Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Internalizing Serious Leisure to Enhance Well-Being in Adventure Recreation

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Global Leisure and the Struggle for a Better World

Part of the book series: Leisure Studies in a Global Era ((LSGE))

Abstract

Those suggestions can be applied to the interactions between AR providers and clients. For example, after assessing a climber’s body movement, his/her instructor not only selects a route based on its rating, but focuses on certain skills, such as dyno, a dynamic movement used to grab the next handhold placed out of a climber’s reach, needed to successfully ascend the route. By working on this selected route, this climber gradually develop those skills and the instructor can give immediate feedback to help a client adjust their movements and mindsets. In this case, a rewarding experience is not only derived from a successful ascent, but also from being able to establish physical and mental techniques to address challenging situations in this route.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    The concept of lifestyle sports, an idea developed by Belinda Wheaton and other scholars, inspired me to deeply observe the subculture of AR and how actors in an AR activity strive to earn their identities as insiders. Another notion, the commercialization and consumption of these non-traditional sports, implies to me that an adventure recreationist nowadays can easily link herself/himself with not only local but worldwide social worlds. This idea helped me develop the implications presented in this study.

  2. 2.

    In a book titled Challenging Mountain Nature: Risk, Motive and Lifestyle in Three Hobbyist Sports, Stebbins (2005) discusses how mountain sport devotees use their competence and resilience to address challenging or even devastating conditions encountered in their outings. Mountaineers interviewed in this book learn from those experiences and continually pursue improvement in their careers.

  3. 3.

    I borrow the terms ‘surface level of motivation’ and ‘source level of motivation’ from Mullan et al. (1997). They examine the factor structure of exercise motivation, in line with the SDT framework. They use the term ‘source level motivation’ to describe motivations with different levels of self-determination relative to surface-level motivations such as weight control and sociality in the exercise domain. The motivation continuum presents multiple motivations from none to full level of self-determination. The continuum was proposed in organismic integration theory, a sub-theory of SDT, which stresses the human tendency to integrate regulatory sources in an environment for adaptation (i.e., internalization) (Ryan and Deci 2000). This sub-theory explains why people are willing to do things even when they are not interested (i.e., they lack intrinsic motivation) in it.

References

  • Accessfund.org. (2017). Our Passion. [online] Available at: https://www.accessfund.org/meet-the-access-fund/our-passion. Accessed 2 June 2017.

  • Allman, T., Mittelstaedt, R., Martin, B., & Goldenberg, M. (2009). Exploring the Motivations of BASE Jumpers: Extreme Sport Enthusiasts. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 14(4), 229–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, L., & Taylor, J. (2010). Standing Out While Fitting In: Serious Leisure Identities and Aligning Actions Among Skydivers and Gun Collectors. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 39(1), 34–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Assor, A., Vansteenkiste, M., & Kaplan, A. (2009). Identified Versus Introjected Approach and Introjected Avoidance Motivations in School and in Sports: The Limited Benefits of Self-Worth Strivings. Journal of Educational Psychology, 101(2), 482–497.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barbieri, C., & Sotomayor, S. (2013). Surf Travel Behavior and Destination Preferences: An Application of the Serious Leisure Inventory and Measure. Tourism Management, 35, 111–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, E., & Martin, P. (2014). The Surprising Personality Traits of Extreme Adventurers. [Blog] Discover. Available at: http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2014/12/04/personality-traits-extreme-adventurers/#.WN5U9W_yvIV. Accessed 31 Mar 2017.

