, P., Blair, S. N., & Katzmarzyk, P. T. (2012). Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: An analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet, 13(9838), 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9.
Lobjois, R., Benguigui, N., & Bertsch, J. (2006). The effect of aging and tennis playing on coincidence-timing accuracy. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 14, 74–97.
Lobjois, R., Benguigui, N., Bertsch, J., & Broderick, M. P. (2008). Collision avoidance behavior as a function of aging and tennis playing. Experimental Brain Research, 184, 457–468.
Longman, J. (2016). 85-year-old marathoner is so fast that even scientists marvel. Retrieved January 23, 2017, from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/28/sports/ed-whitlock-marathon-running.html?_r=0
Lyons, K., & Dionigi, R. A. (2007). Transcending emotional community: A qualitative examination of older adults and masters’ sports participation. Leisure Sciences, 29(4), 375–389.
Menec, V. H. (2003). The relation between everyday activities and successful aging: A 6-year longitudinal study. The Journal of Gerontology B: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 58(2), S74–S82.
Montepare, J. M., & Zebrowitz, L. A. (2002). A social-developmental view of ageism. In T. D. Nelson (Ed.), Ageism: Stereotyping and prejudice against older persons (pp. 77–125). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Peel, N. M., McClure, R. J., & Bartlett, H. P. (2005). Behavioral determinants of healthy aging. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28, 298–304.
Ransdell, L. B., Vener, J., & Huberty, J. (2009). Masters athletes: An analysis of running, swimming and cycling performance by age and gender. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, 7(2), S61–S73.
Rathwell, S., Callary, B., & Young, B. W. (2015). Exploring the context of coached masters swim programs: A narrative approach. International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education, 9(1), 70–88.
Reaburn, P., & Dascombe, B. (2008). Endurance performance in masters athletes. European Review of Aging and Physical Activity, 5(1), 31.
Reed, C. E., & Cox, R. H. (2007). Motives and regulatory style underlying senior athletes’ participation in sport. Journal of Sport Behavior, 30, 307–329.
Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. (1987). Human aging: Usual and successful. Science, 237, 143–150.
Rubinstein, R. L., & de Medeiros, K. (2015). Successful aging. Gerontological theory and neoliberalism: A qualitative critique. The Gerontologist, 55, 34–42. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnu080.
Sarkisian, C. A., Hays, R. D., Berry, S. H., & Mangione, C. M. (2001). Expectations regarding aging among older adults and physicians who care for older adults. Medical Care, 39, 1025–1036.
Scanlan, T. K., Russell, D. G., Beals, K. P., & Scanlan, L. A. (2003). Project on elite athlete commitment (PEAK): II. A direct test and expansion of the sport commitment model with elite amateur sportsmen. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25, 377–401.
Seeman, T. E., Charpentier, P. A., Berkman, L. F., Tinetti, M. E., Guralnik, J. M., Albert, M., Blazer, D., & Rowe, J. W. (1994). Predicting changes in physical performance in a high-functioning elderly cohort: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Journal of Gerontology, 49, M97–M108.
Seeman, T. E., Berkman, L. F., Charpentier, P. A., Blazer, D. G., Albert, M. S., & Tinetti, M. E. (1995). Behavioral and psychosocial predictors of physical performance: MacArthur studies of successful aging. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 50, M177–M183.
Slade, J. M., Miszko, T. A., Laity, J. H., Agrawal, S. K., & Cress, M. E. (2002). Anaerobic power and physical function in strength-trained and non-strength-trained older adults. Journal of Gerontology & Medical Science, 57A, M168–M172.
Sneed, J. R., & Krauss Whitbourne, S. (2005). Models of the aging self. Journal of Social Issues, 61, 375–388.
Steinmo, S., Hagger-Johnson, G., & Shahab, L. (2014). Bidirectional association between mental health and physical activity in older adults: Whitehall II prospective cohort study. Preventive Medicine, 66, 74–79.
Stenner, B. J., Mosewich, A. D., & Buckley, J. D. (2016). An exploratory investigation into the reasons why older people play golf. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 8(3), 257–272.
Stone, R. C., Meisner, B. A., & Baker, J. (2012). Mood disorders among older adults participating in individual and group active environments: “Me” versus “Us,” or both? Journal of Aging Research. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/727983.
Strawbridge, W. J., Wallhagen, M. I., & Cohen, R. D. (2002). Successful aging and well-being: Self-rated compared with Rowe and Kahn. The Gerontologist, 42, 727–733.
Tanaka, H., & Seals, D. R. (2008). Endurance exercise performance in masters athletes: Age-associated changes and underlying physiological mechanisms. The Journal of Physiology, 586(1), 55–63.
Taylor, D. (2014). Physical activity is medicine for older adults. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 90(1059), 26–32.
Tseng, B. Y., Uh, J., Rossetti, H. C., Cullum, C. M., Diaz-Arrastia, R. F., Levine, B. D., et al. (2013). Masters athletes exhibit larger regional brain volume and better cognitive performance than sedentary older adults. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 38(5), 1169–1176.
Tulle, E. (2007). Running to run: Embodiment, structure and agency amongst veteran elite runners. Sociology, 41(2), 329–346.
Ungerleider, S., Golding, J. M., & Porter, K. (1989). Mood profiles of masters track and field athletes. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 68(2), 607–617.
United Nations. (2013). World population ageing 2013. Department of Economic & social affairs – Population division. Retrieved January 23, 2017, from http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WorldPopulationAgeing2013.pdf
van Tuyckom, C., & Scheerder, J. (2008). “Sport for all?” Social stratification of recreational sport activities in the EU-27. Kinesiologia Slovenica, 14(2), 54–63.
van Tuyckom, C., Scheerder, J., & Bracke, P. (2010). Gender and age inequalities in regular sports participation: A cross-national study of 25 European countries. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(10), 1077–1084.
Velez, N. F., Zhang, A., Stone, B., Perera, S., Miller, M., & Greenspan, S. L. (2008). The effect of moderate impact exercise on skeletal integrity in master athletes. Osteoporosis International, 19(10), 1457–1464.
Weir, P. L., Kerr, T., Hodges, N. J., McKay, S. M., & Starkes, J. L. (2002). Master swimmers: How are they different from younger elite swimmers? An examination of practice and performance patterns. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 10, 41–63.
Wilks, D. C., Winwood, K., Gilliver, S. F., Kwiet, A., Chatfield, M., Michaelis, I., et al. (2009). Bone mass and geometry of the tibia and the radius of master sprinters, middle and long distance runners, race-walkers and sedentary control participants: A pQCT study. Bone, 45(1), 91–97.
Wroblewski, A. P., Amati, F., Smiley, M. A., Goodpaster, B., & Wright, V. (2011). Chronic exercise preserves lean muscle mass in masters athletes. The Physician and Sports Medicine, 39(3), 172–178.
Young, B. W., Bennett, A., & Séguin, B. (2015). Masters sport perspectives. In M. M. Parent & J. L. Chappelet (Eds.), Routledge handbook of sports event management: A stakeholder approach (pp. 136–162). London: Routledge.
Zhao, E., Tranovich, M. J., DeAngelo, R., Kontos, A. P., & Wright, V. J. (2016). Chronic exercise preserves brain function in masters athletes when compared to sedentary counterparts. The Physician and Sports Medicine, 44(1), 8–13.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Stone, R.C., Dionigi, R.A., Baker, J. (2018). The Role of Sport in Promoting Physical Activity Among Older People. In: Nyman, S., et al. The Palgrave Handbook of Ageing and Physical Activity Promotion. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71291-8_33
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71291-8_33
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-71290-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-71291-8
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)