Abstract
Germany, Liberia’s “friend in need”, did not like the decision the Black Republic took. She retaliated by shelling Monrovia from a submarine. The allies became soft on Liberia and submitted various proposals to boost up her morale and the economy. The USA, however, did not take much notice of the British or the French plans. The Americans were toying with the idea of doing something grandiose for Liberia all by themselves. The Liberian government had applied for a loan of $5 million from the US government. If granted, the scheme would be all-embracing, involving some 20 American experts managing practically all branches of the administration of Liberia. Britain would not mind America getting involved in running Liberia provided her dues were paid and British subjects were not discriminated in matters of trade and investments in that country.
In the meantime, the peace conference had started in Paris and as a member of the Allied powers, Liberia was invited to sit at the high table of global politics. Liberia’s secretary of state headed the delegation and Liberia was compensated for the losses she incurred during the war by the Reparation Commission. For a variety of reasons, the American plan of granting Liberia the big loan did not succeed. But the prospect of America “taking over Liberia” prevented a section of the British public from discussing in Paris the possibility of Liberia being placed under the system of Mandates.
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Notes
- 1.
Quoted in West Africa, 18.8.1917.
- 2.
Quoted in the Literary Digest, 23.6.1917.
- 3.
West Africa, 11.8.1917.
- 4.
Hayman, Arthur I. and Preece, Harold, Lighting up Liberia, New York (1943) p. 71.
- 5.
Spring-Rice to F.O., 21.6.1917, in F.O. 371/2956.
- 6.
Worley to Manager, BBWA, 14.9.1917, in F.O. 371/2957.
- 7.
Parks to F.O. 3.3.1918, in F.O. 371/3239.
- 8.
President’s Message, 1918, in F.O. 371/3239.
- 9.
African World, Monrovia, 15.10.1917.
- 10.
Converted into US dollars, the amount should be about $170,000.
- 11.
BBWA, Monrovia, to London, 12.2.1918, in F.O. 371/3239.
- 12.
F.O. to C.O., 19.11.1917, in F.O. 371/2957.
- 13.
F.O. Memorandum on Interdepartmental Conference in F.O. 371/3239.
- 14.
F.O. to British Ambassador, Washington, 6.2.1918, in F.O. 371/3239.
- 15.
Ministry of Shipping to F.O., 19.2.1918, in F.O. 371/3239.
- 16.
Howard to Parks , 1.8.1918, in F.O. 371/3239.
- 17.
Parks to F.O., 10.2..1918, in F.O. 371/3240.
- 18.
Admiralty to F.O., 21.2.1918, in F.O. 371/3240.
- 19.
The Liberian News – a semi-monthly published from Monrovia, April 1918.
- 20.
F.O. to Admiralty, 12.4.1918, in F.O. 371/3240.
- 21.
Admiralty to F.O., 13.4.1918 and 18.4.1918, in F.O. 371/3240.
- 22.
Parks to F.O. 15.4.1918, in F.O. 371/3240.
- 23.
Acting British Consul to F.O., 21.5.1918, in F.O. 371/3240.
- 24.
West Africa, 13.7.1918.
- 25.
Bertie to F.O., 14.2.1918, in F.O. 371/3239.
- 26.
Bixler, Raymond E., The Foreign Policy of US in Liberia, p. 38.
- 27.
British Ambassador to France to F.O., 30.9.1918, in F.O. 371/3239.
- 28.
C.O. to F.O., 9.11.1918, and Foreign Office Memoranda in F.O. 371/3239.
- 29.
Richardson, Nathaniel, Liberia’s Past and Present, London (1959), p. 11.
- 30.
Azikiwe, Liberia in World Politics, p. 89.
- 31.
Howard’s Annual Message, 16.12.1919.
- 32.
F.O. Memo on Proposed US Protectorate over Liberia on 11.12.1918 in F.O. 371/3824.
- 33.
Minute by Hugessen, 15.2.1919, in F.O. 371/3824.
- 34.
Minute by Hugessen.
- 35.
Oliver, Roland, in reviewing Great Britain and Germany’s Lost Colonies by William Roger Louis: Journal of African History, 1968, p. 337.
- 36.
Louis, William Roger, “The United States and the African Peace Settlement of 1919—The Pilgrimage of G.L. Beer”, Journal of African History, 1963, p. 415.
- 37.
African World, 15.10.1917.
- 38.
Parks to F.O., 24.1.1918, in F.O. 371/3824.
- 39.
F.O. Minutes, 14.1.1919, in F.O. 371/3824.
- 40.
A memo from the American Ambassador in London to Lord Curzon, 16.1.1919, in F.O. 371/3824.
- 41.
US State Department to British Ambassador, 17.1.1919, in F.O. 371/3824.
- 42.
Eustace to Eric Drummond , 18.6.1919, in F.O. 371/3824.
- 43.
William Roger Louis, “The US and the African Peace Settlement”.
- 44.
William Roger Louis, “The US and the African Peace Settlement”, p. 422.
- 45.
US State Department to British Ambassador (Washington), 17.1.1919, in F.O. 371/3824.
- 46.
Balfour to Curzon, 17.6.1919, in F.O. 371/3824.
- 47.
F.O. to Astoria (Paris) on 26.6.1919, in F.O. 371/3824
- 48.
Bixler, Raymond W., The Foreign Policy of the United States in Liberia, p. 46; Bixler’s book gives a detailed account of the gradual stages which the loan proposals went through.
- 49.
New York Times, 29.11.1922.
- 50.
Sea Power, August 1920, in F.O. 371/4485.
- 51.
New York Times, 29.11.1922.
- 52.
Bixler, US Policy Towards Liberia, p. 41
- 53.
Lever Brothers to F.O., 23.10.1912, in F.O. 367/281.
- 54.
Military Intelligence to F.O., 28.11.1918, in F.O. 371/3240156.
- 55.
F.R.C. Goodliffe to British Consul, 1.2.1921, in F.O. 371/5578.
- 56.
The Liberian News, 30.8.1918.
- 57.
Bixler, The US Policy, p. 48.
- 58.
Parks to F.O. on 17.9.1919 in F.O. 371/3824.
- 59.
Commercial Intelligence Bureau, Liberia, Bulletin, 31.8.1920.
- 60.
Bixler, US Policy Towards Liberia, p. 49.
- 61.
A.S. Paterson to F.O., 3.4.1922, in F.O. 371/7219.
- 62.
Parks to F.O., 21.6.1920, in F.O. 371/4486.
- 63.
Sydney de la Rue to Br. Chargé d’Affaires, 30.6.1920, in F.O. 371/4485.
- 64.
Shepherd to F.O., 16.10.1922, in F.O. 371/7221.
- 65.
Barclay to Liberian Minister in London, 30.8.1923, in F.O. 371/8465.
- 66.
Hugh Alex Ford to F.O., 4.12.1930, in F.O.371/14658.
- 67.
Starr, Frederick, “Liberia after the World War”, The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 10, No. 2 (April, 1925). pp. 113–30.
- 68.
Report on Trade of Liberia by Consul General O’Meara , 25.10.1924, in F.O. 371/9554.
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Pal Chaudhuri, J. (2018). The Sequel to the Declaration of War. In: Whitehall and the Black Republic. African Histories and Modernities. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70476-0_3
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