  • Bartram, S. (2001). Serious Leisure Careers Among Whitewater Kayakers: A Feminist Perspective. World Leisure Journal, 43(2), 4–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bendle, L., & Patterson, I. (2009). Mixed Serious Leisure and Grassroots Organizational Capacity: A Study of Amateur Artist Groups in a Regional Australian City. Leisure Sciences, 31(3), 272–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berger, I., & Greenspan, I. (2008). High (on) Technology: Producing Tourist Identities Through Technologized Adventure. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 13(2), 89–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, C. (2007). The Carolina Shaggers: Dance as Serious Leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 39(4), 623–647.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brymer, E., & Gray, T. (2010). Developing an Intimate “Relationship” with Nature Through Extreme Sports Participation. Leisure/Loisir, 34(4), 361–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brymer, E., & Schweitzer, R. (2013). The Search for Freedom in Extreme Sports: A Phenomenological Exploration. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(6), 865–873.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buckley, R. (2012). Rush as a Key Motivation in Skilled Adventure Tourism: Resolving the Risk Recreation Paradox. Tourism Management, 33(4), 961–970.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, T., & Tsaur, S. (2012). The Relationship Between Serious Leisure Characteristics and Recreation Involvement: A Case Study of Taiwan’s Surfing Activities. Leisure Studies, 31(1), 53–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coates, E., Clayton, B., & Humberstone, B. (2010). A Battle for Control: Exchanges of Power in the Subculture of Snowboarding. Sport in Society, 13(7–8), 1082–1101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1991). Flow (1st ed.). New York: HarperPerennial.

    Google Scholar 

  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. and Csikszentmihalyi, I. (1999). Adventure and the Flow Experience. In: J.C. Miles, & S. Priest (Eds.), Adventure programming (pp. 153–158). State College: Venture.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dilley, R., & Scraton, S. (2010). Women, Climbing and Serious Leisure. Leisure Studies, 29(2), 125–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edmunds, J., Ntoumanis, N., & Duda, J. L. (2006). A Test of Self-Determination Theory in the Exercise Domain. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36(9), 2240–2265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ewert, A., & Hollenhorst, S. (1989). Testing the Adventure Model: Empirical Support for a Model of Risk Recreation Participation. Journal of Leisure Research, 21(2), 124–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ewert, A., & Hollenhorst, S. (1994). Individual and Setting Attributes of the Adventure Recreation Experience. Leisure Sciences, 16(3), 177–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ewert, A., Gilbertson, K., Luo, Y., & Voight, A. (2013). Beyond Because Its There: Motivations for Pursuing Adventure Recreational Activities. Journal of Leisure Research, 45(1), 91–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbertson, K., & Ewert, A. (2015). Stability of Motivations and Risk Attractiveness: The Adventure Recreation Experience. Risk Management, 17(4), 276–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gould, J., Moore, D. W., McGuire, F., & Stebbins, R. (2008). Development of the Serious Leisure Inventory and Measure. Journal of Leisure Research, 40(1), 47–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heo, J., Lee, I., Kim, J., & Stebbins, R. (2012). Understanding the Relationships Among Central Characteristics of Serious Leisure: An Empirical Study of Older Adults in Competitive Sports. Journal of Leisure Research, 44(4), 450–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heo, J., Stebbins, R. A., Kim, J., & Lee, I. (2013). Serious Leisure, Life Satisfaction, and Health of Older Adults. Leisure Sciences, 35(1), 16–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heuser, L. (2005). We’re Not Too Old to Play Sports: The Career of Women Lawn Bowlers. Leisure Studies, 24(1), 45–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, I. (2017). Diversity in Climbing: A Difficult Conversation. Climbing Magazine. [online] Available at: https://www.climbing.com/people/diversity-in-climbing-a-tough-conversation/. Accessed 2 June 2017.

  • Kane, M., & Zink, R. (2004). Package Adventure Tours: Markers in Serious Leisure Careers. Leisure Studies, 23(4), 329–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, J., & Mackenzie, S. (2014). Confidence Frames and the Mastery of New Challenges in the Motivation of an Expert Skydiver. The Sport Psychologist, 28(3), 221–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiewa, J. (2001). Control over Self and Space in Rockclimbing. Journal of Leisure Research, 33(4), 363–382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamont, M., & Kennelly, M. (2012). A Qualitative Exploration of Participant Motives Among Committed Amateur Triathletes. Leisure Sciences, 34(3), 236–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, K. (2013). An Examination on the Motivations of Serious Leisure in Rock Climbing: A Structural Equation Modeling Study. Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, K., Bentley, J., & Hsu, H. (2017). Using Characteristics of Serious Leisure to Classify Rock Climbers: A Latent Profile Analysis. Journal of Sport & Tourism, [online] 0(0), 1–18. Available at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14775085.2017.1327369. Accessed 2 June 2017.

