Abstract
Mid-income countries must restructure their economies fundamentally to reach high-income levels. This restructuring process requires the most effective use of national resources, particularly higher education and national innovation institutions, among others. Only a handful of countries can achieve the requirements of economies of scale regarding the allocation of scarce funds to research and development (R&D) as is done by giant corporations, which channel billions of dollars to R&D; thus, within this competitive environment developing nations must concentrate on certain sectors. This study takes a political-economy approach to analyzing Turkey’s development policies with a special focus on its higher education institutions and national innovation system. Additionally, it aims to elaborate on its chances to escape the middle-income trap when making necessary reforms to reach higher rungs on the knowledge economy ladder.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Açıkgöz, Ömer. 2012. Yükseköğretim Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme: Yeniden Yapılanma Sürecinde Bir Sistem Önerisine Giriş. Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi 2: 11–17.
Agénor, Pierre-Richard, Otaviano Canuto, and Michael Jelenic. 2012. Avoiding Middle-Income Growth Traps, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper (WPS 16954), 1–7. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Aiyar, Shekhar, Duval Romain, Puy Damien, Wu Yiqun, and Zhang Longmei. 2013. Growth Slowdowns and the Middle-Income Trap. No. 13–71. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
Berg, A., J. Ostry, and J. Zettelmeyer. 2012. What Makes Growth Sustained? Journal of Development Economics 98 (2): 149–166.
Brand Finance. 2017. Global 500–2017: The Annual Report on The World’s Most Valuable Brands. http://brandfinance.com/images/upload/global_500_2017_locked_website.pdf. Accessed 25 May 2017.
British Council. 2016. The Shape of Global Higher Education National Policies Framework for International Engagement-Emerging Themes. https://www.britishcouncil.org/education/ihe/knowledge-centre/global-landscape/global-gauge. Accessed 19 May 2017.
Byun, Kiyong, Jae-Eun Jon, and Dongbin Kim. 2013. Quest for Building World-Class Universities in South Korea: Outcomes and Consequences. Higher Education 65 (5): 645–659.
Çağlar, Esen, and Ozan Acar. 2013. An Assessment on the Tenth Development Plan. TEPAV Evaluation Note, 1–27. http://www.tepav.org.tr/upload/files/1378461158-4.An_Assessment_on_the_Tenth_Development_Plan.pdf. Accessed 12 Mar 2017.
Dixon, Brandon J., and Leah S. Yared. 2017. Harvard Raises $1.19 Billion in Fiscal Year 2016, Topping Stanford. The Harvard Crimson, February 8. http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2017/2/8/harvard-fundraising-tops-stanford/. Accessed 29 June 2017.
Felipe, Jesus, Arnelyn Abdon, and Utsav Kumar. 2012. Tracking the Middle Income Trap: What Is It, Who Is in It, and Why? Levy Economics Institute Working Paper 715: 1–59.
Gill, Indermit S., and Homi Kharas. 2015. The Middle-Income Trap Turns Ten, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper (WPS 7403), 1–27. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Gür, Bekir S., Zafer Çelik, Türker Kurt, and Serkan Yurdakul. 2017. Yükseköğretime bakış 2017: İzleme ve değerlendirme raporu. Ankara: Eğitim-Bir-Sen Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi.
Hu, Claire, Christine Min Wotipka, and Wen Wen. 2015. International Students in Chinese Higher Education. In Global Perspectives and Local Challenges Surrounding International Student Mobility, ed. Krishna Bista and Charlotte Foster, 153–174. Hershey: IGI Global.
Im, Fernando Gabriel, and David Rosenblatt. 2015. Middle-Income Traps: A Conceptual and Empirical Survey. Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy 6 (3): 1–39.
Interbrand. 2016. Best Global Brands. Retrieved http://interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2016/ranking/. Accessed 25 May 2017.
Jackson, D. 2011. What Is an Innovation Ecosystem? Arlington: National Science Foundation. http://www.erc-assoc.org/docs/innovation_ecosystem.pdf.
Jon, Jae-Eun, and Hae-In Chung. 2014. STEM Report: Republic of Korea. Report for the Australian Council of Learned Academies (ACOLA). Melbourne: Australian Council of Learned Academies. http://www.acola.org.au/PDF/SAF02Consultants/Consultant%20Report%20-%20Korea.pdf. Accessed 17 Mar 2017.
MEB. 2013. PISA 2012 Ulusal Ön Raporu. Ankara: Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı.
Michalski, Bohdan, Gaja Kołodziej, and Agnieszka Piasecka. 2013. Organization and Functioning of South Korean Higher Education System. EU-KOREAN Universities Consortium.
Moon, Mugyeong, and Ki-Seok Kim. 2001. A case of Korean Higher Education Reform: The Brain Korea 21 Project. Asia Pacific Education Review 2 (2): 96–105.
NCES (National Center for Education Statistics). 2015. Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS). https://nces.ed.gov/timss/timss15advanced.asp. Accessed 12 May 2017.
OECD. 2016a. OECD Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook 2016. Paris: OECD Publishing.
———. 2016b. Education at a Glance 2016. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Özoǧlu, Murat, Bekir S. Gür, and Sedat Gümüs. 2016. Rapid Expansion of Higher Education in Turkey: The Challenges of Recently Established Public Universities (2006–2013). Higher Education Policy 29 (1): 21–39.
Şeremet, Mehmet. 2015. Türkiye ve İngiltere Yükseköğretimindeki Uluslararasılaşma Politikalarına Karşılaştırmalı Bir Yaklaşım. Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi 4 (1): 27–31.
Tekneci, Pelin Deniz. 2016. Evolution of Turkish Higher Education System in the Last Decade. Journal of Higher Education and Science 6 (3): 277–287.
TÜBİSAD (Türkiye Bilişim Sanayicileri Derneği). 2017. Bilişim ve Enformasyon Teknolojileri Pazar Verileri. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/tr/Documents/technology-media-telecommunications/TUBISAD-2017-bit-pazar-verileri.pdf. Accessed 2 Apr 2017.
TÜBİTAK. 2015. Türkiye Üniversiteleri’nin Bilimsel Yayın Performansı: 2004–2014. http://ulakbim.tubitak.gov.tr/tr/hizmetlerimiz/turkiye-universitelerinin-bilimsel-yayin-performansi-2004-2014. Accessed 27 Mar 2017.
———. 2016. Girişimci ve Yenilikçi Üniversite Endeksi-2016. http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tr/kurumsal/politikalar/icerik-girisimci-ve-yenilikci-universite-endeksi. Accessed 29 Apr 2017.
Wilson, William T. 2014. Beating the Middle-Income Trap in Southeast Asia, Heritage Foundation Special Report (156). Pennsylvania: Heritage Foundation.
World Bank. 2007. Building Knowledge Economies: Advanced Strategies for Development. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications.
———. 2017. World Development Indicators 2016. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2014. Preventing Suicide: A Global Imperative. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mental_health/suicide-prevention/world_report_2014/en/.
Yüzak, Özlem. 2014. ODTÜ Rektörü: Değerleri elimizde tutamıyoruz. Cumhuriyet, November 8 http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/egitim/138673/ODTU_Rektoru__Degerleri_elimizde_tutamiyoruz.html. Accessed 28 Feb 2017.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Aslan, H.K., Aslan, M. (2018). Turkey’s Struggle to Achieve High-Income Status Through Adaptation to the Knowledge Economy. In: Aysan, A., Babacan, M., Gur, N., Karahan, H. (eds) Turkish Economy. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70380-0_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70380-0_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-70379-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-70380-0
eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)