  • Lyu, S., & Oh, C. (2014). Bridging the Conceptual Frameworks of Constraints Negotiation and Serious Leisure to Understand Leisure Benefit Realization. Leisure Sciences, 37(2), 176–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCarville, R. (2007). From a Fall in the Mall to a Run in the Sun: One Journey to Ironman Triathlon. Leisure Sciences, 29(2), 159–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mullan, E., Markland, D., & Ingledew, D. (1997). A Graded Conceptualisation of Self-Determination in the Regulation of Exercise Behaviour: Development of a Measure Using Confirmatory Factor Analytic Procedures. Personality and Individual Differences, 23(5), 745–752.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Official Tony Hawk. (2017). Home. [online] Available at: http://www.tonyhawk.com/#front. Accessed 2 June 2017.

  • Outdoor Foundation. (2016). 2016 Outdoor Recreation Participation Report. [online] Available at: http://www.outdoorfoundation.org/research.participation.2016.html. Accessed 31 Mar 2017.

  • Outdoor Industry Association. (2012). The Outdoor Recreation Economy. [online] Available at: https://outdoorindustry.org/pdf/OIA_OutdoorRecEco‑nomyReport2012.pdf. Accessed 31 Mar 2017.

  • Patterson, I., Getz, D., & Gubb, K. (2016). The Social World and Event Travel Career of the Serious Yoga Devotee. Leisure Studies, 35(3), 296–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pi, L., Lin, Y., Chen, C., Chiu, J., & Chen, Y. (2014). Serious Leisure, Motivation to Volunteer and Subjective Well-Being of Volunteers in Recreational Events. Social Indicators Research, 119(3), 1485–1494.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Priest, S. (1992). Factor Exploration and Confirmation for the Dimensions of an Adventure Experience. Journal of Leisure Research, 24(2), 127–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Priest, S., & Carpenter, G. (1993). Changes in Perceived Risk and Competence During Adventurous Leisure Experiences. Journal of Applied Recreation Research, 18(1), 51–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Priest, S., & Gass, M. (2005). Effective Leadership in Adventure Programming (1st ed.). Champaign: Human Kinetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, R., Patterson, I., & Axelsen, M. (2014). The “Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner” No More: Marathon and Social Worlds. Journal of Leisure Research, 46(4), 375–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbaum, M. (2013). Maintaining the Trail. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 42(6), 639–667.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, R., & Deci, E. (2000). Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-Being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, R., & Deci, E. (2007). Active Human Nature: Self-Determination Theory and the Promotion and Maintenance of Sport, Exercise, and Health. In M. Hagger & N. Chatzisarantis (Eds.), Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Exercise and Sport (1st ed., pp. 1–19). Champaign: Human Kinetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, D., & Shafer, C. (2001). Recreational Specialization: A Critical Look at the Construct. Journal of Leisure Research, 33(3), 319–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma. (n.d.). About Chris Sharma. Retrieved from http://www.chrissharma.com/about-chris/. Accessed 2 June 2017.

  • Shipway, R., & Jones, I. (2008). The Great Suburban Everest: An ‘Insiders’ Perspective on Experiences at the 2007 Flora London Marathon. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 13(1), 61–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shupe, F., & Gagné, P. (2016). Motives for and Personal and Social Benefits of Airplane Piloting as a Serious Leisure Activity for Women. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 45(1), 85–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silva, M., Markland, D., Minderico, C., Vieira, P., Castro, M., Coutinho, S., Santos, T., Matos, M., Sardinha, L., & Teixeira, P. (2008). A Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate Self-Determination Theory for Exercise Adherence and Weight Control: Rationale and Intervention Description. BMC Public Health, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-234

  • Sport England and Outdoor Industries Association. (2015). Getting Active Outdoors: A Study of Demography, Motivation, Participation and Provision in Outdoor Sport and Recreation in England. [online] Available at: https://www.sportengland.org/media/3275/outdoors-participation-report-v2-lr-spreads.pdf. Accessed 31 Mar 2017.

  • Spowart, L., Burrows, L., & Shaw, S. (2010). ‘I Just Eat, Sleep and Dream of Surfing’: When Surfing Meets Motherhood. Sport in Society, 13(7–8), 1186–1203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stebbins, R. (2005). Challenging Mountain Nature: Risk, Motive and Lifestyle in Three Hobbyist Sports (1st ed.). Calgary: Detselig.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stebbins, R. (2007). Serious Leisure: A Perspective of Our Time (1st ed.). New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teixeira, P., Carraça, E., Markland, D., Silva, M., & Ryan, R. (2012). Exercise, Physical Activity, and Self-Determination Theory: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9(1), 78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United Nation World Tourism Organization. (2014). Global Report on Adventure Tourism. [online] Available at: http://affiliatemembers.unwto.org/publication/global-report-adventure-tourism. Accessed 31 Mar 2017.

  • Unruh, D. (1979). Characteristics and Types of Participation in Social Worlds. Symbolic Interaction, 2(2), 115–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Unruh, D. (1980). The Nature of Social Worlds. The Pacific Sociological Review, 23(3), 271–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vallerand, R., & Ratelle, C. (2002). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: A Hierarchical Model. In E. Deci & R. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of Self-Determination Research (1st ed., pp. 37–63). Rochester: The University of Rochester Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vallerand, R., Rousseau, F., Grouzet, F., Dumais, A., Grenier, S., & Blanchard, C. (2006). Passion in Sport: A Look at Determinants and Affective Experiences. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 28(4), 454–478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wheaton, B. (2004). Introduction: Mapping the Lifestyle Sport-Scape. In B. Wheaton (Ed.), Understanding Lifestyle Sports: Consumption, Identity and Difference (1st ed., pp. 1–28). New York: Routeledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheaton, B. (2010). Introducing the Consumption and Representation of Lifestyle Sports. Sport in Society, 13(7–8), 1057–1081.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whittington, A., Aspelmeier, J., & Budbill, N. (2015). Promoting Resiliency in Adolescent Girls Through Adventure Programming. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 16(1), 2–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, P., Sabiston, C., Mack, D., & Blanchard, C. (2012). On the Nature and Function of Scoring Protocols Used in Exercise Motivation Research: An Empirical Study of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(5), 614–622.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodman, T., Hardy, L., Barlow, M., & Le Scanff, C. (2010). Motives for Participation in Prolonged Engagement High-Risk Sports: An Agentic Emotion Regulation Perspective. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(5), 345–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodman, T., Barlow, M., Bandura, C., Hill, M., Kupciw, D., & MacGregor, A. (2013). Not All Risks Are Equal: The Risk Taking Inventory for High-Risk Sports. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 35(5), 479–492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, School of Applied Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA

    KoFan Lee

Authors
  1. KoFan Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Government Meera Girls College, Rajasthan, India

    Anju Beniwal

  2. Department of Sociology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India

    Rashmi Jain

  3. School of Film, Music & Performing Arts, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom

    Karl Spracklen

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Lee, K. (2018). Internalizing Serious Leisure to Enhance Well-Being in Adventure Recreation. In: Beniwal, A., Jain, R., Spracklen, K. (eds) Global Leisure and the Struggle for a Better World. Leisure Studies in a Global Era. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70975-8_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70975-8_13

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-70974-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-70975-8

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation